TaoTeChing is one of the most important classics of Chinese literature. There are inner clues in TaoTeChing. Lao-tzu found that all the visible things are produced or born by something, which means that these observab...TaoTeChing is one of the most important classics of Chinese literature. There are inner clues in TaoTeChing. Lao-tzu found that all the visible things are produced or born by something, which means that these observable things could not be the ultimate source of the universe. The ultimate source of the universe must be invisible and has no color or sound. Lao-tzu called it the ＂Tao＂. On this basis, Lao-tzu got a series of conclusions including that the ＂Tao＂ runs spontaneously only following the law of itself and is not controlled by anything; The ＂Tao＂ is characterized by weakness and doing nothing; etc.. In this paper, we try to recreate the process of Lao-tzu＇s construction of his ideology.展开更多
Educational philosophy and enlightenment have been closely connected through the human pursuit to search for truth and improvement in history. In today＇s world, commercialism and technology have gained and accumulate...Educational philosophy and enlightenment have been closely connected through the human pursuit to search for truth and improvement in history. In today＇s world, commercialism and technology have gained and accumulated enormous power in its impact on human society and consciousness, and have posed serious challenges to the traditional pursuit of enlightenment and philosophical studies. This paper takes a retrospective look of Lao Zi＇s Dao De Jing （Tao Te Jing, 道德经）.1 The discussion provides Lao Zi＇s definition of enlightenment in comparison to the western philosophical tradition and examines his focal concepts of Dao （the Way,道） and Virtue （德）, their relationship as well as the connection with enlightenment and education. In addition, the paper analyzes the insights and meaning Lao Zi＇s thought has for the contemporary philosophers and practices and raises questions regarding the implementation of his philosophy in the classrooms today.展开更多
One of cinematic science fiction＇s most popular plot lines is to imagine an invasion of earth by an advanced alien species. James Cameron＇s Avatar turns the tables on that premise. Humans attack a peaceful, less tec...One of cinematic science fiction＇s most popular plot lines is to imagine an invasion of earth by an advanced alien species. James Cameron＇s Avatar turns the tables on that premise. Humans attack a peaceful, less technologically sophisticated race in order to exploit their natural resources. Driving the assault is a mining company hell-bent on improving its bottom line. The villain of Avatar is not a person, but those people who seek profit. To put it starkly, business is evil. But why has the entertainment business cast business as a heavy？ Hollywood has now made Immanuel Kant as the director of moral sentiment. Not, of course, directly, but rather the ghostwriter of Hollywood＇s ideas about morality. The works of Kant are not discussed or debated in the public arena, but their principles have influenced the way people think about what is just and good. The ideas of Kant have filtered into the contemporary discourse and are one of the key ingredients in the national dialogue over what it means to be moral. The categorical imperative holds that an action is moral only if it is free from calculation of reward or gain. To be truly, moral people must abandon all practical considerations of need or desire; they must be directed by pure good will alone. Business people can never measure up to Kant＇s standard. They always make choices based on cost and benefit. Their businesses would quickly go bankrupt, if they made decisions on good will rather than interest. Kant＇s principles have raised the moral standard so high that even the common inclination to seek one＇s own benefit is looked on with some mistrust. In Kantian-influenced movies, business people have come to play the evil antagonist; they seek gain instead of the good. How would Adam Smith, the father of economic rationality, respond to popularized Kantian morality？展开更多
AFuller makes the morality be divided into two groups of morality in the book ＂The Morality of Law＂ . One group is the desiderative morality and compulsory morality, and other group is innernal and external morality...AFuller makes the morality be divided into two groups of morality in the book ＂The Morality of Law＂ . One group is the desiderative morality and compulsory morality, and other group is innernal and external morality of law. The desiderative morality is the good morality with life, excellent morality and the morality which can make human＇ s power be fully realized. The author makes the interactive relationship between innernal morality and external morality be explained that there is experience contact about innernal and external morality of law. The explanation about this kind of experience relationship conforms with the position of the sociology of law which is definited by Fuller in law. In addition, seen from the practical experience and historical experience of human, this kind of explanation not only conforms with the demand of human practice but also conforms with the reality at the same time. There is also some significance which can be reference for us to discuss how to conduct the law practice.展开更多
This article is motivated by the predicament that hit pensioners in Zimbabwe following the introduction of the multi-currency system. Zimbabwe experienced economic woes which rendered the Zimbabwean dollar worthless a...This article is motivated by the predicament that hit pensioners in Zimbabwe following the introduction of the multi-currency system. Zimbabwe experienced economic woes which rendered the Zimbabwean dollar worthless and consequently necessitating a switch to stable currencies. The pension assets and liabilities were invested in the local currency before the currency reform, and the result of the multi-currency system was a mismatch of the assets and liabilities of the pension funds financial position which led to paltry pension benefits. The nature of pension funds places a great responsibility on the stakeholders who are involved in running these schemes and therefore ensuring that reasonable expectation by beneficiaries is met. The article focuses on the core aspects surrounding the structure and managing of pension funds in Zimbabwe. The researcher investigated the roles of important stakeholders in the Zimbabwean pension industry, namely, government, trustees, investment managers, and actuaries. The article further delves into the ethical issues and challenges faced by those managing Zimbabwean pension funds. The researcher conducted a total of 30 personal interviews to collect primary data from professionals in the Zimbabwean pension industry which were split as follows： 10 trustees, 10 investment managers, and 10 actuarial consultants. Secondary data were also used in this study and it comprised of journals, newspaper articles, investment reports, and textbooks. The researcher recommends that pension funds develop sound corporate governance mechanisms that will encourage the best ethical practices among all of their stakeholders. The findings provide evidence for a need to empower pension fund trustees through training and introduction of a pension protection scheme. In addition, the current regulatory system needs to be reviewed to capture the changing economic environment upon which pensions funds operate.展开更多
The present paper offers an opportunity to explore Keynes＇ contribution to our understanding of crisis by returning to him seminal contribution in the theory of the effective demand. The analysis contrasts this appro...The present paper offers an opportunity to explore Keynes＇ contribution to our understanding of crisis by returning to him seminal contribution in the theory of the effective demand. The analysis contrasts this approach with the neoclassical orthodoxy regarding the theory of the interest rate and the relation between saving and investment. The author poses the fundamental question： Can a policy of stimulating saving promote investment？ By using the ＂Saving Paradox＂ presented in chapter sixteen, as a framework for interpreting Bernanke＇s description of the saving glut and the current account deficit of the U.S. economy, the author offers an answer that is useful for understanding the current situation. The author also shows how moral hazard plays a significant role in the current crisis.展开更多
I argue in this paper that moral philosophers need to incorporate into their teaching and writing a number of empirical findings on ethical practices. Principal among these is clearer guidelines on speaking out agains...I argue in this paper that moral philosophers need to incorporate into their teaching and writing a number of empirical findings on ethical practices. Principal among these is clearer guidelines on speaking out against wrongdoing, as well as the development of codes of ethics that have been proven to work. The adoption of the critical thinking and the analytical methodology of other disciplines is also suggested. Several benefits will result. The most noticeable will be a strengthening of ethical practices and behavior in the institutions and organizations with which we live and work. A second benefit will be the education and employment of a body of people--graduates in moral philosophy--with the skills and knowledge to bring about, and further strengthen, this enhanced ethical environment. A third benefit will be the matching of the claims of philosophical thought with actual reality.展开更多
Human experience can best be understood in the framework of collective social relations. Like any other tie, the mother-daughter relationship is forged not in isolation but informed by cultural, historical, and social...Human experience can best be understood in the framework of collective social relations. Like any other tie, the mother-daughter relationship is forged not in isolation but informed by cultural, historical, and social values, circumstances, and practices. The twentieth century has witnessed the greatest changes in world history. As an outcome of the noticeable shift in gender ideologies in the last half of that century, modern mothers and daughters struggled to experience a union, a bond, an understanding of themselves and the world around them. Clash of tradition and modernity in ideals and mores can be held accountable for the consequential neurotic development of the psyche in twentieth century mothers and daughters. Doris Lessing＇s writings reflect the way in which these complex changes in society affect family relationships. Her first novel of the Children of Violence series, Martha Quest, is an apt study of a mother and her daughter＇s struggle with their newly defined roles in society. This paper will seek to examine the conflicts that are encountered in the wake of such adjustments by contemporary mothers and daughters. In order to do so, the study will focus on an exploration of the kind of issues that Martha Quest and May Quest experience in Lessing＇s Martha Quest through approaches available in works by Carl Jung on his theory of the ＂mother complex＂.展开更多
The focus of the present research is not on expected developments that are by one means or another linked to the concept of sustainability and to questions, whether current sustainability-models are fit for the future...The focus of the present research is not on expected developments that are by one means or another linked to the concept of sustainability and to questions, whether current sustainability-models are fit for the future, so that they can be employed as corrective or functional factors applicable to the planning and governance of predictable scenarios in the field of ecology, economy, and social issues. But the focus lies on questions like： How does the concept of sustainability relate to the future？ How is the future as such affected and conditioned by the concept of sustainability？ To what extent is the concept of sustainability open to the future and how can the concept of sustainability conceive of something like the future？ The aim of the paper is therefore to clarify and better understand what is at stake when we address a sustainable future, i.e. a future under the conditions of an economy, of a technology, of a science that is supposed to be sustainable. The paper is based on a distinction that has its part in the tradition of ethics with far-reaching consequences for what throughout this tradition was called into question namely： the ethos （the dimension of the human being）. It is the distinction between two aspirant principles. In terms of form, the one allows and sustains accomplishment, whereas the other doesn＇t. As for the former, the reference is mainly to classical ethical positions （on the one hand Plato and Aristotle, on the other hand Kant）. As for the latter, on which the focus of this research lies, a phenomenological analysis of the concept of sustainability might help in its comprehension as well as in the understanding of the way in which we, today, by complying with it, conceive of something like an open future.展开更多
It is well known to us that people are the core force of the survival and development of enterprise, and on the other hand, enterprise is both an organization of individuals and an interest organization which is based...It is well known to us that people are the core force of the survival and development of enterprise, and on the other hand, enterprise is both an organization of individuals and an interest organization which is based on clear development goals and the distributing and integrating existing. Culture is the temperament and style reflecting of the spirit and the consciousness of human beings and even the individuals. Enterprise is an organization which unites the established development goals and the individuals. Naturally, this humanistic enterprise groups should have a certain ＂temperament＂ and ＂style.＂ Compared with the persons, this temperament and style, is the result of the collision, agitation, adjustments, tuning and optimized, representing the collective personality. Instead leaded by the individual consciousness, it is collective, organizational personality and style expressed by individual deeds and awareness and. In other words, corporate culture is a long-term production and business activities in the form of consciousness, and the comprehensive reflection of the business purpose, values and ethical conduct abided by the majority of employees.展开更多
As a special productive resource, morality has unique economic slgmncance mat ,~ displayed in the process of production not only of use-value, but also of value. This positive value correlation has long been confirmed...As a special productive resource, morality has unique economic slgmncance mat ,~ displayed in the process of production not only of use-value, but also of value. This positive value correlation has long been confirmed by the management practice of modern enterprises. The economic value of morality has, however, a rational limit; its economic role should be understood, analyzed and utilized in complex economic relations.展开更多
文摘TaoTeChing is one of the most important classics of Chinese literature. There are inner clues in TaoTeChing. Lao-tzu found that all the visible things are produced or born by something, which means that these observable things could not be the ultimate source of the universe. The ultimate source of the universe must be invisible and has no color or sound. Lao-tzu called it the ＂Tao＂. On this basis, Lao-tzu got a series of conclusions including that the ＂Tao＂ runs spontaneously only following the law of itself and is not controlled by anything; The ＂Tao＂ is characterized by weakness and doing nothing; etc.. In this paper, we try to recreate the process of Lao-tzu＇s construction of his ideology.
文摘Educational philosophy and enlightenment have been closely connected through the human pursuit to search for truth and improvement in history. In today＇s world, commercialism and technology have gained and accumulated enormous power in its impact on human society and consciousness, and have posed serious challenges to the traditional pursuit of enlightenment and philosophical studies. This paper takes a retrospective look of Lao Zi＇s Dao De Jing （Tao Te Jing, 道德经）.1 The discussion provides Lao Zi＇s definition of enlightenment in comparison to the western philosophical tradition and examines his focal concepts of Dao （the Way,道） and Virtue （德）, their relationship as well as the connection with enlightenment and education. In addition, the paper analyzes the insights and meaning Lao Zi＇s thought has for the contemporary philosophers and practices and raises questions regarding the implementation of his philosophy in the classrooms today.
文摘One of cinematic science fiction＇s most popular plot lines is to imagine an invasion of earth by an advanced alien species. James Cameron＇s Avatar turns the tables on that premise. Humans attack a peaceful, less technologically sophisticated race in order to exploit their natural resources. Driving the assault is a mining company hell-bent on improving its bottom line. The villain of Avatar is not a person, but those people who seek profit. To put it starkly, business is evil. But why has the entertainment business cast business as a heavy？ Hollywood has now made Immanuel Kant as the director of moral sentiment. Not, of course, directly, but rather the ghostwriter of Hollywood＇s ideas about morality. The works of Kant are not discussed or debated in the public arena, but their principles have influenced the way people think about what is just and good. The ideas of Kant have filtered into the contemporary discourse and are one of the key ingredients in the national dialogue over what it means to be moral. The categorical imperative holds that an action is moral only if it is free from calculation of reward or gain. To be truly, moral people must abandon all practical considerations of need or desire; they must be directed by pure good will alone. Business people can never measure up to Kant＇s standard. They always make choices based on cost and benefit. Their businesses would quickly go bankrupt, if they made decisions on good will rather than interest. Kant＇s principles have raised the moral standard so high that even the common inclination to seek one＇s own benefit is looked on with some mistrust. In Kantian-influenced movies, business people have come to play the evil antagonist; they seek gain instead of the good. How would Adam Smith, the father of economic rationality, respond to popularized Kantian morality？
文摘AFuller makes the morality be divided into two groups of morality in the book ＂The Morality of Law＂ . One group is the desiderative morality and compulsory morality, and other group is innernal and external morality of law. The desiderative morality is the good morality with life, excellent morality and the morality which can make human＇ s power be fully realized. The author makes the interactive relationship between innernal morality and external morality be explained that there is experience contact about innernal and external morality of law. The explanation about this kind of experience relationship conforms with the position of the sociology of law which is definited by Fuller in law. In addition, seen from the practical experience and historical experience of human, this kind of explanation not only conforms with the demand of human practice but also conforms with the reality at the same time. There is also some significance which can be reference for us to discuss how to conduct the law practice.
文摘This article is motivated by the predicament that hit pensioners in Zimbabwe following the introduction of the multi-currency system. Zimbabwe experienced economic woes which rendered the Zimbabwean dollar worthless and consequently necessitating a switch to stable currencies. The pension assets and liabilities were invested in the local currency before the currency reform, and the result of the multi-currency system was a mismatch of the assets and liabilities of the pension funds financial position which led to paltry pension benefits. The nature of pension funds places a great responsibility on the stakeholders who are involved in running these schemes and therefore ensuring that reasonable expectation by beneficiaries is met. The article focuses on the core aspects surrounding the structure and managing of pension funds in Zimbabwe. The researcher investigated the roles of important stakeholders in the Zimbabwean pension industry, namely, government, trustees, investment managers, and actuaries. The article further delves into the ethical issues and challenges faced by those managing Zimbabwean pension funds. The researcher conducted a total of 30 personal interviews to collect primary data from professionals in the Zimbabwean pension industry which were split as follows： 10 trustees, 10 investment managers, and 10 actuarial consultants. Secondary data were also used in this study and it comprised of journals, newspaper articles, investment reports, and textbooks. The researcher recommends that pension funds develop sound corporate governance mechanisms that will encourage the best ethical practices among all of their stakeholders. The findings provide evidence for a need to empower pension fund trustees through training and introduction of a pension protection scheme. In addition, the current regulatory system needs to be reviewed to capture the changing economic environment upon which pensions funds operate.
文摘The present paper offers an opportunity to explore Keynes＇ contribution to our understanding of crisis by returning to him seminal contribution in the theory of the effective demand. The analysis contrasts this approach with the neoclassical orthodoxy regarding the theory of the interest rate and the relation between saving and investment. The author poses the fundamental question： Can a policy of stimulating saving promote investment？ By using the ＂Saving Paradox＂ presented in chapter sixteen, as a framework for interpreting Bernanke＇s description of the saving glut and the current account deficit of the U.S. economy, the author offers an answer that is useful for understanding the current situation. The author also shows how moral hazard plays a significant role in the current crisis.
文摘I argue in this paper that moral philosophers need to incorporate into their teaching and writing a number of empirical findings on ethical practices. Principal among these is clearer guidelines on speaking out against wrongdoing, as well as the development of codes of ethics that have been proven to work. The adoption of the critical thinking and the analytical methodology of other disciplines is also suggested. Several benefits will result. The most noticeable will be a strengthening of ethical practices and behavior in the institutions and organizations with which we live and work. A second benefit will be the education and employment of a body of people--graduates in moral philosophy--with the skills and knowledge to bring about, and further strengthen, this enhanced ethical environment. A third benefit will be the matching of the claims of philosophical thought with actual reality.
文摘Human experience can best be understood in the framework of collective social relations. Like any other tie, the mother-daughter relationship is forged not in isolation but informed by cultural, historical, and social values, circumstances, and practices. The twentieth century has witnessed the greatest changes in world history. As an outcome of the noticeable shift in gender ideologies in the last half of that century, modern mothers and daughters struggled to experience a union, a bond, an understanding of themselves and the world around them. Clash of tradition and modernity in ideals and mores can be held accountable for the consequential neurotic development of the psyche in twentieth century mothers and daughters. Doris Lessing＇s writings reflect the way in which these complex changes in society affect family relationships. Her first novel of the Children of Violence series, Martha Quest, is an apt study of a mother and her daughter＇s struggle with their newly defined roles in society. This paper will seek to examine the conflicts that are encountered in the wake of such adjustments by contemporary mothers and daughters. In order to do so, the study will focus on an exploration of the kind of issues that Martha Quest and May Quest experience in Lessing＇s Martha Quest through approaches available in works by Carl Jung on his theory of the ＂mother complex＂.
文摘The focus of the present research is not on expected developments that are by one means or another linked to the concept of sustainability and to questions, whether current sustainability-models are fit for the future, so that they can be employed as corrective or functional factors applicable to the planning and governance of predictable scenarios in the field of ecology, economy, and social issues. But the focus lies on questions like： How does the concept of sustainability relate to the future？ How is the future as such affected and conditioned by the concept of sustainability？ To what extent is the concept of sustainability open to the future and how can the concept of sustainability conceive of something like the future？ The aim of the paper is therefore to clarify and better understand what is at stake when we address a sustainable future, i.e. a future under the conditions of an economy, of a technology, of a science that is supposed to be sustainable. The paper is based on a distinction that has its part in the tradition of ethics with far-reaching consequences for what throughout this tradition was called into question namely： the ethos （the dimension of the human being）. It is the distinction between two aspirant principles. In terms of form, the one allows and sustains accomplishment, whereas the other doesn＇t. As for the former, the reference is mainly to classical ethical positions （on the one hand Plato and Aristotle, on the other hand Kant）. As for the latter, on which the focus of this research lies, a phenomenological analysis of the concept of sustainability might help in its comprehension as well as in the understanding of the way in which we, today, by complying with it, conceive of something like an open future.
文摘It is well known to us that people are the core force of the survival and development of enterprise, and on the other hand, enterprise is both an organization of individuals and an interest organization which is based on clear development goals and the distributing and integrating existing. Culture is the temperament and style reflecting of the spirit and the consciousness of human beings and even the individuals. Enterprise is an organization which unites the established development goals and the individuals. Naturally, this humanistic enterprise groups should have a certain ＂temperament＂ and ＂style.＂ Compared with the persons, this temperament and style, is the result of the collision, agitation, adjustments, tuning and optimized, representing the collective personality. Instead leaded by the individual consciousness, it is collective, organizational personality and style expressed by individual deeds and awareness and. In other words, corporate culture is a long-term production and business activities in the form of consciousness, and the comprehensive reflection of the business purpose, values and ethical conduct abided by the majority of employees.
文摘As a special productive resource, morality has unique economic slgmncance mat ,~ displayed in the process of production not only of use-value, but also of value. This positive value correlation has long been confirmed by the management practice of modern enterprises. The economic value of morality has, however, a rational limit; its economic role should be understood, analyzed and utilized in complex economic relations.
