史·风·情——读流军的《海螺》

《海螺》以卢家家族发展史为主线 ,将华人迁徙史、当地开发史、国家变迁史等多个线索交错在一起 ,汇成一股历史的洪流 ,具有浓厚的史诗风格。与此同时 ,作者在充满南洋风情的描写中体现出深厚的中华文化神韵。另外 ,小说还表现出意蕴丰富的情感内容 ,既有复杂扭曲的男女之情 ,又有流贯全书的民族感情 。

《海螺》论

本文论述了《海螺》在作家创作历程中的突破性意义及其为创作和批评带来的值得共同思考和研究的课题。

Temperature and Precipitation Variations at Two Meteorological Stations on Eastern Slope of Gongga Mountain,SW China in the Past Two Decades

Gongga Mountain, locates on the eastern edge of Tibetan Plateau of China, is the highest mountain in China except summits in Tibet. Only limited meteorological data on Gongga Mountain have been published so far. Here we present the meteorological records from two stations, Moxi Station （at 1,621.7 m above sea level （a.s.1.）, 1992- 2010） and Hailuogou Station （at 2,947.8 m a.s.l., 1988-2010）, on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain. In the past two decades, the annual precipitation decreased while the annual mean temperature increased at Hailuogou Station. Both precipitation and temperature increased at Moxi Station. The precipitation variation on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain is influenced by both East Asian Monsoon and Indian Monsoon, so that the precipitation concentrated between May and October. The temperature variation on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain in the past two decades showed similar trends as that of the northern hemispheric and global. In the past two decades, the temperature increased o.35℃ and o.3℃/decade at Hailuogou Station and Moxi Station respectively, which was higher than the increase extents of northern hemispheric and global temperature. The most intense warming occurred at the first decade of 21St century. The winter temperature increased more at Hailuogou Station than at Moxi Station. A remarkable increase of temperature in March was observed with only a little precipitation at both high and low altitude stations.

Variations of bacterial and fungal communities along a primary successional chronosequence in the Hailuogou glacier retreat area(Gongga Mountain, SW China)

New terrestrial habitats have emerged and a primary succession has developed in the retreat area （29°34＇N, 102°oo＇E, 2951-2886 m） after the retreat of the Hailuogou glacier. To investigate soil microbial changes along the primary successional chronosequence, mixed soil samples were collected at six sites at different ages （2 young sites, 2 mid-aged sites, and 2 old sites）. The RNA was extracted and amplified. Bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal 18S rRNA were analyzed using high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing analysis. Overall, pyrosequeneing showed that Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Baeteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the main bacterial phyla, and the fungal communities were strongly dominated by the phyla Ascomyeota and Basidiomyeota in the retreat area. The Shannon diversity index （Hshannon） of bacteria was 6.5 - 7.9, and that of fungi was 2.2 - 4.1 in these sites. For the bacterial communities, diversity and evenness values were highest on the mid-age sites and were relatively low on the young trend was observed for the and old sites. A similar fungal communities. In contrast, soil properties showed significant linear distributional trends （increase or decrease） with the age of the site. Combining the linear change patterns of soil properties, the highest values of bacterial and fungal evenness and diversity in the mid-aged sites indicated that there was less environmental stress and more niches for microbial communities in the middle successional stage compare with other stages. In addition, our analysis showed that microbial communities were the main drivers that build a soil organic matter pool to expedite pedogenesis for ecosystem succession. This primary succession in the Hailuogou glacier retreat area is developing rapidly compared with that in other glacier retreats.

MATLAB-Based Simulation of Buoyancy-Driven Underwater Glider Motion

The mass configuration of the buoyancy-driven underwater glider is decomposed and defined. The coupling between the glider body and its internal masses is addressed using the energy law. A glider motion model is established, and the corresponding simulation program is derived using MATLAB. The characteristics of the glider motion are explored using this program. The simula- tion results show that the basic characteristic of a buoyancy-driven underwater glider is the periodic alternation of downward and upward motions. The glider's spiral motion can be applied to missions in restricted regions. The glider's horizontal velocity, gliding depth and its motion radius in spiral motion can be changed to meet different application purposes by using different glider parameter designs. The simulation also shows that the model is appropriate and the program has strong simulation functions.

Ontogenetic changes in feeding and food preferences of the dog conch Laevistrombus canarium Linnaeus 1758 (Mollusca： Gastropoda) from Merambong shoal, Malaysia

Laevistrombus canarium is one of the marine gastropod mollusks that have high commercial value, particularly in the aquaculture sector in Malaysia. This study was conducted to determine the feeding and food items of L. canarium at different ontogenetic stages （juveniles, sub-adults and adults） from Merambong shoals, Malaysia. Field observations on feeding activity were conducted, followed by detailed laboratory analysis on the stomach content. Five-minutes observations on randomly selected individuals were conducted at the field sampling site and their feeding activities were recorded with reference to age stage. Various shell sizes from each ontogenetic stage were randomly collected and quickly anaesthetized with ice and preserved in 10% formalin before being transported to the laboratory for stomach content analyses. Field observations showed that L. canarium mainly grazed on epiphytes occurring on seagrass （46.67%）, followed by sediment surface （40%） and epiphytes occurring on macroalgae （13.33%）. Stomach content analyses showed a significant difference （P〈0.05） in gastro-somatic index （Gasi） between the juveniles （0.39±0.05）, sub-adults （0.68±0.09） and adults （0.70±0.05） （P〈0.05）. Food items found in the conch stomach include diatoms, detritus, foraminifera, seagrass and macroalgae fragments, sand particles and shell fragments. The Index of Relative Importance （%IRI） indicates three main types of food dominated the three ontogenetic stages namely diatoms, sand particles and detritus. However, no significant difference （P〉0.05） was detected between the three main food items （diatoms, sand particles and detritus） among the ontogenetic stages. Therefore, feeding activity revealed the role of the dog conch in the marine food network. While, classification of the types of food consumed by L. canarium through stomach content analysis determines the particular position of the gastropod in the food chain. Further studies are needed to provide a better insight between trophic relationships ofL. eanarium with marine ecosystem.

A new species of Lataxiena Jousseaume,1883(Gastropoda:Muricidae) from the East and South China Seas

A new muricid gastropod species,L ataxiena lutescena sp. nov.,is described and illustrated. The new species was recognized during reidentification of the Muricidae collection in the Marine Biological Museum,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Qingdao. The specimens of the new species were collected from the East and South China Seas off Fujian,Guangdong,and Hainan Provinces. Lataxiena lutescena sp. nov. is similar to Lataxiena blosvillei(Deshayes,1832) in general shape,but can be distinguished from the latter by the shell sculpture and radular characteristics. Lataxiena lutescena sp. nov. also resembles Lataxiena bombayana(Melvill,1893),but differs from that species in the shell shape and anal notches and in lacking short spines on the shell.

A new species of Cerithium(Gastropoda: Cerithiidae) from the South China Sea

Specimens of a new species of Cerithiidae, Cerithium mangrovum n. sp., were collected during two surveys along the coasts of Hainan and Guangdong Province, China. Usually associated with potamidid snails, this species often occurs in large populations between the mid-high tidal zones in a range of habitats, including mangroves, grass beds, silt, mud, and coral reefs. C. mangrovum n. sp. has a slender and tapering shell and the straight-sided whorl bears three aligned beaded spiral cords. The thick outer lip has a wide posterior sinus. It morphologically resembles C. coralium Kiener, 1841. The shell of C. coralium is usually larger and wider and the spiral cords are not as beaded as in C. mangrovum n. sp. Its radula has a rachidian tooth with a shallow, wide, median basal projection while the rachidian tooth of C. mangrovum n. sp. has a moderately long, median basal projection.

RESEARCH PROGRESS ON THE STRUCTURE AND INTENSITY CHANGE FOR THE LANDFALLING TROPICAL CYCLONES

Landfalling tropical cyclones(LTCs)include those TCs approaching the land and moving across the coast.Structure and intensity change for LTCs include change of the eye wall,spiral rain band,mesoscale vortices,low-layer shear lines and tornadoes in the envelope region of TC,pre-TC squall lines,remote rain bands,core region intensity and extratropical transition(ET)processes,etc.Structure and intensity change of TC are mainly affected by three aspects,namely,environmental effects,inner core dynamics and underlying surface forcing.Structure and intensity change of coastal TCs will be especially affected by seaboard topography,oceanic stratification above the continental shelf and cold dry continental airflow,etc.Rapid changes of TC intensity,including rapid intensification and sudden weakening and dissipation,are the small probability events which are in lack of effective forecasting techniques up to now.Diagnostic analysis and mechanism study will help improve the understanding and prediction of the rapid change phenomena in TCs.

RESEARCH ON AUTOMATIC FOG IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGY BY METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING

There is an urgent need for the development of a method that can undertake rapid, effective, and accurate monitoring and identification of fog by satellite remote sensing, since heavy fog can cause enormous disasters to China’s national economy and people's lives and property in the urban and coastal areas. In this paper, the correlative relationship between the reflectivity of land surface and clouds in different time phases is found, based on the analysis of the radiative and satellite-based spectral characteristics of fog. Through calculation and analyses of the relative variability of the reflectivity in the images, the threshold to identify quasi-fog areas is generated automatically. Furthermore, using the technique of quick image run-length encoding, and in combination with such practical methods as analyzing texture and shape fractures, smoothness, and template characteristics, the automatic identification of fog and fog-cloud separation using meteorological satellite remote sensing images are studied, with good results in application.

The Conceptual Design Experience of Sea-Going Ships with Alternative Propulsion System, Equipped with Dual-Mode Contra Propeller

The paper presents a technical solution which provides energy saving at full speed, as well as duplication of screw propeller and main propulsion system incase it＇s out of order. The description of the corresponding device, designed for transport refrigerator ship, is shown as well as its location on board. Value of energy saving from the use of contra propeller is estimated. The results of the assessment required power to move the ship at low speed by the action of the contra propeller operating in the reactive mode are demonstrated. It is shown, that the ship equipped with the proposed device will get the additional class notation related to the redundancy or duplication of the propulsion system of Russian Maritime Register of Shipping.

A new species of Nassarius(Gastropoda:Nassariidae) from the western Pacific Ocean

This paper describes a new species of Nassarius from the South China Sea,which was recognized when re-sorting the collection of Nassariidae in the Marine Biological Museum,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Qingdao,China.The shells were collected during several investigations,including the National Comprehensive Oceanic Survey in 1958-1959,and the China-Vietnam Co-Investigation on Marine Resource of the Beibu Gulf during 1959-1962.The morphology of the shell and the radula places the new species of Nassarius within the subgenus Zeuxis.It is named Nassarius(Zeuxis) nanhaiensis sp.nov.

Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Thais luteostoma extracts and underlying mechanisms

Thais luteostoma has been utilized as a crude drug whose shell and soft tissue have been widely used for the treatment of heat syndrome in China for thousands of years. The present study was designed to investigate the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of T. luteostoma. T. luteostoma was divided into shell （TLSH） and soft tissue （TLST） samples in the present study. The rat model of yeast-induced fever was used to investigate their antipyretic effects; and the rat model of hind paw edema induced by carrageenan was utilized to study their anti-inflammatory activities, and at the same time, the concentration variations of the central neurotransmitter [prostaglandin E2 （PGE2） and cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP）], inflammatory mediators [tumor necrosis factor （TNFα）, interleukin-1β （IL-1）, interleukin-2 （IL-2） and interleukin-6 （IL-6）] and ion （Na^＋ and Ca^2＋） were also tested. The results showed that TLSH and TLST extracts significantly inhibited yeast-induced pyrexia in rats （P 〈 0.05）, and exhibited more lasting effects as compared to aspirin, and TLSH had the better antipyretic activity than TLST, and that TLSH and TLST could significantly prevent against carrageenan induced paw edema in rats （P 〈 0.05）; and markedly reduced levels of PGE2, cAMP, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and Na^＋/Ca^2＋. In fever model, TLST could significantly reduce the levels of PGE2 （P 〈 0.01） in rats＇ homogenate and TNF a （P 〈 0.05）, IL-113 （P 〈 0.01） in the plasma than TLSH, whereas TLSH could reduce the content of IL-2 （P 〈 0.01） and IL-6 （P 〈 0.01） in plasma and increase the content of Ca2＋ （P 〈 0.01） in plasma and homogenate more significantly than TLST. In conclusion, T. luteostoma extract has antipyretie and anti-inflammatory activities, which may be mediated through the suppression of production of PGE2, cAMP, Na^＋/Ca^2＋ , TNF a, IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-6.

The effects of vertical viscosity coefficients with different distribution characteristics on classical Ekman spiral structure

The classical Ekman theory tells us that the ocean surface current turns to the right(left) side of wind direction with 45° in the north(south) hemisphere,but the observation and research results show that the surface current deflexion angle is smaller than 45° in the Arctic and high latitude areas while larger than 45° in the low latitude areas.In order to explain these phenomena,a series of idealized numerical experiments are designed to investigate the influence of vertical viscosity coefficients with different vertical distribution characteristics on the classical and steady Ekman spiral structure.Results show that when the vertical viscosity coefficient decreases with water depth,the surface current deflexion angle is larger than 45°,whereas the angle is smaller than 45° when the vertical viscosity coefficient increases with water depth.So the different observed surface current deflexion angles in low latitude sea areas and the Arctic regions should be attributed to the different vertical distribution characteristics of vertical viscosity coefficients in the upper ocean.The flatness of the Ekman spiral is not equal to one and does not show regular behaviors for the numerical experiments with different distribution of vertical viscosity.However,the magnitudes and directions of volume transport of Ekman spirals are almost the same as the results of classical Ekman theory,i.e.,vertical viscosity coefficient distributions have no effect on the magnitudes and directions of volume transport.

The growth of the screw dislocation of nacreous layer on Pteria penguin

In response to various environmental factors in offshore South China Sea,a group of microstructures of the screw dislocation are assembled in multiphase screw dislocations on the surface of the nacreous layer of Pteria penguin from the coastal waters of Hainan Island,China.The results of the transmission and scanning electronic microscope testing show that organic matter periodically secreted by epithelial histology of mantle of Pteria penguin pre-forms the original screw dislocation growth tem-plate in the form of film,along with its function to select,identify,and adhere to the amorphous calcium carbonate particles as the fine organic venations diffused in the epitaxial screw growth area.With the inducement and screw modulation of the or-ganic film and venations,the amorphous calcium carbonate particles gradually evolve into the pseudohexagonal self.aragonite microsheet with long-range order and screw dislocation structure by location-selecting tropism and screw dislocation growth.Numerous micron-scale aragonite microsheets join in the cluster's interactive movement and screw dislocation self-assembly of the organic film,stacking forward along the axis C spirally and forming the nacreous layer with screw dislocation structure.

Multiferroicity in Perovskite Manganite Superlattice

Multiferroic properties of short period perovskite type manganite superlattice((R_1MnO_3)n/(R_2MnO_3)n(n=1,2,3)) are considered within the framework of classical Heisenberg model using Monte Carlo simulation. Our result revealed the interesting behaviors in Mn spins structure in superlattice. Apart from simple plane spin cycloid structure which is shown in all manganites including bulk, film, and superlattice here in low temperature, a non-coplanar spiral spin structure is exhibited in a certain temperature range when n equals 1, 2 or 3. Specific heat, spin-helicity vector,spin correlation function, spin-helicity correlation function, and spin configuration are calculated to confirm this noncoplanar spiral spin structure. These results are associated with the competition among exchange interaction, magnetic anisotropy, and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction.