On the beginning of the Japanese Upper Paleolithic:A review of recent archaeological and anthropological evidence

The beginning of the Japanese Upper Paleolithic has mainly been examined using two major models:the Middle Paleolithic evolutionary model within the archipelago and the continental Upper Paleolithic diffusion/migration model.However,recent archeological data from Japan and nearby countries are challenging such simple models.This paper critically reviews previous chronology of the Japanese Paleolithic,including possible Lower and Middle Paleolithic(LP/MP),and attempts to show an alternative model of the beginning of the Japanese Upper Paleolithic.This paper suggests several possible specimens of LP/MP and recommends further geoarchaeological investigation to understand the reliability and cultural relationship between possible LP/MP specimens and the Early Upper Paleolithic(EUP).The start of the Japanese EUP is presently characterized by a flake industry with trapezoids and denticulates around 39-37 kaBP cal on Paleo-Honshu Island,which has partial resemblance with contemporary assemblages in China and the Korean Peninsula,although trapezoids are endemic only to the Japanese EUP and may have derived from the ancestral lithic tradition.Blade technology appeared earliest on Central Paleo-Honshu Island,about 1000 years later than the earliest flake technology.Although blade technology may have originated from the elongated flake technology of the previous period,the sudden simultaneous emergence implies that it diffused from the Korean Peninsula.This paper proposes that blade technology from the Korean Peninsula arrived on the northeastern Paleo-Honshu Island,including the Japan Sea coastal region of western Honshu,rather than the southwest,where flake technology long prospered,due to differences in ecological settings and adaptation strategies between the two regions.

黄遵宪《日本国志》的爱国主义思想内涵

《日本国志》是我国近代爱国主义的史学名著,它以广阔的视野考察了近代历史的发展,向国内传达了东邻日本的巨变和世界潮流的信息,是民族危急关头寻找解救之方取得的重要成果。该书批判封建专制,介绍资本主义社会的各种制度,力求改变国人的陈旧观念,冀望中国走上民主道路,蕴含着丰富深刻的爱国主义思想内涵。

从日本临床探讨中医学的亚健康研究

亚健康状态是现代临床所面对的重要问题。作者通过从替代医疗到统合医学、从汉方医学到中医学、从医疗到全方位健康管理、从对症辨证到个体特性、从亚健康研究到建设新的健康科学体系5个方面,探讨了日本亚健康状态的临床与中医学相关的研究。

日本蟳雌性越冬期各组织蛋白质和脂肪含量的变化研究

对日本蟳雌性越冬期肝胰腺、肌肉和卵巢中的蛋白质和脂肪含量的变化进行研究。结果表明:(1)越冬期肝胰腺指数(HIS)明显下降,卵巢指数(GSI)显著性增加(P<0.05),HIS和GSI的变化呈显著负相关性。(2)卵巢中蛋白质和脂肪占干重的百分比在越冬期均有极显著性增加(P<0.01),与GSI均呈显著负相关性,而与肝胰腺中蛋白质和脂肪占干重的百分比分别呈显著负相关,这说明肝胰腺中的部分脂肪和蛋白可能转移到卵巢中参与其发育。(3)肝胰腺中蛋白质和脂肪占干重的百,脂肪占干重百分比在越冬后期下降幅度显著,且脂肪占干重百分比与HIS呈极显著性正相关,蛋白质占干重百分比与HIS无显著相关。(4)肌肉中蛋白占干重百分比在越冬期间略有上升(P>0.05);而其脂肪占干重百分比较低,与肝胰腺中的脂肪占干重百分比相差较大,越冬期间略有下降(P>0.05)。(5)日本蟳在越冬前期消耗的能量主要来源于蛋白质,随着越冬时间延长,脂肪作为稳定的能源物质逐渐取代了蛋白质,成为主要的代谢能源。

日本社会への神道の影響

神道は日本人の精神の支えになっている。外国人が現代の日本人及び日本の社会や文化を理解するためには、神道のこと理解することが必要だと考える。中国や欧米において、神道とはどのようなものであるかほとんど知られていない。神道に関する研究は極めて多岐に渡りなされ、その全てを上げることは困難であり、神道がどのような分野から研究されて来たのかについて簡単に列挙したいである。

日本人のコミュニケ一ション観とその文化の背景の分析——曖昧表現を例として

曖昧表現は日本人の普通の心理の反応であり、日本文化の典型であり、日本人のコミュニケ一ション方式の代表である。中国の日本語教科書における曖昧表現を例として日本人のコミュニケ一ション観の分析を行う。この二つの例の分析を通じて、日本人日本文化の特徴が明らかにする。

Genetic Structure of the Oriental River Prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) from the Yangtze and Lancang Rivers, Inferred from COI Gene Sequence

This study analyzed nueleotide sequences from the mitochondrial eytochrome oxidase submit （COI） gene region （450 bp） to investigate the genetic structure of the oriental river prawn （ Macrobrachium nipponense ） among nine populations from the Yangtze and Lancang Rivers. A total of 79 individuals were collected for this work. Eighty-nine nucleotides were found to be variable, resulting in 46 haplotypes. Among the nine populations, the population from Kunming shows the greatest level of variability （h = 1.000, π = 0.028）, whereas the population from Cbongqing exhibits the lowest level of variability （h = 0.700,π = 0.008）. Analysis of molecular variance suggested that of the total genetic diversity, 9.66% was attributable to inter-population diversity and the remainder （90.34%） to differences within populations. A molecular phylogenetic tree constructed using the Neighbor-joining （N J） method showed that the 46 haplotypes were assigned to two clades associated with geographic regions. These results provide basic information for the conservation and sustainable exploitation of this species.

Behavioral migration diversity of the Yangtze River Japanese Eel,Anguilla japonica,based on otolith Sr/Ca ratios

The Yangtze River estuary is the main production area of Anguilla japonica in China,as well as the only existing fishery area for adult eels.Japanese eels are distributed in the main rivers and many tributaries from the Yangtze River estuary to the upper Jinsha River,which extend to nearly 3 000 km.However,their migration behaviors remain relatively unknown.We analyzed the biological characteristics of 153 specimens of silver eels collected from the Jingjiang section of Yangtze River（31o30＇N,120o42＇E） between September and November,2008,and tested the sagittal Sr/Ca ratios of 27 specimens.Among the 153 specimens examined,85 were female and 68 were male,which translated to a female-male ratio of 1：0.8.The ages of the female specimens ranged from 3 to 7 a（average 5.52） with an average total length（TL） of（669±80） mm,average body weight（BW） of（555±229）g,average condition factor of 1.77±0.22,and average gonad somatic index（GSI） of 1.32±0.31.The ages of the males ranged from 3 to 5 a（average：4.38） with an average TL of（518±51） mm,average BW of（234±76） g,average condition factor of 1.62±0.18,and average GSI of 0.21±0.11.All biological parameters of females were significantly larger than those of the male specimens（P0.05）.According to the average Sr/Ca ratio（7.99±1.05） ×10-3 of the elver mark of sagitta,17 individuals（62.96%） were river eels and 10 individuals（37.04%） were estuarine eels.Of 16 females,13 individuals（81.25%） were river eels and 3 were estuarine eels,while of 11 males,36.36% were river eels and 63.64% were estuarine eels.The analysis on Sr/Ca ratios for every growth layer group（GLG） indicated there were no significant differences between second-age males and females.However,significant differences were observed between the third-age,fourth-age,and migration-age male and female specimens.This was likely related to the fact that second-age eels of both sexes stay in the same inhabitation waters;however,as they grow older,they move to different areas.

渤海湾4种蟹类形态性状关系及对体质量的影响

测量了渤海湾隆线强蟹、日本关公蟹、三疣梭子蟹和日本蟳的头胸甲长(L1)、头胸甲宽(L2)、腹部长(L3)、腹部宽(L4)和体质量(m),采用相关分析、通径分析和逐步回归分析方法,分析了表型形态性状对体质量的作用效果。分析结果表明,隆线强蟹、日本关公蟹、三疣梭子蟹和日本蟳的各性状间均表现出极显著相关(P<0.01)。通径分析中,隆线强蟹和日本蟳均为头胸甲宽的直接作用最大(0.661、0.649),日本关公蟹和三疣梭子蟹为头胸甲长的直接作用最大(0.569、0.659)。应用逐步回归分析建立体质量与表型形态性状关系,隆线强蟹为lnm=-7.622+1.972lnL2+1.143lnL1-0.083lnL4(r=0.940),日本关公蟹为lnm=-7.062+2.971lnL1(r=0.971),三疣梭子蟹为lnm=-8.058+2.238lnL1+0.660lnL2+0.129lnL4(r=0.986),日本蟳为lnm=-8.292+2.081lnL2+0.964lnL1(r=0.986),4种蟹类的回归效果均极显著(P<0.01)。

Chromosome Preparation and Preliminary Observation of Two Amphioxus Species in Xiamen

Amphioxus has an important evolutionary position as a result of their phylogenetic position relative to vertebrates. Understanding their chromosomes would provide key points in the study of evolutionary biology and comparative genomics. The difficulty in preparing amphioxus chromosomes currently provides a significant hurdle in this research. In the current study, we describe an improved method for metaphase preparation from amphioxus embryos and methodology for preparing metaphase spreads from regenerative somatic cells. Chromosomes of two amphioxus species from Xiamen waters in China are also observed. The diploid chromosome number was found to be 40 in Branchiostoma belcheri, while B. japonicum has 36, confirming the two are distinct species from cytotaxonomic viewpoint.

Deformation caused by the 2011 eastern Japan great earthquake monitored using the GPS single-epoch precise point positioning technique

Crustal deformation can provide constraints for studying earthquake rupture and shock wave transmission for the Mw9.0 eastern Japan great earthquake. Using the single- epoch precise point positioning （PPP） method and the appropriate positioning flow, we process GPS data from six IGS （International GNSS Service） sites （e.g., MIZU, TSK2, USUD, MTKA, AIRA and KSMV） located in Japan and obtain the positioning results with centimeter scale precision. The displacement time series of the six sites are analyzed using the least squares spectral analysis method to estimate deformations caused by the Mw9.0 mainshock and the Mw7.9 aftershock, and the cumulative displacements after 1 day. Mainshock displacements at station MIZU, the nearest site to the mainshock in the North （N）, East （E）, and Up （U） directions, are -1.202 m, 2.180 m and -0.104 m, respectively, and the cumulative deformations after 1 day are -1.117 m, 2.071 m and -0.072 m, respectively. The displacements at station KSMV, the nearest site to the Mw7.9 aftershock in the N, E and U directions, are -0.032 m, 0.742 m and -0.345 m, respectively. The other sites obviously experienced eastern movements and subsidence. The deformation vectors indicate that the horizontal displacements caused by the earthquake point to the epicenter and rupture. Elastic bounds evidently took place at all sites. The results indicate that the crustal movements and earthquake were part of a megathrust caused by the Pacific Plate sinking under the North American Plate to the northeast of Japan island arc.

Preparation of High Titer Et Immune Serum by Low-Aged Animals

[Objective] The study aimed to establish an approach to high titer Et immune serum preparation by low-aged Japanese rabbits. [Method] Antigen of Et was prepared at first, Japanese rabbits were taken as immunized animal, and divided into two groups for experiments, one is two-month-old group （T group）, and another is six-month-old group （S group）. Japanese rabbits were continuous by immunized with low-dose by using auricular intravenous method, then immune sera were collected. Immune serum antibody titer was determined with micro-agglutination reaction method. E Resultl Agglutination reaction showed that the Et serum titer of S group is higher than that of T group in the first testing with the same dose. But in the second testing, the serum titer of the T group and and the S group was consistent, [Conclusien] The animals in the T group （Japanese rabbits） were fewer months old, and produced high titer antiserum was which consistent with the S group, which indicated that the method of preparing of high titer Et immune serum by low-aged Japanese rabbits was feasible.

Composition of Essential Oils of Morus alba Leaves and Chamaecyparis pisifera Outer Heartwood

[Objective] The aim was to explore the composition of essential oils of Morus alba leaves and Chamaecyparis pisifera outer heartwood. [Method] The essential oils of M. alba leaves and C. pisifera outer heartwood were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,respectively. [Result] Alcohols [phytol （59.47%,extracted 3 h for M. alba leaves）,α-cadinol （38.77%,extracted 6 h for C. pisifera outer heartwood）] were their first principal volatile components. Phytol was usually used as pharmaceutical raw material and α-cadinol was a kind of active organic compound with antibacterial function. [Conclusion] The essential oils of M. alba leaves and C. pisifera outer heartwood with hydrodistillation have medicinal value.

Forest structure,productivity and soil properties in a subtropical ever-green broad-leaved forest in Okinawa,Japan

Structure, species composition, and soil properties of a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Okinawa, Japan, were examined by establishment of plots at thirty sites. The forest was characterized by a relatively low canopy and a large number of small-diameter trees. Mean canopy height for this forest was 10 m and stands contained an average of 5400 stems-ha^-1 （ -〉 3.0 cm DBH）; 64% of those stems were smaller than 10 cm DBH. The total basal area was 54.4 m^2-ha^-1, of which Castanopsis sieboldii contributed 48%. The forest showed high species diversity of trees. 80 tree species （≥ 3.0 cm DBH） from 31 families was identified in the thirty sampling plots. C. sieboldii and Schima wallichii were the dominant and subdominant species in terms of importance value. The mean tree species diversity indices for the plots were, 3.36 for Diversity index （H＇）, 0.71 for Equitability index （J＇） and 4.72 for Species richness index （S＇）, all of which strongly declined with the increase of importance value of the dominant, C. sieboldii. Measures of soil nutrients indicated low fertility, extreme heterogeneity and possible A1 toxicity. Regression analysis showed that stem density and the dominant tree height were significantly correlated with soil pH. There was a significant positive relationship between species diversity index and soil exchangeable K^＋, Ca^2＋, and Ca^2＋/Al^3- ratio （all p values 〈0.001） and a negative relationship with N, C and P. The results suggest that soil property is a major factor influencing forest composition and structure within the subtropical forest in Okinawa.

Cloning and Functional Analysis of the Full Length cDNA Sequence of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5 in Schistosoma japonicum

The expressed sequence tag of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 （eIF5） from the Schistosoma japonicum adult worm cDNA library through subtractive hybridization between male and female worms was analyzed by the bioinformatics method. The overlapping sequences were assembled into one that includes the complete open reading frame （GenBank accession number： AY686501）. The full-length cDNA of SjeIF5 was cloned into a pET-28c^（＋） vector, which generated a prokaryotic expression plasmid, and a fusion protein of 18 kDa was induced in Escherichia coll. The recombinant expression of eIF5 protein of Schistosoma japonicum was purified. The immunoprotection test against schistosomiasis demonstrated that the recombinant protein worked to a certain extent, especially in the reduction of eggs in the liver of the host.

Research on Damage Law of Asterococcus muratae Kuwana

[Objective] The aim is to investigate the impact of different host plants, planting methods and directions on the damage law of Asterococcus muratae. [Method] The quantity of pests, size of female pests and quantity of ova of A. mu-ratae in Suzhou in different host plants under two planting methods and in four di-rections of a host plant were measured. [Result] A. muratae exhibits selectivity to host plants, and their quantity, female pest size and reproductive capacity are higher in Magnolia grandiflora（southern magnolia） than in other plants. The four directions of the host plant suffer to different extents, and the north part is usual y the most in-jured. Mass-planted southern magnolias are more seriously impacted than individual y-planted ones. Both size and weight of a female pest have significant linear relations with ovum quantity, and the weight of a female pest is more closely related to its ovum quantity. Based on the weight of a female pest, we can predict the exact ovum quantity according to the equation y=2E-05x＋0.003 7. [Conclusion] The research re-sults provide reference for making an effective control plan for A. muratae.

Comparing mass screening techniques for gastric cancer in Japan

AIM： To discuss the efficacy of endoscopic mass screening for gastric cancer.METHODS： The data used in this study were the results of mass screening programs for gastric cancer in Niigata City from 2002 to 2004. The number of participants was 35089 in 2002, 34557 in 2003 and 36600 in 2004. The finding ratio referred to the final diagnosis of gastric cancer after a double check of endoscopic files and histological findings. The costs of identifying one case of gastric cancer were calculated based on the total expense for each screening program and additional close examinations. RESULTS： From the analysis of individual screening program with endoscopy, individual screening program with X-ray （ISX） and mass screening program with photofluorography （MSP） in reference to the finding ratio of gastric cancer, endoscopic examination was the best for detecting early gastric cancer, the finding ratio was 0.87% in 2004, approximately 2.7 and 4.6 times higher than those of the ISX and MSP groups. In addition, this novel method was the cheapest means regarding the cost of identifying one case of gastric cancer, which was estimated to be 1608000 Japanese yen in 2004. CONCLUSION： Endoscopic mass screening is a promising method and can be effectively applied if a sufficient number of skilled endoscopists become available to staff the system and if city offices support it.

N Accumulation and Translocation in Four Japonica Rice Cultivars at Different N Rates

Developing high-yielding rice(Oryza sativa L.)cultivars depends on having a better understanding of nitrogen(N) accumulation and translocation to the ear during the reproductive stage.Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the genetic variation for N accumulation and translocation in different Japonica rice cultivars at different N rates and to identify any relationship to grain yield in southeast China.Four Japonica cultivars with similar agronomic characteristics were grown at two experimental sites in 2004 with three N rates of 0,60,and 180 kg N ha^(-1).Dry weights and N contents of rice plants were measured at tillering,initiation,anthesis,and maturity.Grain yields exhibited significant differences (P<0.05)among the cultivars and N application rates.Increasing N rates improved N uptake at anthesis and maturity in all four cultivars(P<0.05).N translocation from vegetative organs to the grains increased with enhanced N rates (P<0.05).N translocation to the grains ranged from 9 to 64 kg N ha^(-1)and N-translocation efficiency from 33% to 68%. Grain yield was linear to N uptake at anthesis(r^2=0.78^(**))and N translocation(r^2=0.67^(**)).Thus,cultivars with a high N uptake at anthesis,low residual N in the straw at maturity,and appropriate low N fertilizer supply in southeast China should efficiently increase N-recovery rate while maintaining grain yield and soil fertility.