谷应泰《明史纪事本末》对万历朝鲜之役的历史书写

《明史纪事本末》是谷应泰网罗一批明史专家在两年时间内所编成的清初最早一部明史著作,长期以来颇受重视,近年来学界对其史源进行了深入探讨,其价值受到质疑。本文以卷六二《援朝鲜》为具体考察对象,其对万历朝鲜之役的历史书写采取贬斥、否定、反讽的手法,否定明朝军队的战绩,这符合清初政治的需要,并为王鸿绪《明史稿》所抄录、继承,并最终被清官修殿本《明史》所沿袭,构成了清朝官方对这场战争的基本认识。因此,只有深入全面考察此书对清官修《明史》等史书的学术影响,方能更进一步认识其学术价值。

点校本《明史》校读札记

中华书局点校本《明史》有不少史实记载错误或字句失校之处,本文从三个方面对部分进士传记进行考证:一是进士所赐赠官和谥号的漏误;二是进士登科时间的错误;三是进士任职的职官漏误。

＂Long Live King Albany!＂： The History of King Lear （1608） and the Revolution in Shakespeare Studies

A revolution in Shakespeare studies over the past three decades asks that we take earlier quarto versions of his plays as fully independent texts. In no case can such a change in our outlook yield more illuminating results than a serious look at the 1608 Quarto version of Shakespeare＇s King Lear. The 1623 Folio version and the ＂conflated＂ modem editions, which combine the ＂best＂ readings of the Quarto and Folio versions, both anoint his godson Edgar, the Earl of Gloucester, as the new king at the end. However, the 1608 Quarto version elevates, not Edgar, but Lear＇s son-in-law, the Duke of Albany, to the kingship at the end. Shakespeare may be telling the same story in texts that seem strikingly similar, but the difference in the endings shifts the center of gravity in both plays, requiring an interpretation that makes sense out this difference. The title page of the 1608 Quarto version of King Lear describes it as a ＂history＂; yet this ＂same＂ King Lear is listed as a ＂tragedy＂ in the 1623 Folio. The difference between those two words is the key to why Shakespeare＇s two versions could have startlingly different outcomes.

Letter from Editors-in-Chief

Engineering comes to you at last. As the Editors-in-Chief of En- gineering, first of all, we wish to thank all the scholars at home and abroad for their eager responses and full support, and all those who have provided encouragement and contributions toward the emergence of this journal. Looking back over the history of human civilization, hu- man survival is closely related to the development of social productive forces, which come from engineering science and technology （EST）. Along with today＇s rapid economic and social development, we face common threats from global problems such as food safety, resource shortages, energy cri- ses, environmental pollution, climate change, network attacks, population expansion, poverty, the prevalence of disease, and economic crises. Therefore, EST research that addresses these major issues of economic development appears to be par- ticularly important. At present, a new scientific and technical revolution, including wide spread industrial transformation, is flowing together with new developments in human society. Historically, we know that progress and innovation in EST is a crucial engine for promotin~ progress in human society.

Water Conservancy and the Historical Evolvement of Lingnan Regional Culture

The history of the formation and development of Chinese civilization is also a civilization history of water conservancy. Water not only gives birth to Chinese civilization but also gives birth to the unique regional culture in Lingnan. In the past thousands of year, from the ancient myths and legends of Lingnan water conservancy culture to the digging of efficacious Canal＇s integration of the nationalities in Lingnan, to the blending of water and culture of the Xijiang River and the North River of the Zhujiang water system and the formation of urban river culture, development of its generation, deduction and inheritance has the mutual penetration with the formation of water system and the variation of water conservancy which mutually influence the historical evolvement of Lingnan regional culture.

Debate on ＂Evil law is law＂ and ＂Evil law is illegal＂

In the history of the western civilization, the trial of Socrates and the trial of Jesus in the Christian history are equally famous. This trial implied several enduring and classical topics in the history of the western legal thoughts. Why did Socrates accept the results of the ＂Miscarriage of Justice＂？ Who led to the wrong decision？ Why would Socrates be executed？ This article is precisely embarked from this trial, to explore ajurisprudent issue related to the trial： the debate on Evil law is law and Evil law is illegal.

Frontier and Urban Writing in Moon Palace

In Moon Palace, on the surface, there are loosely unbelievable adventurous experiences of three generations, but at depth, it examines the wild west and urban civilization and their roles in American history as initiator of the myths of the frontier and the urban progress. In this novel, Auster uncovers how American history and myth of frontier are constructed by describing the wildness and Auster reflects and criticize urban civilization by depicting the cities.

Alliance of Civilizations for Human Rights and World Community

The notions of human rights and World Community are inseparably related. It is on the basis of mutual trust that we can construct World Community, so it is quite natural that the respect of human rights is the basic condition of the participant countries. The World Community is aiming at making a peaceful global village where the lives of people are mutually encouraged and the diverse merits of different civilizations are shared together. True human welfare should imply in its concept harmony between all existences. In the history of the world, we can see the irresistible current moving towards the realization of human rights and World Community. Even if we accept this affirmative development of history in the long run, we should be always alert to the dangers and traps on the road. There have been many cases of frustration and reversion by strong counteractions or self-deceptions. In the actual situation of its age, humanity has been always at the crossroads. It is the duty of philosophy and history to shed light on the situation and present a direction.

The Impact of the African Culture on World Civilization

Although much has been written about African contributions to world civilization, the authors would like to discuss in this paper the reasons why Africa is considered the cradle of civilizations and some specific elements of African culture found in other parts of the world. The dominant view is that the history of humankind began in Africa, particularly in East Africa （Ethiopia and Tanzania）. Human history in Africa is immensely long. In fact, both archaeological research and genetic studies strongly support the theory that the evolution of the modern human species （Homo sapiens） occurred in Africa. Thereafter, these early human beings spread rapidly from East Africa throughout Africa and the rest of the world. As they spread across the globe, the early human beings adapted to very different environments by developing the slight genetic variations which produce differences in skin color, hair, body type, and facial features. From Africa some people migrated into Asia before continuing to other parts of the world. The idea that the first Africans chose Asia when they decided to migrate provides the first link between Africans and Asians. Early Asians must be the closest cousins of the early Africans. Although there are historical, cultural, and linguistic connections between the African and Eastern Cultures, the authors will only discuss four major cultural elements. These include religious beliefs, concept of history and time, social structures, and the human body.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpartessay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolutionof the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy isso far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre thatpresents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores theliterature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paperproposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

《女史箴图》箴文书体讨论与文字校刊

本文通过对《女史箴图》上的箴文与南梁《昭明文选》中的《女史箴》相互校刊,比较其异处的优劣正误,推测它们应是根据不同的传抄本所致。从唐人李善注《文选》以及宋人在摹绘《女史箴图》时于文字全抄《文选》可以得知,《文选》在出世以后便成为"权威"。不是《女史箴图》的抄写者敢挑战"权威",而是它比《文选》更早。由此再次证明《女史箴图》非唐人摹仿。

我所熟悉的西康土司

土司制度萌芽宋元,备于明清。土司分宣慰司、宣抚司、安抚司、长官司和土千户、土百户等。这些土司大都自其先代归顺或从征有功,封以土职,世守其地。这些土司且为姻亲,结成牢固的奴隶主统治集团,世世代代欺压在人民头上。清末改土归流, 土司制度名亡实存;民国时期,又新给了他们一些官衔,从而使这些奴隶主又合法化了。西康土司在《明史》和《清史稿》中为四川土司。我所熟悉的仅其中一小部分,而这一小部分,是我亲见亲闻。我把它写出来,或许可作治边史者一点参考。

Authors＇ response to the comment on ＂Antepartum hemorrhage from previous-cesarean-sectioned uterus as a potential sign of uterine artery pseudoaneurysm＂

Thanks for the good comment by Matsubara et al.（2017） on our case of＂Antepartum hemorrhage fromprevious-cesarean-sectioned uterus as a potential signof uterine artery pseudoaneurysm＂ （Zhang et al., 2017）,published in the Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B （Biomedicine ＆ Biotechnology）.

The Animals of China in the Eighteenth-Century British Imagination

In eighteenth-century Britain, knowledge about animals from around the world was rapidly increasing. This paper focuses on what the British knew and imagined about the animals of China from reading the works of European travellers and natural historians. Whereas the animals of Africa and America served to foster a growing sense of European mastery of less civilized parts of the world through trade and possession, those of China were understood as embedded in a highly advanced civilization and therefore as sources of knowledge about that civilization. This paper examines the way in which British understandings of China were mediated through accounts of Chinese animals and of human-animal relations in China. Looking at works of popular natural history and at Oliver Goldsmith＇s fictional letters of a ＂Chinese philosopher＂ in The Citizen of the World （1762）, I argue that the animals of China bore several messages about their country. Focusing on the particular examples of the golden pheasant, the horse, the cormorant, and the cat, I suggest that British writing about Chinese animals served as a way of expressing mixed feelings about the value of advanced civilizations, whether Chinese or European.

On the Rebuilding of Cultural Identity and Orthodoxy： A Brief Socio-historical Analysis of China＇s Social Transformation since the Ming and Qing

The socio-historical analysis of ＂Chinese Modernity＂ and ＂Chinese Cultural Identity＂ within the context of social transformation, by restoring the origin of modernity as a ＂historical event＂ since late Qing, leads to the finding that ＂the Deng Zheng-lai Problem＂ pinpoints the current crisis of cultural identity and the loss of Orthodoxy（daotong） which infects contemporary China. It is necessary to build and shape the mode of cultural identity in response to the pressure of rightness, creating ＂the identity of hybridity＂ by negotiating the classic tradition with the socialist tradition and a partial western tradition. By observing ＂the Deng- Hui frameworks＂ （the frameworks formulated by Deng Zheng-lai, Wang Hui, Deng Xiao-mang and Qin Hui）, we should neither blindly return to the classic tradition nor uncritically resort to the Western resources in our attempt at rebuilding cultural identity; instead, one mode of a ＂New Civilization＂ might arise in the sense of what Liang Qi-chao regards as cutting across both China and the West.

Regional Society and Xiangzu (Rural Lineage) Theories:Socioeconomic History from a Comparative Perspective

Today’s Chinese and Japanese scholars have maintained close dialogues and exchanges in their research on ancient Chinese history.The socioeconomic history of the Jiangnan region during the Ming and Qing dynasties involves two important research areas:regional history and socioeconomic history.Whereas the former embraces a holistic macro-view,the latter lays stress on the economic and social behavior of humankind.Over past years,endeavors to combine the two areas have produced a number of influential general conclusions on the social development of Jiangnan during the Ming and Qing.Professor Mori Masao,a Japanese scholar,has provided an in-depth interpretation of the theory of regional society,while Professor Zheng Zhenman,a Chinese scholar,has responded in terms of xiangzu theory.Long-term dialogues and exchanges in the international academic world that inspire theoretical innovation in studies of earlier societies can serve as a valuable source for the intellectual community.

An Analysis of Japan＇s Interpretation of History over the Seven Postwar Decades

During the seven decades since the war ended, Japan has undergone ＂changes of direction＂ involving group expressions of regret, accompanied by the intellectual ＂soul- searching＂ of quite a few academics. Ultimately, however, the country has been unable to complete the ＂transformation＂ of its political values. Its consciousness of superiority, dating back to the Meiji era, and its dream of being restored to the status of a ＂normal country＂ have distorted Japan＇s idea of the war and its interpretation of history. As a result, at the critical postwar moment when Japan most needed to develop a truthful view of its history, its national will expressed itself in the rejection of this possibility. Japan has manufactured Sino-Japanese friction and manipulated the United States, on the pretext of a supposed ＂China threat＂ into relaxing the constraints upon Japan, and has attempted to abandon the thought and deeds of the postwar international order. Not only has this repeatedly subverted the standards by which the intemational ＂left＂ and ＂right＂ assess Japan; it has also once again placed the Asia-Pacific region in a precarious position.

Water and the History of China

Water is the source of all life, and is closely related to human civilization. It had a special significance in China, so the ancient Chinese created the dragon god as a symbol of China, the Chinese and Chinese civilization. It can be said that the unique hydrological conditions on the territory of China created three great historical miracles： China, the Chinese people, and Chinese civilization. The Chinese have dedicated more effort than people in any other countries to water control and water use in order to make effective use of water resources and prevent flooding. It is their unparalleled achievements that have laid the foundation for these three miracles. Today, the Chinese people are facing unprecedented challenges in water control and water use. Exploring the historical Chinese relationship with water offers a good opportunity to understand the important role that water plays in long-term social development.

The Many Sounds of Civilization

British-American historian Bernard Lewis famously condemned Arab and Islamic civilization for not having a polyphonic sense of music,even accusing them of accepting totalitarian ideologies and regimes because of their taste for"monophonic"music.That is,having one single singer with all the music following the ups and downs of his or her voice.Polyphonic music,by contrast,is when a piece of music has two or more independent melodies in it.As for the related notion of counterpoint,this is from many voices present in the chorus of a classical Greek drama and a reference to the coordination evident in choir singing.