胡蜂蛰伤187例救治分析

目的 ：探讨胡蜂蜇伤的临床救治经验。方法：回顾性分析某医院近5年来接诊救治的187例胡蜂蜇伤患者的病历资料,对胡蜂蜇伤后的临床表现,救治方法和治疗结果进行分析总结。结果：1187例患者中,平均年龄为43.8岁,多数（51.3%）患者蜇伤部位在3~5处,且多数（70.1%）患者在1~3h内就诊。留院时间为5~13d（平均7.6d）。2常见临床症状为剧烈疼痛、焦虑、烦躁不安、心悸、胸闷。37.4%的患者出现肝肾功能损害、心肌损害。3治疗方案主要为激素抗过敏,补液,利尿,碱化尿液等。对肾功能严重受损的患者,积极采取血液透析治疗。其中,在蛰伤1~3h内就诊的14例患者,肝肾功能受损经积极治疗均痊愈。4除5例死亡外,其余182例患者均存活。其中165例临床治愈,17例患者遗留有不同程度的功能障碍。结论：胡蜂蜇伤需尽早救治,积极进行蜇伤局部处理,给予抗过敏,补液利尿,减轻重要脏器心、肝、肾功能损害。监测血尿常规,凝血系列,肝肾功和心肌酶等指标,短期内有肝肾功损害应尽早行血液透析是减少病死率的重要措施。

Two new species and a key to species of the genus Eumenes Latreille(Hymenoptera:Vespidae:Eumeninae) from southwestern China

Two new species, Eumenes ferrugiantennus sp. nov. from Yunnan and E. nigriscutatus sp. nov. from Chongqing and Sichuan, China, are described. A key to the species in this genus from southwestern China is provided. Types of the new species are deposited in the Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University.

Description of the male Dolichovespula flora Archer(Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

An aerial nest of Dolichovespula flora Archer, 1987, was discovered at Mt. Shaohua （Shaanxi, China） and all three castes of this species were collected. For the first time the male of Dolichovespulaflora Archer, 1987 is reported and illustrated. The specific status of the related D. kuami Kim ＆ Yoon, 1996 from South Korea is briefly discussed.

The taxonomic study of the genus Apodynerus Giordani Soika (Hymenoptera:Vespidae:Eumeninae) from China,with descriptions of two new species

Eight species and one subspecies in the genus Apodynerus Giordani Soika from China are recognized and reviewed, including two new species： Apodynerus protuberantus sp. nov. and A. flavidus sp. nov. both from Yunnan, China. Both new species are described and illustrated and a new rank is proposed for Apodynerus formosensis indicus（A. indicus Giordani Soika, 1994, stat. nov.） and the male of A. indicus is firstly described. In addition, A. indicus Giordani Soika, 1994, A. flavospinosus（Giordani Soika, 1986）, and A. icarioides（Bingham, 1897） are newly recorded from China. A key to the Chinese species is provided.

The only purple-flower species in Actaea L.is pollinated by a hornet

Examining the pollination biology of plant species is not only crucial for enhancing our understanding of their reproductive biology,but also essential for elucidating their adaptation and evolutionary history.Here,we investigated the breeding system and pollination biology of two closely related species in Actaea.The flower of A.purpurea is unique in the genus with purple and chartaceous(paper-like)sepals,fewer stamens with yellow anthers and purple filaments.Through three seasons of field observation and exclusion experiments,we determined that A.purpurea was primarily pollinated by a hornet species,Vespa bicolor,which also served as the most efficient pollinator.In contrast,A.japonica was primarily pollinated by large flies.Actaea purpurea exhibited a significantly higher cumulative nectar volume than A.japonica,which could be a crucial factor in attracting V.bicolor.A control experiment further demonstrated that removing the nectar leaf(petal)significantly decreased the visiting frequency of V.bicolor.Breeding system studies revealed that both species were self-compatible,yet they primarily underwent outcrossing in natural habitats.Our study presents a compelling case of possible pollinator shift in A.purpurea accompanied by morphological divergence.A more in-depth investigation of this system would offer crucial insights into the extent to which pollinators are involved in the plant speciation process and whether they contribute to reproductive isolation between closely related species.

CLONING AND COMPARISON OF THE GENES ENCODING PREPROAPAMIN FROM THE VENOM OF 2 HONEYBEE AND 4 WASP SPECIES

Preproapamin genes were amplified by RT-PCR from total RNA from the venom glands of 2 honeybee species, Apis mellifera, A. cerana cerana, and 4 wasp species, Vespa magnifica, V. velutina nigrothorax and Polistes hebraeus, respectively. Their PCR products were ligated into pGEM -T easy vector and the nucleotide sequences analyzed. The six fragments were all 141?bp in length and contained a n ORF coding the precursor of apamin. The apamin precursors of V. magnifica, V. velutina nigrothorax and P. hebraeus had 95% and 93% similarity with that of A. melliera in nucleotide and amino acid sequences, respectively. That of Vespu la maculifrons was identical to that of A. mellifera in nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Apamin precursors of V. magnifica, P. hebraeus and V. velutina nigrothorax also had the same nucleotide sequences. The nucleotide sequences o f preproapamin genes from the Chinese honeybee, A. cerana cerana and 4 wasp sp ecies are described for the first time. A notable discovery was that the wasps species had exactly same apamins as the honeybees despite the fact they belong to different insect families.

Functional response of a parasitoid Ganaspidium utilis （Hymenoptera： Eucoilidae） on the leafminer Liriomyza trifolii （Diptera： Agromyzidae）

Functional response of a solitary, larval-pupal endoparasitoid of Liriomyza leafminers, Ganaspidium utilis Beardsley, was estimated on Liriomyza trifolii Burgess at three temperatures （17℃, 25℃, 29℃ ） and host densities. A type Ⅱ random parasitoid equation （RPE） was used to estimate instantaneous search rate and handling time. The instantaneous search rate increased as temperature increased. All of the RPE regressions obtained for functional response of G. utilis at different temperatures were significant （P〈0.01）. The slope of RPE regression lines was lower across the temperatures. At 29±2℃, the maximum number of larvae parasitized was 7.8 per day. It decreased to 7.2 larvae parasitized at 25±2℃. At 17±2℃, no significant increment of parasitization was observed due to the host density increments. The estimated handling time was lowest at 17±2℃ and highest at 25 ± 2℃, respectively. The ability of G. utilis to find and parasitize L. trifolii over a wide range of temperatures makes them a good candidate for biological control of Liriomyza leafminers.

Seasonal changes of resistance to fenvalerate and cypermethrin in the larval parasitoid Cotesia plutellae （Hymenoptera： Braconidae）

The seasonal changes of insecticide resistance and stability in hymenopteran Cotesia plutellae, collected from Jianxin, Fuzhou-City, and Shangjie, Minhou-County, Fujian, China, were assessed by using a dry residual film method. The resistance to two insecticides in the field populations of C. plutellae was not stable under insecticide-free conditions in the insectarium. Compared with susceptible F11 progeny of C. plutellae in the insectarium, the resistance ratios （RR） in F0 parents were 18.4 for fenvalerate and 11.4 for cypermethrin based on LC50 at 9 hours, and 32.8 for fenvalerate and 28.5 for cypermethrin based on LC50 at 24 hours when the parasitoids were left in contact with the insecticides for 1 hour and mortalities were recorded at 9 and 24 hours, respectively. However, the RR in a field population of C. plutellae were 9.2 for fenvalerate and 12.7 for cypermethrin, if the parasitoids were left in contact with the insecticides for 24 hours. The resistances to the two pyrethroids in other field populations collected from Jianxin and Shangjie from November 2000 and July 2004 were also determined. Significant seasonal variations of resistance to the two insecticides in the field populations of C. plutellae were found. The RR were 3.0-18.4 for fenvalerate and 4.8-20.6 for cypermethrin in Jianxin populations from November 2000 to April 2002 based on LC50 at 9 h, and 2.3-13.6 for fenvalerate and 3.6-16.0 for cypermethrin in Shangjie populations from May 2002 to July 2004 based on LC50 at 24 hours. The resistance levels were high in spring and autumn and decreased sharply in summer. In addition, significant recovery from the knocked-down caused by the insecticides was found in the F0 and field populations of C. plutellae which were resistant to fenvalerate and cypermethrin if the parasitoids were left in contact with the pyrethroids for 1 hour. However, no recovery was found in susceptible F11 progeny.