汉坦病毒西安分离株基因组全序列测定及分析

目的:测定分离自西安地区黑线姬鼠携带的的汉滩病毒毒株XAAa10091712全基因组序列,对各片段进行进化分析。方法:设计各片段引物,采用反转录-聚合酶链反应,分节段扩增各基因片段,直接用PCR产物或克隆入pMD18-T载体后进行测序分析。结果:汉坦病毒毒株XAAa10091712全基因组由11845个碱基构成,其中A为3800(31.99%),C为2085(17.55%),G为2551(21.47%),T为3444(28.99%);分S、M、L3个片段,各片段进化分析显示其与汉滩病毒贵州分离株高度同源。结论:该毒株属汉滩型病毒,与我国贵州地区汉坦病毒同源性较高,分型属于S2/M9/L4。

西安市血液供受者HCV感染状况调查分析

目的:了解西安市血液供-受者人群丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染状况,为进一步制订防控措施、保障临床安全用血提供依据。方法:对2000～2009年西安市西京医院约40万份供、受血者HCV抗体检测结果及供血者ALT检测结果,按年份和性别进行统计分析。结果:西安市供血者HCV抗体阳性率为0.47%,女性高于男性,年阳性率逐年下降;受血者HCV抗体阳性率为1.92%,无性别差异,年阳性率逐年下降;供血者ALT阳性率为1.68%,男性高于女性,年阳性率逐年上升。结论:西安地区对HCV防控措施已见成效,供、受血者HCV抗体阳性率逐年降低,临床用血安全进一步得到保障。

西安市属三所三甲医院抗生素应用调查分析

目的:了解西安市属三级甲等医院住院患者抗生素的使用情况,为加强医院管理,促进临床安全、合理、有效地使用抗生素提供参考。方法:采用随机抽样方法,抽取市属三所三甲医院住院病历480份,对抗生素应用情况进行回顾性调查。结果:三所医院分别有125、123、107例应用抗生素,合理使用率各为46.40%、35.77%、40.19%;其中,参考病原学检查用药分别为1、4、1例,分别占0.80%、3.25%、0.93%;联合用药中单联各占60.00%、27.64%、11.21%;二联各占37.60%、68.29%、88.79%;三联各占2.4%、4.07%、0.9%,≥四联各占o、0.8%。结论:三所医院应用的抗生素仍以基本抗生素为主,但围手术期患者抗生素的使用不合理现象更为突出,整体抗生素的使用以经验性用药为主,医院应加强病原学检测的管理。

The Study on Tourist Destination Tourism Image Perception and Evaluation in Xi'an City

[Objective] The aim was to explore the tourist destination image measurement method, and have an empirical study on Xi＇an City. [Method] With combination of non-structural and structured approach to design questionnaires, tourism image of Xi＇an was explored using the SPSS software from both the qualitative and quantitative analyses. [Result] Xi＇an tourism images serve a heritage historical monuments atmosphere with the Terracotta Warriors, City Wall, Big Wild Goose Pagoda,Huaqing Hot Springs, presenting a positive feeling among tourists in general. In the dissemination of travel, tourism infrastructure construction, tourism transportation,travel services have negative effects on the image of Xi＇an tourism. [Conclusion]The evaluation on the tourism resources is highly spoken of by tourists than the scenic spot, indicating that despite high visibility of tourism resources in Xi＇an, it has not formed strong core competitiveness and a complete tourism industrial chain. It is necessary to take the right marketing strategies to enhance tourist familiarity to Xi＇an. Tourists demands, therefore, should be well considered in developing Xi＇an scenic spots and new tourism products and projects be focused on to improve tourists＇ satisfaction.

Development Strategies for Modern Agricultural Logistics in Xi'an Based on Systematic Diynamics

[Objective] The devlopmental stratagies for modern agricultural logistics industry in Xi’an were studied based on system dynamics.[Method] By dint of system dynamics,reality analysis and relevant data were applied to support the exploration of each factor for the development of modern agricultural logistics industry.In the meantime,according to the concrete data,the systematic dynamics model was set up based on the third party logistics and Xi’an agricultural economy cooperation.In addition,each influencing factor was expounded.[Result] The agricultural production,logistics requirement and logistics supply in Xi’an City were increasing;the idea of reducing the cost through improving agricultural logistics requirement was not ideal;the increasing input to agricultural logistics can reduce cost and can promote the development of economy;the third party increasing investment can reduce cost and accelerate economic development.[Conclusion] It provided theoretical basis for the adjustment of economic structure.

安西大都护府治所考——兼论豆勒豆尔奥库尔古建筑群

唐安西大都护府虽先后两次设于龟兹境内,却非一地。第一次存在时间不足四年( 658 - 662) ,当时大都护府尚无独立城堡,而与龟兹都督同治于龟兹都城,今库车县皮朗遗址。安西大都护府第二次创立意义重大,延亘115 年( 693 -808) ,自此成为唐朝在西域的军事、政治中心。本文研究对象就是这时安西大都护府治地。根据伯希和在豆勒豆尔奥库尔遗址出土的汉文文书,参考同一遗址出土的日本藏汉文文书,足以证实这座位于今库车、新和两县交界处的豆勒豆尔奥库尔遗址又名"明府城",意为"朝廷城",应即定型化的安西大都护府治所。

Forecasting Public Green Area Per Capita in Xi’an City Based on GM (1, 1)

[Objective] To establish the comprehensive evaluation index system of public green area per capita as a quantitative mean of measuring ecological city and livable city. [Method]The GM (1, 1) forecasting model was set up according to statistics of public green area per capita in Xi’an City during 1996 and 2005, on this basis, the development trend of green area per capita in Xi’an City until 2015 were analyzed in case of no any changing factors or conditions. [Result]Grey forecasting model was established as, (t = 0, 1, …, n); model parameters as a = - 0.031 71, u = 4.139 17. After residual error test and posterior-variance-test, the precision of this model is proved fairly good. [Conclusions]According to this model, public green area per capita in Xi’an City will achieve 7.66 m2 by 2015, which is still far away from the livable city index (16 m2 per capita) and should be paid more attention by the local government, the construction of urban green areas should be further enhanced, more vegetations should be cultivated so as to improve the urban green coverage ratio.

Curing Characteristics and Suitable Harvest Maturity of Fresh Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves in Ankang Tobacco Growing Areas

CuItivars K326, Yunyan 87 and Guiyan 4 were used to investigate the curing characteristics and suitabIe harvest maturity of fresh fIue-cured tobacco Ieaves in Ankang tobacco growing areas. ResuIts indicated that the water Ioss of K326 was sIow,and the Ieaves were resistant to curing and reIative easiIy to cure. The water Ioss of Yunyan 87 and Guiyan 4 were quick, and the Ieaves with normal resistance to curing were reIative difficuIt to cure. For Guiyan 4, the shrinkage of CM1 maturity was the Iargest. For K326 and Yunyan 87, the shrinkages of CM2 maturity were the Iargest whiIe the shrinkage of CM1 maturity was the Iowest, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. The proportion of top-middIe-grade tobacco Ieaves and average price for K326 were the highest with XM2, CM2 and BM2 maturity, and for Yunyan 87 were XM1, CM3 and BM2 maturity. For K326, Ieaves with XM2, CM2 and BM2 maturity showed the balanced chemical components and the best smoking quality.

Probability Prediction Model for Landslide Occurrences in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China

Landslides are increasing since the 1980s in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. This is due to the increase of the frequency and intensity of precipitation caused by complex geological structures, the presence of steep landforms, seasonal heavy rainfall, and the intensifcation of human activities. In this study, we propose a landslide prediction model based on the analysis of intraday rainfall(IR) and antecedent effective rainfall(AER). Primarily, the number of days and degressive index of the antecedent effective rainfall which affected landslide occurrences in the areas around Qin Mountains, Li Mountains and Loess Tableland was established. Secondly, the antecedent effective rainfall and intraday rainfall were calculated from weather data which were used to construct critical thresholds for the 10%, 50% and 90% probabilities for future landslide occurrences in Qin Mountain, Li Mountain and Loess Tableland. Finally, the regions corresponding to different warning levels were identified based on the relationship between precipitation and the threshold, that is; "A" region is safe, "B" region is on watch alert, "C" region is on warning alert and "D" region is on severe warning alert. Using this model, a warning program is proposed which can predict rainfall-induced landslides by means of real-time rain gauge data and real-time geo-hazard alert and disaster response programs. Sixteen rain gauges were installed in the Xi'an region by keeping in accordance with the regional geology and landslide risks. Based on the data from gauges, this model accurately achieves the objectives of conducting real-time monitoring as well as providing early warnings of landslides in the Xi'an region.

Macroalgae in a spring stream in Shanxi Province:composition and relation to physical and chemical variables

Fourteen stream segments were investigated throughout the Xin’an Spring in Shanxi Province, China in 2004. The variation ranges in stream size, current velocity, discharge, dissolved oxygen, and specific conductance were large. Twenty-two macroalgae species were found in the stream. Major divisions in terms of species numbers were Chlorophyta (59.1%), Cyanophyta (22.8%), Xanthophyta (9.1%), Rhodophyta (4.5%) and Charophyta (4.5%). The most widespread species, Cladophora rivularis (50.0%), also Oedogonium sp. (42.9%) and Spirogyra sp. (42.9%) were well represented throughout the stream, whereas another 10 species were found in only one sampling site. Total percentage cover varied from <1% to 90%. Red algae Batrachospermum acuatum and the charophytes Chara vulgaris have the highest percentage cover. Among the parameters analyzed, the stream width, specific conductance and dissolved oxygen were the ones that more closely related to the species number and percentage cover of macroalgal communities. The species number of each site was negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen content. The total percentage cover of the macroalgae was negatively correlated with the stream width and the specific conductance.

The spatial distribution of commuting CO_2 emissions and the influential factors:A case study in Xi'an,China

As the transport sector is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, the effect of urbanization on transport CO2 emissions in developing cities has become a key issue under global climate change. Examining the case of Xi＇an, this paper aims to explore the spatial distribution of commuting CO2 emissions and influencing factors in the new, urban industry zones and city centers considering Xi＇an＇s transition from a monocentric to a polycentric city in the process of urbanization. Based on household survey data from 1501 respondents, there are obvious differences in commuting CO2 emissions between new industry zones and city centers： City centers feature lower household emissions of 2.86 kg CO2 per week, whereas new industry zones generally have higher household emissions of 3.20 kg CO2 per week. Contrary to previous research results, not all new industry zones have high levels of CO2 emissions; with the rapid development of various types of industries, even a minimum level of household emissions of 2.53 kg CO2 per week is possible. The uneven distribution of commuting CO2 emissions is not uniformly affected by spatial parameters such as job-housing balance, residential density, employment density, and land use diversity. Optimum combination of the spatial parameters and travel pattern along with corresponding transport infrastructure construction may be an appropriate path to reduction and control of emissions from commuting.

MEMS sensor technology

Since 1992 the author has led research group in Xi'an Jiaotong University to investigate and develop micro-electro mechanical systems(MEMS) sensors,including pressure sensor,acceleration sensor,gas sensor,viscosity & density sensor,polymerase chain reaction(PCR) chip and integrated sensor etc.This paper introduces the technologies and research results related to MEMS sensors we achieved in the last 20 years.

New development on additive manufacturing technology and its applications

Additive manufacturing technology has been developed in Xi＇ an Jiaotong University for almost 20 years. Up to now~ it is still attracting the attentions of the researchers or manufacturers all over the world. Some in- novative processes and frontier application research are all being conducted here to catch up with the new develop- ment of this technology. In the paper, newly developed processes, such as ultraviolet-light emitting diode （UV- LED） stereolithography, ceramic stereolithography, and direct metal forming, were described. Some results of the frontier application researches, such as indirect fabrication of ceramic casting mould, wind-tunnel-testing models, photonic crystals and metamatcrials, were also briefly reviewed.

周清发教授应用小柴胡汤治疗肾脏疾病两则

目的:介绍周清发主任医师治疗肾脏病的经验。方法:跟师学习,总结其学术思想。结论:周清发主任医师认为肾脏病存在有少阳证之脏腑气机失调,表里枢机阻遏,郁邪不能宣透等病因病机的基本病理环节,采用调和脏腑气机,和解表里枢机,透宣营血邪毒之治疗方法。

Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Fog Days and Hazy Days in Xi’an

The characters of foggy day, misty day and hazy day were analyzed based on information in 7 meteorological stations in Xi’an during 1960 -2012. The results showed that during 1960-2012 in Xi’an, foggy day occurs most in mountainous regions and few in plains; misty day occurs most in cities and few in suburbs; hazy day occurs most in cities, followed by inner and outer suburbs. Annual foggy day in Xi’an changed from increasing to decreasing; misty day was increasing by 9.0 d/10 a; hazy day was decreasing by -7.7 d/10 a. During the 53 y in Xi’an, foggy day was shown in a singly-valley shape, and the minimum appeared in summer and the maximum appeared in winter; misty day was shown in a ＂V＂-shape, and the minimum （7.6 d） appeared in June and the maximum （3.8 d） in December; hazy day was shown in a ＂U＂-shape from May to September and the maximum in January （6.1）.

元人骆天骧仕官历职考略

今人对《类编长安志》撰者元人骆天骧的生平事迹所知甚少。关于他仕官任职的经历,以往多据《类编长安志》石刻卷所录元碑留下的骆氏题衔来加以推断。本文在重新考覈这些元碑原文的基础上,补入新的碑刻题衔证据,指出《类编长安志》记载的疏漏失实之处,认为骆天骧籍贯临潼而非长安,他在任京兆路儒学教授以前,至晚在至元十二年三月已担任并无品级的京兆府学学正。出任儒学教授的时间不早于至元十四年十月,不晚于至元十六年正月。迨京兆改安西路后,他又继续担任安西路儒学教授。诸碑记中骆天骧题衔的司天台判一职,揭示出他有可能曾在大都任职的经历。而世居长安的故家身份、对关中旧迹的稔熟以及在司天台供职的履历,或许都是他取得赵炳信任,受命随从参与安西王宫踏勘选址的重要原因。

16 CASES OF SCALENUS SYNDROME TREATED BY MASSAGE AND ACUPOINT-INJECTION

Scalenus syndrome is a kind of thoracicoutlet syndrome. I treated 16 such cases withmassage in combination with acupointinjection from 1989-1996. The results weresatisfactory and introduced as follows.

Assessment of compliance-relevant indispensable knowledge to cope with epilepsy in epileptic patients in Xi'an

Objective: To investigate the knowledge level related to compliance in patients with epilepsy. Methods: Eighty-seven patients with epilepsy were tested in the city of Xi’an with a knowledge questionnaire containing 21 questions related to compliance. Results: Over 39.5% of patients did not know that epilepsy is the result of abnormal firing of neurons, while 29.9% were uncertain or did not realize that epilepsy attacks can bring up accidents such as traffic accidents, drowning and trauma. A total of 36.6% of responders thought that the best therapy for epilepsy could be found in Traditional Chinese Medicine. As many as 36.8% of tested patients were uncertain or did not know that frequent epilepsy attacks can affect their intelligence. Up to 36% were unaware of the possible consequence of sudden withdrawal of anti-epileptic drugs (AED). Among responders, 39.1% did not know the right treatment method of epilepsy. That AED can control seizure attacks were doubted in 57.5% of epileptic patients. Furthermore, 32.2% did not know whether the disease could be cured. Conclusion: In this group of epileptic patients, generally they do not have enough indispensable knowledge to cope with epilepsy. They urgently need for proper health education besides effective AED to control seizure attacks and improve their quality of life.

Avalanche activity and characteristics of its triggering factors in the western Tianshan Mountains,China

Snow avalanche is a serious threat to the safety of roads in alpine mountains. In the western Tianshan Mountains, large scale avalanches occur every year and affect road safety. There is an urgent need to identify the characteristics of triggering factors for avalanche activity in this region to improve road safety and the management of natural hazards. Based on the observation of avalanche activity along the national road G218 in the western Tianshan Mountains, avalanche event data in combination with meteorological, snowpack and earthquake data were collected and analyzed. The snow climate of the mountain range was examined using a recently developed snow climate classification scheme, and triggering conditions of snow avalanche in different snow climate regions were compared. The results show that snowfall is the most common triggering factor for a natural avalanche and there is high probability of avalanche release with snowfall exceeding 20.4 mm during a snowfall period. Consecutive rise in temperature within three days and daily mean temperature reaching 0.5℃ in the following day imply a high probability of temperaturerise-triggered avalanche release. Earthquakes have a significant impact on the formation of large size avalanches in the area. For the period 2011-2017, five cases were identified as a consequence of earthquake with magnitudes of 3.3≤M_L≤5.1 and source-to-site distances of 19~139 km. The Tianshan Mountains are characterized by a continental snow climate with lower snow density, lower snow shear strength and high proportion depth hoar, which explains that both the snowfall and temperature for triggering avalanche release in the continental snow climate of the Tianshan Mountains are lower than that in maritime snow climate and transitional snow climate regions. The findings help forecast avalanche release for mitigating avalanche disaster and assessing the risk of avalanche disaster.

Impacts of Suburbanization on Urban Eco-environment of Xi'an in China

Suburbanization in large cities is an important phenomenon in the process of urbanization development in China in recent decades,which plays a very important role in promoting city development,whereas some side effects on the eco-environment appeared at the same time.This paper,taking Xi'an City in China as a case study site,analyzed the features of population suburbanization and industry suburbanization and pointed out the impacts of suburbanization on urban eco-environment.Based on the research,suggestions of countermeasures for urban planning and municipal management of Xi'an City in protecting urban eco-environment and conserving natural ecology were put forward in the end.