黄侃《手批尔雅义疏》声训失误拾零

《手批尔雅义疏》是黄季刚先生从事语源研究实践的重要成果之一。黄氏运用声训,系联了大量可信的同族词,阐释了一些事物得名的由来,但也存在一些失误。疏证这些"声训失误"现象,可以辨正一些事物名称词语的得名之由。

桃红四物汤合失笑散治疗外伤性前房出血疗效观察

将４３例外伤性前房出血患者随机分为中药组与对照组，经临床观察，中药组在前房出血吸收时间、前房出血吸收率方面明显优于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），中药治疗后可降低继发性前房出血的发生率。指出放射性同位素标记红细胞法连续测定是反映眼内积血数量变化的客观指标。

论词义泛化的深层机制——以“失联”为例

通过考察"失联"一词的使用现象,对其词义泛化发生的原因从语言的外部要素和内部要素两方面进行了分析。隐喻是一种相似关系,目的在于理解。隐喻作为词义泛化的深层机制在"失联"一词的泛化过程中起到重要作用。

“失脚”与“失足”的历时发展与词义探究

"失脚"和与之有密切关系的"失足"属于一对共生同义词,二者在历史上的发展历程既有相似之处又有不同。从数量上看,两者均从宋代开始大量出现,经历元、明到清发展到顶峰。但是,从总量上看,"失脚"一词的发展没有"失足"蓬勃,且清代以后呈现衰落趋势。从使用上看,二者在使用中的义项选择和语体色彩不同,反映语言的文白演变。从义项上看,二者应当都有从"犯错误"义项中引申的隐晦义"失贞"。

说“秃”“充”“失”“佴”

本文对近两千年来众说纷纭、迄无定论的“秃”、“充”、“失”、“佴”四个从人的字进行考释,指出“秃”是籀文“(毛几)”的变体;充非省声字,本义为“充壮”:失的本义是“用鞭子打”;佴的本义为“强牵引”。

秦汉律中的“失刑罪”

秦汉律中专门追究司法责任的罪名有“不直”“纵囚”和“失刑罪”,其中“失刑罪”是指司法中因过失造成的定罪量刑失当。“失刑罪”的渊源十分久远,但“失刑罪”的发展却是在春秋时期铸刑书刑鼎以后的罪刑严格精准对应时代。秦汉时期通过覆讯、覆治(覆狱)、乞鞫、监御史和刺史监察劾举、录囚和使者循行“举冤狱”等多种途径发现和纠正“失刑罪”。“失刑罪”的罪名在秦末短暂消失,在汉代以后彻底消亡,但其体现出来的严格、精确追究司法责任的精神却为后世法律所沿用,并影响深远。

茵陈失笑散治疗慢性肾衰竭的研究进展

慢性肾衰竭是以是指各种原因造成慢性进行性肾实质损害,为肾脏疾病的终末阶段。血肌酐作为评价肾功能的经典生化指标,在临床上是最直接体现慢性肾脏疾病进展与疗效的窗口,目前特异性降低血肌酐的中药组方并不多见,茵陈失笑散是其中之一。该方由茵陈、五灵脂、蒲黄炭组成,药简而力专,经临床多年验证疗效确切,现阶段其整方研究主要集中在慢性肾衰竭临床治疗领域,而该方的组成药物或提取成分治疗肾脏疾的机制研究日益丰富,今就该方的源流及研究现状做一梳理,以期为进一步研究提供思路。

常用词“丢”对“失”的历时替换研究

表示“丢失”义的动词从上古汉语到近代汉语经历了一个历时替换的过程。先秦到西汉时期“失”一直占主要地位,东汉至两宋时期“失”不仅在“丢失”义项上占据主导地位,自身词义也在不断发展,句法上也逐渐固定,而“丢”当时还未产生。元朝时期“丢”开始产生,产生后即迅速发展,在词义和句法上不断丰富并在明清时期完成了对“失”的替换。“丢”能够替代“失”成为常用词是文白兴替、词义负担和语言使用者追求新颖表达的结果。

常被误用成语“机不可失,时不再来”例析

成语是文化表现的重要路径,因此对成语的正确释义,需要回溯其历史出处。当前,“失不再来”“时不再来”两种表达,包含了两种不同的解读思路。因此,该文拟从历时角度,对成语“机不可失,时不再来”的产生进行历史溯源,分析其内部结构。同时,对误用表达“机不可失,失不再来”产生的原因进行分析,从而提出教学建议:高校教师不仅要对相关词语进行规范化教学,还应从结构、语义、信息安排等角度进行分析,激发学生思考,训练学生思辨能力,保证成语学习的正确性。

Performance of Lateral 4H-SiC Photoconductive Semiconductor Switches by Extrinsic Backside Trigger

Photoconductive semiconductor switch(PCSS)can be applied in pulsed high power systems and microwave techniques.However,reducing the damage and increasing the lifetime of silicon carbide(SiC)PCSS are still faced severe challenges.In this study,PCSSs with various structures were prepared on 4-inch diameter,500μm thick high-purity semi-insulating 4H-SiC substrates and their on-state resistance and damage mechanisms were investigated.It was found that the PCSS of an Au/TiW/Ni electrode system annealed at 950℃had a minimum on-state resistance of 6.0Ωat 1 kV bias voltage with a 532 nm and 170 mJ pulsed laser by backside illumination single trigger.The backside illumination single trigger could reduce on-state resistance and alleviate the damage of PCSS compared to the frontside trigger when the diameter of the laser spot was larger than the channel length of PCSS.For the 200 s trigger test by a 10 Hz laser,the black branch-like ablation on Au/TiW/Ni PCSS was mainly caused by thermal stress owing to hot carriers.Replacing metal Ni with boron gallium co-doped zinc oxide(BGZO)thin films annealed at 400℃,black branch-like ablation was alleviated while concentric arc damage was obvious at the anode.The major causes of concentric arc are both pulsed laser diffraction and thermal effect.

Visualizing Aphasia in Linguistics From 2000 to 2019

This paper aims to visualize the research of aphasia from a linguistic perspective for the two decades from 2000 to 2019,identifying the changes in research focus and the future emerging trends of aphasia studies in linguistics.Applying the bibliometric approach,the present study reviewed 3,004 publications with the topic word“aphasia”in the framework of linguistics.The dataset was created from the Web of Science database ranging from 2000 to 2019.Using the CiteSpace tool,document co-citation analysis,betweenness centrality(BC)measurement and citation burst detection were conducted to explore and determine the thematic patterns,critical studies,and emerging trends of this knowledge domain.Twelve thematic patterns in these two decades were identified,indicating that researchers have focused on language impairment in aphasia,aphasia therapy and other topics associated with aphasia.Meanwhile,papers with high BC reveal the connections among different research clusters.In addition,bursts of detected citations demonstrate that treatment aiming at the enhanced quality of daily life,the utilization of discourse tasks and treatments at the discourse level,deeper exploration of primary progressive aphasia in terms of clinical data and the application of working memory assessment,and the role of working memory(WM)training in rehabilitation will possibly attract more attention in the future.On the basis of the cluster landscape,BC and citation bursts,the review found that scholars paid extensive attention to the alleviation of communication deficits in the linguistic exploration of aphasia.

Deactivation mechanism of acetone to isobutene conversion over Y/Beta catalyst

The conversion of acetone derived from biomass to isobutene has attracted extensive attentions.In comparison with Brønsted acidic catalyst,Lewis acidic catalyst could exhibit a better catalytic performance with a higher isobutene selectivity.However,the catalyst stability remains a key problem for the long-running acetone conversion and the reasons for catalyst deactivation are poorly understood up to now.Herein,the deactivation mechanism of Lewis acidic Y/Beta catalyst during the acetone to isobutene conversion was investigated by various characterization techniques,including acetone-temperature-programmed surface reaction,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,in situ ultraviolet-visible,and ^(13)C cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.A successive aldol condensation and cyclization were observed as the main side-reactions during the acetone conversion at Lewis acidic Y sites.In comparison with the low reaction temperature,a rapid formation and accumulation of the larger cyclic unsaturated aldehydes/ketones and aromatics could be observed,and which could strongly adsorb on the Lewis acidic sites,and thus cause the catalyst deactivation eventually.After a simple calcination,the coke deposits could be easily removed and the catalytic activity could be well restored.

Research on fast detection method of infrared small targets under resourceconstrained conditions

Infrared small target detection is a common task in infrared image processing.Under limited computa⁃tional resources.Traditional methods for infrared small target detection face a trade-off between the detection rate and the accuracy.A fast infrared small target detection method tailored for resource-constrained conditions is pro⁃posed for the YOLOv5s model.This method introduces an additional small target detection head and replaces the original Intersection over Union(IoU)metric with Normalized Wasserstein Distance(NWD),while considering both the detection accuracy and the detection speed of infrared small targets.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves a maximum effective detection speed of 95 FPS on a 15 W TPU,while reach⁃ing a maximum effective detection accuracy of 91.9 AP@0.5,effectively improving the efficiency of infrared small target detection under resource-constrained conditions.

Global stability coefficient of large underground caverns under static loading and earthquake wave condition

Underground energy and resource development,deep underground energy storage and other projects involve the global stability of multiple interconnected cavern groups under internal and external dynamic disturbances.An evaluation method of the global stability coefficient of underground caverns based on static overload and dynamic overload was proposed.Firstly,the global failure criterion for caverns was defined based on its band connection of plastic-strain between multi-caverns.Then,overloading calculation of the boundary geostress and seismic intensity on the caverns model was carried out,and the critical unstable state of multi-caverns can be identified,if the plastic-strain band appeared between caverns during these overloading processes.Thus,the global stability coefficient for the multi-caverns under static loading and earthquake was obtained based on the corresponding overloading coefficient.Practical analysis for the Yingliangbao(YLB)hydraulic caverns indicated that this method can not only effectively obtain the global stability coefficient of caverns under static and dynamic earthquake conditions,but also identify the caverns’high-risk zone of local instability through localized plastic strain of surrounding rock.This study can provide some reference for the layout design and seismic optimization of underground cavern group.

Research on Automatic Test System of Engine Blade Natural Frequency

Blades are one of the important components on aircraft engines.If they break due to vibration failure,the normal operation of the entire engine will be offected.Therefore,it is necessary to measure their natural frequency before installing them on the engine to avoid resonance.At present,most blade vibration testing systems require manual operation by operators,which has high requirements for operators and the testing process is also very cumbersome.Therefore,the testing efficiency is low and cannot meet the needs of efficient testing.To solve the current problems of low testing efficiency and high operational requirements,a high-precision and high-efficiency automatic test system is designed.The testing accuracy of this system can reach ±1%,and the testing efficiency is improved by 37% compared to manual testing.Firstly,the influence of compression force and vibration exciter position on natural frequency test is analyzed by amplitude-frequency curve,so as to calibrate servo cylinder and fourdimensional motion platform.Secondly,the sine wave signal is used as the excitation to sweep the blade linearly,and the natural frequency is determined by the amplitude peak in the frequency domain.Finally,the accuracy experiment and efficiency experiment are carried out on the developed test system,whose results verify its high efficiency and high precision.

Numerical Investigations on Dynamic Stall Characteristics of a Finite Wing

The paper examines the dynamic stall characteristics of a finite wing with an aspect ratio of eight in order to explore the 3D effects on flow topology,aerodynamic characteristics,and pitching damping.Firstly,CFD methods are developed to calculate the aerodynamic characteristics of wings.The URANS equations are solved using a finite volume method,and the two-equation k-ωshear stress transport(SST)turbulence model is employed to account for viscosity effects.Secondly,the CFD methods are used to simulate the aerodynamic characteristics of both a static,rectangular wing and a pitching,tapered wing to verify their effectiveness and accuracy.The numerical results show good agreement with experimental data.Subsequently,the static and dynamic characteristics of the finite wing are computed and discussed.The results reveal significant 3D flow structures during both static and dynamic stalls,including wing tip vortices,arch vortices,Ω-type vortices,and ring vortices.These phenomena lead to differences in the aerodynamic characteristics of the finite wing compared with a 2D airfoil.Specifically,the finite wing has a smaller lift slope during attached-flow stages,higher stall angles,and more gradual stall behavior.Flow separation initially occurs in the middle spanwise section and gradually spreads to both ends.Regarding aerodynamic damping,the inboard sections mainly generate unstable loading.Furthermore,sections experiencing light stall have a higher tendency to produce negative damping compared with sections experiencing deep dynamic stall.

Ground response and failure mechanism of gob-side entry by roof cutting with hard main roof

This study is the result of long-term efforts of the authors’team to assess ground response of gob-side entry by roof cutting(GSERC)with hard main roof,aiming at scientific control for GSERC deformation.A comprehensive field measurement program was conducted to determine entry deformation,roof fracture zone,and anchor bolt(cable)loading.The results indicate that GSERC deformation presents asymmetric characteristics.The maximum convergence near roof cutting side is 458 mm during the primary use process and 1120 mm during the secondary reuse process.The entry deformation is closely associated with the primary development stage,primary use stage,and secondary reuse stage.The key block movement of roof cutting structure,a complex stress environment,and a mismatch in the supporting design scheme are the failure mechanism of GSERC.A controlling ideology for mining states,including regional and stage divisions,was proposed.Both dynamic and permanent support schemes have been implemented in the field.Engineering practice results indicate that the new support scheme can efficiently ensure long-term entry safety and could be a reliable approach for other engineering practices.

Automatic road extraction framework based on codec network

Road extraction based on deep learning is one of hot spots of semantic segmentation in the past decade.In this work,we proposed a framework based on codec network for automatic road extraction from remote sensing images.Firstly,a pre-trained ResNet34 was migrated to U-Net and its encoding structure was replaced to deepen the number of network layers,which reduces the error rate of road segmentation and the loss of details.Secondly,dilated convolution was used to connect the encoder and the decoder of network to expand the receptive field and retain more low-dimensional information of the image.Afterwards,the channel attention mechanism was used to select the information of the feature image obtained by up-sampling of the encoder,the weights of target features were optimized to enhance the features of target region and suppress the features of background and noise regions,and thus the feature extraction effect of the remote sensing image with complex background was optimized.Finally,an adaptive sigmoid loss function was proposed,which optimizes the imbalance between the road and the background,and makes the model reach the optimal solution.Experimental results show that compared with several semantic segmentation networks,the proposed method can greatly reduce the error rate of road segmentation and effectively improve the accuracy of road extraction from remote sensing images.

A Cognitive Study on Politeness Intention Processing and Its Association with Pragmatic Failure in Cross-Cultural Communication

Although a large number of studies have focused on various aspects of politeness,very little is known about how politeness intention is activated cognitively during verbal communication.The present study aims to explore the cognitive mechanism of politeness intention processing,and how it is related to pragmatic failure during cross-cultural communication.Using 30 Chinese EFL university students who were instructed to finish a probe word judgment task with 96 virtual scenarios,the results indicate that within both mono-and cross-cultural contexts,the response time in the experimental scenarios was significantly slower than that of the filler scenarios.This suggests that politeness intention was activated while understanding the surface meaning of the conversation;however,the EFL learners could not completely avoid the negative transfer of their native politeness conventions when they were comprehending the conversational intention of the target language.Furthermore,no significant differences in response time were found between the groups with high and low English pragmatic competence,illustrating that transferring the pragmatic rules and principles into cross-cultural communication skills was more cognitively demanding.Overall,this study adds to the literature on politeness research and provides some implications for foreign language pragmatic instructions.

Effect of Suan Zao Ren (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae) Extract on the TXNIP/NLRP3 Pathway in Insomniac Rats

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of Suan Zao Ren(Semen Ziziphi Spinosae,SZS)extract on insomnia induced by p-chlorophenylalanine(PCPA)in rats and its influence on the thioredoxin-interacting protein(TXNIP)/nucleotide-binding domain Leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing receptor 3(NLRP3)inflammasome pathway,and to preliminarily explore themechanism by which SZS extract improves insomnia.Methods Fifty male Sprague–Dawley(SD)rats were used,with 8 rats in the blank group and 42 rats in the modeling group.The modeling group was induced by intraperitoneal injection of PCPA at a dose of 500mg·kg^(-1) for six consecutive days,with daily cage exchange.After 6 days,40 successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into five groups:themodel group(equal volume of distilled water),the positive group(0.75 mg·kg^(-1)),and low-,medium-,and high-dose SZS extract groups(1.5,3,and 6 g·kg^(-1),respectively),with 8 rats in each group.Treatments were administered for seven consecutive days.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)and gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)in the rat cerebral cortex.The thiobarbituric acid(TBA)method was used to determine malondialdehyde(MDA)levels,and the hydroxylamine method was used to determine superoxide dismutase(SOD)levels.The 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)method was used to measure total antioxidant capacity(TAOC)in the cerebral cortex.Pathological changes in the cerebral cortex were observed,and Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of TXNIP,NLRP3,apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a Caspase activation and recruitment domain(CARD),and cysteine–aspartate-specific protease 1(Caspase-1)in the cerebral cortex.Results Compared with the blank group,the model group showed a significantly prolonged sleep latency(p<0.001)and a significantly shortened sleep duration(p<0.001).There were no changes in serum MDA and SOD levels.MDA levels in the cerebral cortex were significantly increased(p<0.001),while SOD and TAOC levels were significantly decreased(p<0.001).The 5-HT level was increased(p<0.05),and the GABA level was significantly decreased(p<0.001).SZS extract improved these conditions to varying degrees.Light microscopy showed no significant changes in cortical neurons but transmission electron microscopy revealed intact mitochondrial structures in the blank group,while the model group showed swollen and unclear mitochondria with reduced organelles.After 7 days of treatment,these conditions improved in the SZS extract groups.Compared with the blank group,the expressions of the four proteins in the model group were increased,and the expressions of these proteins were decreased in the SZS extract groups compared with the model group.Conclusion SZS extract may exert an antioxidant effect to treat insomnia by downregulating the expression of TXNIP/NLRP3 proteins and regulating oxidative stress levels in the cerebral cortex.