Determination of the full-field stress and displacement using photoelasticity and sampling moirémethod in a 3D-printed model

The quantitative characterization of the full-field stress and displacement is significant for analyzing the failure and instability of engineering materials.Various optical measurement techniques such as photoelasticity,moiréand digital image correlation methods have been developed to achieve this goal.However,these methods are difficult to incorporate to determine the stress and displacement fields simultaneously because the tested models must contain particles and grating for displacement measurement;however,these elements will disturb the light passing through the tested models using photoelasticity.In this study,by combining photoelasticity and the sampling moirémethod,we developed a method to determine the stress and displacement fields simultaneously in a three-dimensional(3D)-printed photoelastic model with orthogonal grating.Then,the full-field stress was determined by analyzing 10 photoelastic patterns,and the displacement fields were calculated using the sampling moirémethod.The results indicate that the developed method can simultaneously determine the stress and displacement fields.

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD COMBINED WITH DYNAMIC PHOTOELASTIC ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE DYNAMIC STRESS-INTENSITY FACTORS

The present paper is addressed to the finite element method combined with dynamic photoelastic analysis of propagating cracks, that is, on the basis of [1] by Chien Wei-zang, finite elements which incorporate the propagating crack-tip singularity intrinsic to two-dimensional elasticity are employed. THe relation between crack opening length and time step obtained from dynamic photoelaslie analysis is used as a definite condition for solving the dynamic equations and simulating the crack propagations as well As an example, the impact response of dynamie-bending-test specimen is investigated and the dynamic stress-intensity factor obtained from the mentioned finite element analysis and dynamic photoelasticity is in reasonable agreement with each other.

Photoelastic Stress Analysis by Use of Hybrid Technique and Fringe Phase Shifting Method

Photoelastic fringe patterns for stress analysis are investigated by use of hybrid technique and fringe phase shift method. The first one is a hybrid method which combines the conformal mapping technique and measured data away from the edge of a geometric discontinuity. Photoelastic data are hybridized with complex variable/mapping techniques to calculate photoelastic stress-field around a circular hole or an elliptical hole in plates under uniaxial tensile loading. This method determines full-field stresses in perforated finite tensile plates containing either a circular or an elliptical hole. The second one is a fringe phase shift method to separate isochromatics and isoclinics from photoelastic fringes of a circular disk under diametric compression by use of phase shift method. Digitally determined isochromatics and isoclinics are agreed well with those of manual measurements.

High-precision stress determination in photoelasticity

Stress separation is usually achieved by solving differential equations of equilibrium after parameter determination from isochromatics and isoclinics.The numerical error resulting from the stress determination is a main concern as it is always a function of parameters in discretization.To improve the accuracy of stress calculation,a novel meshless barycentric rational interpolation collocation method(BRICM)is proposed.The derivatives of the shear stress on the calculation path are determined by using the differential matrix which converts the differential form of the equations of equilibrium into a series of algebraic equations.The advantage of the proposed method is that the auxiliary lines,grids,and error accumulation which are commonly used in traditional shear difference methods(SDMs)are not required.Simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed meshless method is able to provide high computational accuracy in the full-field stress determination.

SEPARATION OF PRINCIPAL STRESSES IN DYNAMIC PHOTOELASTICITY

A new and effective method used to separate the transient principal stresses for dynamic photoelasticity is proposed. This is a hybrid method combining the optical method of dynamic caustics and the boundary element numerical method. Firstly, a modified Cranz-Schardin spark camera is used to record simultaneously the isochromatic fringe patterns of photoelasticity and the shadow spot patterns in the dynamic process. By means of the isochromatic fringe patterns, the difference between transient principal stresses in the whole domain and the principal stresses along the free boundary can be solved. In addition, the method of caustics is a very powerful technique for measuring the concentrative load. Then, the sum of the principal stresses is calculated by the boundary integral equation obtained from the Laplace integral transform of the wave equation. So, the transient principal stresses can be determined from the experimental and numerical results. As an example, the transient principal stresses in a polycarbonate disk under an impact load are resolved.

COUPLED VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES AND GENERALIZED COUPLED VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES IN PHOTOELASTICITY

In this paper, by applying Lagrange, multiplier method and high order Lagrange multiplier method [1], we systematically derive coupled potential energy principle.coupled complementary energy principle,and generalized coupled potential energy principles and generalized coupled complementary energy principles with two and three kinds of variables in photoelasticity.

Determination of Anionic Surfactants in Environmental Water Samples Using Fluorescence Enhancement Method Based on Fe_3O_4@PAA-RB Fluorescent Nanoparticles

[ Objective] The study aims at developing a novel fluorescence enhancement method to determine anionic surfactants. [ Method] Based on Fe3O4 @ PAA-RB fluorescent nanoparticles as fluorescent probes, we have developed a novel fluorescence enhancement method for the determi- nation of an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate （SDS） through the gradual optimization of experiment conditions. [ Result] Under the opti- mum conditions, the extent of fluorescence enhancement is directly proportional to SDS concentration varying from 0.5 to 16.0 μmol/L, and the de- tection limit reaches 0.051 μmol/L. The relative standard deviation （RSD） for 4.0 μmol/L SDS is 3.3% （ n =6）. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of SDS in environmental water samples, with recovery of 96.3% -105.5%. E Conclusion] The novel fluo- rescence enhancement method is not only simple and rapid, but also has avoided using tedious solvent-extraction and toxic organic solvents.

Hybrid Method to Analyze Contact Stress Distribution on Dry Friction Interfaces

A hybrid method is established by combining photoelastic experiment and finite element analysis.The method is used to evaluate contact stress distribution on dry friction interfaces,such as the contact interfaces between shrouds of fan blades and turbine blades.The photoelastic stress frozen experiment method is used to decide the displacement boundary conditions of numerical calculation.Higher accuracy and efficiency of solving problems are improved by the method.Technical difficulty and high cost of experiment are also avoided by the method.Good agreement of the stress distribution by using the hybrid method and experiment is obtained.

A SIMPLE METHOD OF DETERMINING STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR K Ⅰ FROM ISOCHROMATIC FRINGE LOOPS *

A new photoelastic method of obtaining mode I stress intensity factor(SIF) is presented. The method considers the influence of far field stress, σ ox , on the value of SIF. The only information needed for K Ⅰ calculation is the area between isochromatic fringe loops. The method is examined by two kinds of specimen in different load cases.Experimental results show that it is quite simple and of high precision.

A method for visualizing sound propagation in solids and liquids

A new method for visualizing sound propagation in solids and liquids is described in this paper. The method can show the sound propagation process dynamically in two dimensions. Compared with Schlieren method and dynamic photo-elastic method, this method cannot only show the sound field distribution in liquid and solid at different time moments, but also can be applied to non-transparent solid. In addition, it does not strictly require small residual stress of the sample. The sample can, therefore, be easily made. Because the acoustic field is obtained by indirect measurements, the recording can be affected by the after-shock of the receiving sensor and is prone to the influence of the direct wave of the liquid. Putting an aluminum plate into a liquid, we recorded the compression wave, shear wave and surface wave in the aluminum and, in the liquid we also recorded the direct wave and three head waves, which are directly coupled with the compression wave, shear wave and surface wave respectively. The recording clearly depicts the coupling relationship of the sound waves through the interface between the aluminum and the liquid. Putting a plexiglass into a liquid, we also recorded the sound waves in the plexiglass and the coupling relationship between the sound waves in the two mediums.

SCATTERING OF A GRAZING LONGITUDINAL WAVE PULSE BY A RIBBON-TYPE CRACK—EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION BY THE PHOTOELASTIC METHOD

By using the dynamic photoelastic method and our technique of fabricating an internal crack in solid , the scattered waves of incident grazing longitudinal ultrasonic wave pulse by a ribbon-type crack are ob-served and analyzed . In particular, the distribution of the intensity of the scattered head wave is measured quantitatively . The experimental results fairly agree with the theoretical ones given in ref. [ 1 ] .

Automatic extraction method of force chain information and its application in the flow photoelastic experiment of granular matter

The force chain is the core of the multi-scale analysis of granular matter.Accurately extracting the force chain information among particles is of great significance to the study of particle mechanics and geological hazards caused by particle flow.However,in the photoelastic experiment,the precise identification of the branching points of force chains has not been effectively realized.Therefore,this study proposes an automatic extraction method of force chain key information.First,based on the Hough transform and the Euclidean distance,a particle geometric information identification model is established and geometric information such as particle circle center coordinates,radius,contact point location,and contact angle is extracted.Then,a particle contact force information identification model is established following the color gradient mean square method.The model realizes the rapid calibration and extraction of a large number of particle media contact force information.Next,combined with the force chain composition criterion and its quasilinear feature,an automatic extraction method of force chain information is established,which solves the problem of the accurate identification of the force chain branch points.Finally,in the photoelastic experiment of ore drawing from a single drawpoint,the automatic extraction method of force chain information is verified.The results show that the macroscopic distribution of force chains during ore drawing from a single drawpoint is left–right symmetrical.Strong force chains are mostly located on the two sides of the model but in small numbers and they mainly develop vertically.Additionally,the ends are mostly in a combination of Y and inverted Y shapes,while the middle is mostly quasilinear.Weak force chains are abundant and mostly distributed in the middle of the model,and develop in different directions.The proposed extraction method accurately extracts the force chain network from the photoelastic experiment images and dynamically characterizes the force chains of granular matter,which has significant advantages in particle geometry information extraction,force chain branch point discrimination,force chain retrieval,and force chain distribution and its azimuthal characterization.The results provide a scientific basis for studying the macroscopic and microscopic mechanical parameters of granular matter.

真空玻璃真空度在线检测技术与应用

采用光弹法和动态法在线检测真空玻璃的真空度.试验测试表明,通过光弹仪可以观测到真空玻璃支撑物与玻璃支撑点处因应力集中而产生的应力光斑,而且随着真空度的提高,应力光斑直径也增大.同时,采用动态法测得的真空玻璃的固有频率也随着其真空度的增大而增大.对该两种方法的原理、检测过程及工程应用进行了分析,该两种方法特点是操作简单,结果直观可靠,易于实现真空玻璃实际工程在线检测.

单纤维界面强度光弹性实验和理论研究

利用光弹性实验和有限元计算两种方法对单丝拔出复合材料模型的界面剪应力进行了研究。从计算和实验两个方面证明,当在纤维自由端施加一轴向拉力后,在单丝与基体界面的埋入端附近将出现剪应力的最大值。然后,沿着单丝的埋入方向,剪应力迅速降低,在界面区的中间趋于最小值,并且基本稳定不变。由此证明,单丝增强复合材料中界面的应力传递主要集中在单丝的埋入端附近,并且在这一区域最先达到危险应力,发生界面的脱胶破坏,引起整个试件的失效。

二维颗粒堆积体中力的传递与分布研究

颗粒介质已成为国内外科学研究的热点,其研究结果正在被逐渐推广应用到岩土工程中去。本文运用焦散线法和激光全息光弹法对受集中荷载作用的颗粒堆中力的分布进行了较为详细的实验研究,通过对实验数据的定量分析得知:与传统连续介质弹性理论所揭示的规律不同,堆积体内部力的传递与分布遵循抛物线型方程。所得结果对现实工程具有重要指导意义。

牙位对不同咬合类型的下颌牙根尖应力影响的光弹实验研究

目的 :探讨牙位的变化对下颌各牙根尖主应力大小及方向的影响进行分析。方法 :采用透明环氧树脂复制以相同牙排列而成的正常牙合、深覆牙合、重度磨耗牙合、单侧部分后牙反牙合、单侧上颌第三磨牙伸长、单侧下颌第三磨牙伸长、单侧部分后牙缺失 7种不同咬合类型的下颌模型 ,2 .0kg力垂直加载后 ,投影式光弹仪上观测各牙根尖主应力的大小与方向。结果 :在对称性咬合 ,牙位的变化对各牙的根尖主应力方向无影响。而在不对称性咬合 ,牙位的变化对前牙区近远中向应力及全牙列的根尖主应力颊舌向倾角都有明显影响。另外 ,随牙位的变化根尖主应力的大小也会发生显著变化 ,而且这种差异主要来自于不对称性咬合类型。结论 :牙在下颌骨上相对位置的变化会对其根尖主应力大小及方向产生一定的影响 ,而且其影响程度还会受到咬合对称性等因素的影响。

冲击荷载作用下穿甲弹风帽的动应力试验研究

用动光弹实验方法研究了冲击荷载作用下穿甲弹风帽模型的应力波的传播过程 ,对其受冲击后的动应力状态进行了分析 ,用应力光学定律得到了模型内的动应力值。并根据应力波理论 ,推导出了风帽受冲击荷载作用时动应力的理论近似解 ,计算结果与实验结果非常一致。另外 ,这种方法还为改进风帽的结构设计提供了有益的建议。

光弹性模型的真空浇注工艺

针对传统光弹性模型浇注工艺的过程可控性差、模型质量低以及浇注过程不环保等问题,提出了一种光弹性模型的真空浇注工艺。与传统工艺比较,新工艺主要有以下特征:1工艺在浇注和固化过程中采用了完善的恒温控制技术;2浇注及固化全过程均在真空环境中进行。航空发动机榫头榫槽光弹性试验结果表明:新工艺不仅有效降低了模型初始内应力和体积收缩比,而且有效避免了浇注过程中气泡的产生和杂质的引入。试验中观测到的模型等色图样应力条纹清晰,无"云雾"现象;随机切片后的模型应力差值具有一致性,模型内部性质均匀。全真空环境和滤毒排气措施的采用提高了环境友好度,避免了对操作人员的伤害。新工艺的采用将有利于光弹性试验精度的提高和试验方法的推广。

光弹性法中时间边缘效应数学模型和应用研究

在光弹性实验中,模型边缘会产生随时间增长的条纹,它干扰正常的由外载荷引起的应力条纹,给实验带来误差。根据时间边缘效应产生的原因建立了时效数学模型,通过对比根据建立的数学模型模拟的等差线和实验得到的等差线,可以验证所建立的数学模型能够准确地反映出时效的特征,并尝试运用数字光弹性相移法去除时效的影响。

两种磁性附着体固位的种植全口覆盖义齿光弹应力分析

目的 :评价在种植全口覆盖义齿中应用缓冲型磁性附着体来缓冲咀嚼压力的作用 ,为其临床应用提供理论依据。方法 :在下颌种植全口覆盖义齿的修复中 ,采用 2种不同的磁性附着体即缓冲型与非缓冲型磁性附着体作为固位体 ,利用光弹应力分析法比较单侧垂直和斜向加载时支持组织内的生物力学特征。结果 :加载后 ,与普通型磁性附着体相比 ,应用缓冲型磁性附着体使种植体周围应力减小 ,但牙槽嵴区应力增加 ,同时能够将应力传导至加载对侧。结论 :缓冲型磁性附着体用于种植全口覆盖义齿 ,具有明显的应力缓冲作用 ,能使种植体周围的应力减小 ,应力在支持组织中分布更均匀 。