试论脑病的病理

目的:探讨脑的病理。方法:归纳脑病的病因主要包括先天不足、外感、内伤、中毒、外伤等;病机不外邪侵络阻,阴阳失调,气血逆乱,痰瘀阻窍,神明受蒙;与风、火、痰、瘀、虚五端及心、肝、脾、肾有关。提出脑病的病性特点是脑为清灵之脏,内藏元神,易虚易实;位居高巅,多火多风,易降难升;精津所化,多气多血,痰瘀易生;司主神明,病易扰神,易见神蒙的论点。

High Performance of Enhanced Mode Field Effect Transistor and Ultraviolet Sensor Based on ZnO Nanosheet

ZnO nanosheets with thickness of a few nanometers are prepared by vapor transport and condensation method, and their structure and optical properties are well characterized. Field effect transistor （FET） and ultraviolet （UV） sensors are fabricated based on the ZnO nanosheets. Due to the peculiar structure of nanosheet, the FET shows n-type enhanced mode behavior and high electrical performance, and its field-effect mobility and on/off cur- rent ratio can reach 256 cm2/（V.s） and ~10^8, respectively. Moreover, the response of UV sensors can also be remarkably improved to ~3 × 10^8. The results make the ZnO nanosheets be a good material for the applications in nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices.

In vitro Drug Sensitivity of Eperythrozoon from Mink

[Objective] This study aimed to test the sensitivity of Eperythrozoon from mink to various drugs in vitro. [Method] The red blood cells isolated from Eperythro- zoon positive mink was cultured in complete medium （70% RPMI-1640 medium and 30% calf serum）, supplemented with bernier, oxytetracycline, trichlorfon, tylosin, imi- docarb, florfenicol, Fuhongjuesha or primaquine phosphate at the working concentra- tions of 12, 24, 36, 48 and 96 μL/ml, incubated at 37.3 ℃, 5% CO2. [Result] Fuhongjuesha was most efficient for killing Eperythrozoon, followed by trichiorfon and primaquine phosphate, but trichlorfon is toxic. Bernier, imidocarb and florfenicol are efficient. [Conclusion] The study provides a scientific reference for clinical treatment of eperythrozoonosis.

Monitoring coal fires in Datong coalfield using multi-source remote sensing data

Numerous coal fires burn underneath the Datong coalfield because of indiscriminate mining.Landsat TM/ETM,unmanned aerial vehicle（UAV）,and infrared thermal imager were employed to monitor underground coal fires in the Majiliang mining area.The thermal field distributions of this area in 2000,2002,2006,2007,and 2009 were obtained using Landsat TM/ETM.The changes in the distribution were then analyzed to approximate the locations of the coal fires.Through UAV imagery employed at a very high resolution（0.2 m）,the texture information,linear features,and brightness of the ground fissures in the coal fire area were determined.All these data were combined to build a knowledge model of determining fissures and were used to support underground coal fire detection.An infrared thermal imager was used to map the thermal field distribution of areas where coal fire is serious.Results were analyzed to identify the hot spot trend and the depth of the burning point.

DEVELOPMENT OF EXTRINSIC FABRY PEROT FIBER SENSOR AND ITS APPLICATION TO SMART MATERIALS

In the work of developing extrinsic fabry perot interferometric (EFPI), the key technology of polishing fiber optic endfaces and coating the multilayer of dielectric films on them is raised and resolved to settle the disturbance and stability problem of EFPI, which simplifies the sensing system, improves the sensor performance and reduces the cost. In this paper, the relations between the output interferential light intensity and the F P cavity length are calculated based on the theory of mode field coupling. The EFPI fiber optic sensor is adhered to a distributed smart laminate beam to detect vibration frequency and axial strain value, the results coincident with the results tested by PZT.

Identification of Quality Characteristics of Sun-cured Tobacco Leaves

[Objective] The aim was to explore tobacco varieties which satisfy tobacco formula and is suitable to be grown in ecotopes simultaneously. [Method] Interior and exterior qualities of tobacco were compared and identified based on agronomic and economic characters of tobacco in fields. [Result] Yunshai No.1 was better in both agronomic and economic characters. Specifically, the fragrance was dominated by empyreumatique and aroma; the highly-qualified variety is fragrant and sweet, with little irritation, which gives the tobacco smoke a light, mild flavor. As for Virgini- a934, economic characters were better, but agronomic characters were just ordinary. Similar to Yunshai No.l, dominated by empyreumatique and aroma, the variety was with distinctive resin and herbaceous fragrance. What＇s more, it tasted good with high quality and usability. Cunsanpi was ordinary in agronomic characters, and poor in economic characters, with coordinated quality and chemical composition. It is fra- grant and the smoke is clean. However, the quality was not so high and it tasted not so good. Tengruan No.2 was good in agronomic characters, but poor in eco- nomic characters, which gives delicate fragrance, but not clean enough. Waiweiba and Mijie Qinggeng neither taste well nor smell sweet, performing ordinary in agro- nomic and economic characters. Hence, the two varieties seem bad in quality and ranks poorly. [Conclusion] In terms of sensory quality, the varieties from high to low were Yunshai No.1, Virginia 934, Cunsanpi, Tengruan No.2, Waiweiba and Mijie Qinggeng.

Case Reports:Anesthetic management of emergent critical tracheal stenosis

Two case reports of emergent anesthesia of critical tracheal stenosis are presented. The use of extracorporeal circu-lation may be a lifesaving method for these patients. Two patients both with severe lower tracheal stenosis were admitted with severe inspiratory dyspnea. The first patient had a tracheal tube inserted above the stenosis in the operating room, but ventilation was unsatisfactory, high airway pressure and severe hypercarbia developed, therefore extracorporeal circulation was immediately initiated. For the second patient, we established femoral-femoral cardiopulmonary bypass prior to induction of anaesthesia, and intubated above the tracheal tumor orally under general anesthesia, then adjusted the endotracheal tube to appropriate depth after the tumor had been resected. The patient was gradually weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass. The two patients all recovered very well after surgery. Surgery is lifesaving for patients with critical tracheal stenosis, but how to ensure effective gas exchange is crucial to the anesthetic management. Extracorporeal circulation by the femoral artery and femoral vein cannulation can gain good gas exchange even if the trachea is totally obstructed. Therefore, before the induction of anesthesia, we should assess the site and degree of obstruction carefully and set up cardiopulmonary bypass to avoid exposing the patient to unexpected risks and the anesthesiologist to unexpected challenges.

Antimicrobial management of intra-abdominal infections:Literature's guidelines

Antimicrobial management of severe intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) involves a delicate balance of optimizing empirical therapy,which has been shown to improve clinical outcomes,while simultaneously reducing unnecessary antimicrobial use.Two sets of guidelines for the management of intra-abdominal infections were recently published.In 2010,the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (SIS-IDSA) created guidelines for the diagnosis and management of complicated IAIs.The new SIS-IDSA guidelines replace those previously published in 2002 and 2003.The World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) guidelines represent additional contributions,made by specialists worldwide,to the debate regarding proper antimicrobial drug methodology.These guidelines represent the conclusions of the consensus conference held in Bologna,Italy,in July 2010 during the first congress of the WSES.

A CHASE domain containing protein kinase OsCRL4, represents a new AtCRE1-like gene family in rice

AtCRE1 is known to be a cytokinin receptor in Arabidopsis. The AtCRE1 protein contains CHASE domain at the N-terminal part, followed by a transmitter (histidine kinase) domain and two receiver domains. The N-terminal CHASE domain of AtCRE1 contains putative recognition sites for cytokinin. Five CHASE domains containing proteins were found in rice, OsCRL1a, OsCRL1b, OsCRL2, OsCRL3, and OsCRL4. OsCRL1a, OsCRL1b, OsCRL2 and OsCRL3 contain the four domains existing in CRE1, whereas OsCRL4 only contains the CHASE domain and a putative Ser/Thr protein kinase domain. The authors cloned the encoding gene OsCRL4 and found that it represents a new member of the cytokinin receptor protein in rice.

Occult hepatitis C virus infection: A new form of hepatitis C

Occult hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a new recently characterized entity. This occult infection can be present in two different clinical situations: in anti-HCV negative, serum HCV-RNA negative patients with abnormal liver function tests and in anti-HCV positive subjects with normal values of liver enzymes and without serum HCV- RNA. This review describes recent studies of occult HCV infection in both kinds of patients.

Dickkopf3 overexpression inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro

AIM:To elucidate the role of dickkopf3(Dkk3)in human pancreatic cancer cell growth.METHODS:Dkk3 mRNA and protein expression in human pancreatic cancer cell lines were detected by realtime reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(realtime RTPCR),Western blotting and immunofluorescence.Methylation of the Dkk3 promoter sequence was examined by methylationspecific polymerase chain reaction(MSP)and Dkk3 mRNA expression was determined by realtime RTPCR after 5aza2'deoxycytidine(5azadC)treatment.The effects of Dkk3 on cancer cell proliferation and in vitro sensitivity to gemcitabine were investigated by CellTiter 96?AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay(MTS)after transfecting the Dkk3 expression plasmid into human pancreatic cancer cells.The expression ofβcatenin,phosphorylated extracellular signalregulated protein kinases(pERK)and extracellular signalregulated protein kinases(ERK)was also examined by realtime RTPCR and Western blotting after upregulating Dkk3 expression in human pancreatic cancer cells.RESULTS:The results show that the expression levels of both Dkk3 mRNA and protein were low in all pancreatic cancer cell lines tested.The Dkk3 promoter sequence was methylated in the MIA PaCa2 and AsPC1 cell lines,which showed reduced Dkk3 expression.These two cell lines,which initially had a methylated Dkk3 promoter,showed increased Dkk3 mRNA expression that was dependent upon the dosage and timing of the DNA demethylating agent,5azadC,treatment(P<0.05 or P<0.01).When Dkk3 expression was upregulated following the transfection of a Dkk3 expression plasmid into MIA PaCa2 cells,the ability of cells to proliferate decreased(P<0.01),and the expression ofβcatenin and pERK was downregulated(P<0.01).Sensitivity to gemcitabine was enhanced in Dkk3 expression plasmidtransfected cells.CONCLUSION:Our findings,for the first time,implicate Dkk3 as a tumor suppressor in human pancreatic cancer,through the downregulation ofβcatenin expression via the ERKmediated pathway.

Flow cytometric detection of hepatitis C virus antigens in infected peripheral blood leukocytes: Binding and entry

AIM： We designed two synthetic-core-specific peptides core 1 （C1） and core 2 （C2）, and an E1-specific peptide （El）. We produced specific polyclonal antibodies against these peptides and used the antibodies for detection of HCV antigens on surface and within infected peripheral blood leukocytes. METHODS： Peripheral blood from a healthy individual who tested negative for HCV RNA was incubated with HCV type 4 infected serum for i h and 24 h at 37 ℃. Cells were stained by direct and indirect immunofluorescence and measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS： After 1 h of incubation, antibodies against C1, C2, and El detected HCV antigens on the surface of 27%, 26% and 73% of monocytes respectively, while 10%, 5% and 9% of lymphocytes were positive with anti-C1, anti-C2 and anti-E1 respectively. Only 1-3% of granulocytes showed positive staining with anti-C1, anti-C2 and anti E1 antibodies. After 24 h of incubation, we found no surface staining with anti-C1, anti-C2 or anti-E1. Direct immunostaining using anti-C2 could not detect intracellular HCV antigens, after 1 h of incubation with the virus, while after 24 h of incubation, 28% of infected cells showed positive staining. Only plus strand RNA was detectable intracellularly as early as 1 h after incubation, and remained detectable throughout 48 h post-infection. Interestingly, minus RNA strand could not be detected after 1 h, but became strongly detectable intracellularly after 24 h post-infection. CONCLUSION： Monocytes and lymphocytes are the preferred target cells for HCV infection in peripheral blood leukocytes. Our specific anti-core and anti-E1 antibodies are valuable reagents for demonstration of HCV cell cycle. Also, HCV is capable of infecting and replicating in peripheral blood mononuclear cells as confirmed by detection of minus strand HCV RNA as well as intracellular staining of core HCV antigen.

INFRARED THERMAL IMAGE STUDY ON THE FOREWARNING OF COAL AND SANDSTONE FAILURE UNDER LOAD

In the experimental study, AGE-782 thermal instrument was used to detect the infrared radiation variation of coal and sandstone (wave-length range 3.6～5.5 μm was used). It's discovered that coal and sandstone failure under load have three kinds of infrared thermal features as well as infrared forewarning messages. That are: (1) temperature rises gradually but drops before failure ; (2) temperature rises gradually but quickly rises before failure; (3) first rises,then drops and lower temperature emerges before failure. The further researches and the prospect of micro-wave remote sensing detection .on ground pressure is also discussed.

Study on the Allelopathic Effects of Alien Invasive Species Cenchrus echinatus on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Solanaceae Crops

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the potential ecological dam- ages of alien invasive species Cenchrus echinatus. [Method] By using seed germi- nation method, the effects of different concentrations of C. echinatus aqueous extracts on seed germination and seedling growth of three Solanaceae crops were investigated. [Result] After incubated for 5 d, no significant differences were observed in germination speed indices of Lycopersicum esculentum seeds between aqueous extract groups and control groups; germination speed indices of Solarium melongena seeds were significantly reduced with the increasing concentration of Cenchrus echinatus aqueous extracts; however, Capsicum frutescens seeds in various groups were not germinated. After incubated for 7 d, root lengths of Lycopersicum esculentum seedlings were inhibited with the increasing concentration of Cenchrus echinatus aqueous extracts, while stem lengths and comprehensive allelopathic effects were promoted; germination rates of Solanum melongena seeds in various groups were all significantly lower than control groups; root length, stem length and comprehen- sive allelopathic effects in higher concentration groups were inhibited; germination rates of Capsicum frutescens seeds were significantly inhibited, and those in the highest concentration group were not generated. After incubated for 14 d, all indica- tors of Solanum melongena were significantly inhibited; various indicators of Capsicum frutescens in the highest concentration group were significantly inhibited. [Conclusion] The sensitivity of three Solanaceae crops to Cenchrus echinatus aqueous extracts presented an overall order of Solanum melongena 〉 Capsicum frutescens 〉 Lycopersicum esculentum, suggesting that Cenchrus echinatus can to some extent inhibit the growth of several crops, which should be strictly prevented and controlled in agricultural production.

Improving wavelet reconstruction algorithm to achieve comprehensive application of thermal infrared remote sensing data from TM and MODIS

According to the data characteristics of Landsat thematic mapper （TM） and MODIS, a new fu sion algorithm about thermal infrared data has been proposed in the article based on improving wave let reconstruction. Under the domain of neighborhood wavelet reconstruction, data of TM and MO DIS are divided into three layers using wavelet decomposition. The texture information of TM data is retained by fusing highfrequency information. The neighborhood correction coefficient method （NC CM） is set up based on the search neighborhood of a certain size to fuse lowfrequency information. Thermal infrared value of MODIS data is reduced to the space value of TM data by applying NCCM. The data with high spectrum, high spatial and high temporal resolution, are obtained through the al gorithm in the paper. Verification results show that the texture information of TM data and high spec tral information of MODIS data could be preserved well by the fusion algorithm. This article could provide technical support for high precision and fast extraction of the surface environment parame ters.

Properties of tactile responses of neurons in rat thalamic ventroposterolateral nucleus

Objective To determine whether the convergences of tactile information also occur at thalamic ventroposterolateral nucleus in rats, we investigated the properties of tactile responses of the thalamic ventroposterolateral nucleus in rats. Methods Unit responses were recorded extracellularly from thalamic ventroposterolateral nucleus in anesthetized rats. Results Among 156 neurons examined, 140 neurons （89.7%） had the single, continual and small receptive fields, and 16 neurons （10.3%） had two discrete receptive fields. Some neurons exhibited different responses to the same intensity stimulation which delivered to different points in their receptive fields. In addition, 4.5% neurons （n -- 7） responded only to locomotive stimulation but not to a punctiform tactile stimulation. Conclusion The majority of neurons in ventroposterolateral nucleus of rats have the spatial, temporal and submodal characteristics of cutaneous receptors, while the minority of neurons exhibit the responses of interaction of different peripheral receptors. Therefore, it is con- cluded that there are convergences of tactile information at the ventroposterolateral nucleus of rats.

New Progress in the Application of Satellite Thermal Infrared Imagery to Earthquake Prediction

The concept of stochastic resonance (SR) has been introduced into the analysis of satellite thermal infrared images. Six kinds of anomalous phenomena related to crustal movement were recognized in satellite thermal infrared images. Six diagnostic indicators for the prediction of global earthquakes with magnitude ≥6.0 and their quantitative evaluation standards have been established. The microscopic behavior of global crustal movement is successfully controlled by using satellite thermal infrared imagery, and the occurrence time and magnitude of over 80% of global strong earthquakes occurred since the foundation of the observation station have been successfully predicted. It is believed that the combination of satellite thermal infrared information with macroscopic anomalous phenomena will play an important role in earthquake hazard reduction.

Peripheral T-lymphocyte subpopulations in different clinical stages of chronic HBV infection correlate with HBV load

AIM： To characterize the peripheral T-cell subpopulation profiles and their correlation with hepatitis B virus （HBV） replication in different dinical stages of chronic HBV infection. METHODS： A total of 422 patients with chronic HBV infection were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into three stages： immune-tolerant stage, immune active stage, and immune-inactive carrier stage. Composition of peripheral T-cell subpopulations was determined by flow cytometry. HBV markers were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum HBV DNA load was assessed by quantitative real-time poiymerase chain reaction.RESULTS： CD8^＋ T-cells were significantly higher in patients at the immune-tolerant stage than in patients at the immune-active and -inactive carrier stages （36.87 ± 7.58 vs 34.37 ± 9.07, 36.87 ± 7.58 vs 28.09 ± 5.64, P 〈 0.001）. The peripheral blood in patients at the immune-tolerant and immune active stages contained more CD8^＋ T-cells than CD4^＋ T-cells （36.87 ± 7.58 vs 30.23 ± 6.35, 34.37 ± 9.07 vs 30.92 ± 7.40, P 〈 0.01）, whereas the peripheral blood in patients at the immune- inactive carrier stage and in normal controls contained less CD8^＋ T-cells than CD4^＋ T-cells （28.09 ± 5.64 vs 36.85 ±6.06, 24.02 ± 4.35 vs 38.94 ± 3.39, P 〈 0.01）. ANOVA linear trend test showed that CD8^＋ T-cells were significantly increased in patients with a high viral load （39.41 ± 7.36, 33.83 ± 7.50, 31.81 ± 5.95 and 26.89 ± 5.71, P 〈 0.001）, while CD4^＋ T-cells were significantly increased in patients with a low HBV DNA load （37.45 ± 6.24, 33.33 ± 5.61, 31.58 ± 6.99 and 27.56 ± 5.49, P 〈 0.001）. Nultiple regression analysis displayed that log copies of HBV DNA still maintained its highly significant coefficients for T-cell subpopulations, and was the strongest predictors for variations in CD3^＋, CD4^＋ and CD8^＋ cells and CD4^＋/CD8^＋ ratio after adjustment for age at HBV-infection, maternal HBV-infection status, presence of hepatitis B e antigen and HBV mutation.CONCLUSION： Differences in peripheral T-cell subpopulation profiles can be found in different clinical stages of chronic HBV infection. T-cell impairment is significantly associated with HBV load.

5-Fluorouracil-loaded Self-assembled pH-sensitive Nanoparticles as Novel Drug Carrier for Treatment of Malignant Tumors

In order to improve the cancer-targeting and selective activity of antineoplastic agent [5-fluorouracil （5-FU）], a novel pH-responsive drug delivery system [pullulan acetate/sulfonamide （PA/SDM） conjugate] was synthesized by a diafiltration method. Sulfonamide was grafted to the hydrophobicaUy modified pullulan acetate to enhance the pH sensitivity for better cancer-targeting delivery. 5-FU was loaded into the self-assembled nanoparticles by the same method. The drug-loaded self-assembled nanoparticles were successfully obtained and characterized in terms of particle size, morphology and drug loading and release profile at various pHs. The results showed that the mean diameter of the self-assembled particles was approximately 100nm, with uniform size and good spherical morphology. The nanoparticles showed good stability at pH 7.4, which is equal to that of the normal body fluid, but shrank and aggregated below pH 6.8, which is close to the pH with tumors. The loading efficiency and concentration of released 5-FU was monitored at 269 nm on the UVNis spectrophotometer. The release profile was heavily pH-dependent around phvsiological pH, and the release rate was significantly enhanced under pH of 6.8.

Cell culture systems for the hepatitis C virus

Since the discovery of HCV in 1989, the lack of a cell culture system has hampered research progress on this important human pathogen. No robust system has been obtained by empiric approaches, and HCV cell culture remained hypothetical until 2005. The construction of functional molecular clones has served as a starting point to reconstitute a consensus infectious cDNA that was able to transcribe infectious HCV RNAs as shown by intrahepatic inoculation in a chimpanzee. Other consen- sus clones have been selected and established in a hu- man hepatoma cell line as replicons, i.e. self-replicating subgenomic or genomic viral RNAs. However, these repli- cons did not support production of infectious virus. Inter- estingly, some full-length replicons could be established without adaptive mutations and one of them was able to replicate at very high levels and to release virus particles that are infectious in cell culture and in vivo. This new cell culture system represents a major breakthrough in the HCV field and should enable a broad range of basic and applied studies to be achieved.