Prevalence of Enteric Pathogens Associated with Infections among Table Egg Consumers in Some Primary Health Establishments in the Center Region of Cameroon

Method: In Cameroon limited data are available regarding the prevalence of enteric bacteria associated with table egg consuming infections. As such, a situational-based study was performed in patients with complains of stomach disorders after egg consumption. Data related to sociodemographic characteristics and other factors were collected using a structured based questionnaire. Stool culture of utmost importance in stomach disorders patients and serum were collected for typhoid serological test. Results: A total of 207 participants took part in the survey, Results indicated nontyphoidal Salmonella infections were highest in the 3 areas of study with Mfoundi (73.44%) having the highest level of infection compared to other bacterial infection. other enteric bacteria associated to this infection were E. coli serotype 157, Aeromonas, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloaca and typhi salmonella. Meanwhile salmonelosis caused by typhic salmonella had highest prevalence in the Lekie Division (13.11%) as a result of poor hygienic practices associated with the conservation and preparation of eggs, Stool culture was observed to detect more positive cases in the diagnosis of typhoid fever than Widal test, but with no statistically significant (p > 0.05) difference between the stool culture and Widal test in the 3 areas of study. Conclusion: this study revealed that egg consumers are pruned to enteric bacterial and salmonella infections depending on how and where egg is consumed.

Increased CO2 Levels during the First Half of Incubation at High Altitude Modifies Embryonic Development of Fertile Leghorn Breeder Eggs

The exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) within an incubator has a significant impact on embryonic development (ED) and hatching processes. This study examines the influence of non-ventilation (NV) conditions during the first ten days of incubation at high altitudes on Leghorn hens hatching eggs. Five hundred four hatching eggs were equally divided into three treatment groups and placed in twelve incubators (R = 4). The first group was subjected to standard ventilated conditions (V) during the setting phase. The ventilation inlet holes of the remaining incubators in the NV treatments were closed with either micropore (M) or polypropylene (P) tape, referred to as NVM and NVP groups, respectively. These two different airtight settings were intended to allow for a gradual rise in CO2 naturally generated by the embryos. Results indicate that carbon dioxide concentration gradually increased during the first half of incubation, reaching 1.42% in the NVM group and 1.20% in the NVP group, while the V condition group remained at 0.15%. From 10 days of incubation onwards, normal V conditions were restored in all incubators. The highest hatchability of fertile eggs (HFE) was shown by the NVP group (55.7%), followed by the V (52.6%) and NVM (38.6%) groups. The NVP group showed a greater yolk-free body mass (YFBM) from 10 days of incubation until the hatch basket transfer. NV conditions during the first 10 days of incubation at high altitude produced higher YFBM with gradually decreasing yolk sac mass. In comparison to the NVM and V conditions, the particular NVP condition showed a beneficial impact on the quality of hatched chicks. Sustaining NVP condition (1.2% of CO2) throughout the first half of incubation at high altitude generated the optimal environment in the incubator ensuring the best hatchability results. This study highlights how important it is for hatchery managers to recognize the influence of low O2 and high levels of CO2 on the development trajectories of Leghorn embryos during early incubation at high altitudes.

不同热处理蛋黄脂质对小鼠学习认知能力下降的缓解能力

为探讨不同温度处理下蛋黄脂质对小鼠学习认知能力下降的缓解能力的差异。本研究利用小鼠认知障碍模型,比较95℃(水浴30 min)和121℃(灭菌锅加热30 min)热处理蛋黄脂质组分改善小鼠学习认知能力的差异。研究结果表明,相较于121℃热处理的蛋黄脂质,95℃热处理的蛋黄脂质更有效地降低了Tau蛋白的磷酸化和Aβ1-40、GSK-3β表达,下调了促炎因子的表达,其提升小鼠的学习记忆能力的效果更好。95℃热处理蛋黄脂质中的多不饱和脂肪酸以及DHA较121℃热处理的蛋黄脂质显著增加(P<0.05)。因此,过度的加热条件,会破坏蛋品中DHA等多不饱和脂肪酸,削弱蛋黄脂质的改善认知的生物活性。本研究为蛋制品的热加工工艺的优化提供参考依据。

鳖蛋黄血管紧张素转化酶抑制肽分离纯化及活性分析

为从鳖蛋黄酶解物中筛选具有血管紧张素转化酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)抑制活性的肽段,以ACE抑制活性为评价指标,采用超滤和凝胶过滤色谱技术进行分离纯化。采用液相色谱-串联质谱技术对活性组分进行肽段鉴定,借助生物信息学工具进行活性评估。优选预测活性较高的肽段进行合成和活性验证,并用分子对接工具分析活性肽与ACE的相互作用。结果表明,鳖蛋黄菠萝蛋白酶酶解物的水解度为(17.70±0.34)%,抑制ACE的半抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration,IC_(50))值为(0.210±0.019)mg/mL。对酶解产物进行分离纯化,从活性组分F3中鉴定出36条肽段,选择6条活性评分较高的肽段进行合成,其中肽段YNGIWPRD和ASDILPKK的IC_(50)值分别为(0.019 00±0.000 36)、(0.170 0±0.001 3)mg/mL。分子对接结果表明,二者均通过多条氢键与ACE紧密结合。综上,从鳖蛋黄中筛选出2条新的ACE抑制活性肽。

图文法EGG在设计模式中的应用

对图变换和可视化语言的研究激发并促进了图文法的研究和发展。作为一维字符文法的扩展,图文法可以形式化描述二维空间中的对象,如图像、图形和表格等,为它们的定义、生成、变换及分析提供理论和技术上的支持。设计模式是可复用面向对象软件的基础,通常以二维图的形式来表示。为了与用户多样化的需求相适应,设计模式经常需要在不改变系统基本结构的情况下进行演化。本文讨论了图文法EGG及其形式化方法在设计模式的演化中的应用,聚焦在图变换和图解析两方面。前者用EGG格式的产生式作为图重写式来指导图的每一次变换,以确保相应设计模式演化每一步的正确性;后者用EGG文法机制来对图进行归约,以检查随意演化后的设计模式是否合法。

Cartan-Egg域与复欧氏空间的不相关性

多复变中某些特定度量下的域与复欧氏空间的相关性一直是近年来研究的热点问题.如果两个Kähler流形具有公共的Kähler子流形,则称它们是相关的,否则称为不相关的.Cartan-Egg域是一类非常好的有界非齐性域,其Bergman核函数的显表达式可以通过膨胀原理构造得到,研究具有Bergman度量的Cartan-Egg域与具有平坦度量的复欧氏空间的相关性是有意义的.如果一个域的Bergman核函数是Nash函数,容易分析在其诱导的Bergman度量下与复欧氏空间的相关性,而Cartan-Egg域的Bergman核函数不是Nash函数.通过分析Cartan-Egg域的Bergman核函数的偏导函数的代数性质,得到具有Bergman度量的Cartan-Egg域与具有平坦度量的复欧氏空间是不相关的.

添加2.5%桔皮粉对罗曼蛋鸡产蛋量的影响

在 45周龄的罗曼蛋鸡饲料中添加 2 5%的桔皮粉 ,进行 42d的饲养试验。结果表明 ,试验组比对照组的产蛋量提高 5 2 3% (p <0 0 1 )。说明桔皮粉作为鸡饲料添加剂 ,能促进饲料营养物质在鸡体内的沉积 ,刺激鸡卵泡成熟 ,增加排卵数 。

25%灭幼脲胶悬剂对家蝇和致乏库蚊幼虫灭效观察

本文报道了25％灭幼脲胶悬剂对家蝇和致乏库蚊幼虫的灭效。当灭幼脲浓度在20ppm时,对家蝇Ⅱ龄幼虫的死亡率为54％,阻碍羽化率为100％,对家蝇卵孵出的幼虫5天死亡率为100％。对致乏库蚊Ⅱ龄幼虫,当浓度0.6ppm时,阻碍羽化率为100％。

温州吴语声调的EGG研究

EGG信号的各项参数证明:1)温州吴语今仍为平上去入各分阴阳的八调;2)阳上在向阴上、阳平并拢,阳平自身也不稳定;阴入阳入在合并;3)入声单字调已舒化,双字组中前字入声短、后字入声长;4)时长短、音高低导致温州吴语阳平尾部、阴去尾部和阳上前部出现紧喉音。

关于一类Egg域的全纯截曲率

给出了一类Egg域在不变Kahler度量下的全纯截曲率的具体表达式，并给出详细证明．

10%硫虫酰胺SC对草地贪夜蛾的控制效果

为了筛选对草地贪夜蛾防效优良的新型药剂,采用浸卵法和浸叶法在室内研究了10%硫虫酰胺SC对草地贪夜蛾的毒力,并用喷雾法进行了田间控制作用研究。结果表明,硫虫酰胺浸卵处理对草地贪夜蛾的卵孵化率无明显影响,但能显著提高初孵幼虫的死亡率,其中66.7、133.3、266.7 mg/L等3个浓度处理初孵幼虫校正死亡率均高于92.77%;硫虫酰胺对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫有较强的毒杀作用,各处理72 h后的校正死亡率为65.55%~100%,但对5龄幼虫防效差。田间药效试验表明,药后1 d各处理防效为61.56%~76.75%,速效性差于对照药剂5.7%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(甲维盐)ME;药后7 d各处理防效为84.84%~95.82%,持效性优于5.7%甲维盐ME和200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺SC。研究表明,10%硫虫酰胺SC可以有效控制草地贪夜蛾,且持效性较好,建议每667 m^(2)制剂用量30 mL左右,防治适期为草地贪夜蛾卵孵盛期及3龄幼虫前。

A potential source of recruitment of Acartia pacifica nauplii: viable benthic resting eggs

Many estuarine and coastal planktonic copepods depend on the hatching of benthic resting eggs for recruitment of nauplii to the water column population. The distribution and abundance of viable resting eggs of Acartia pacifica in the Xiamen Bay were determined by the presence of nauplii in the laboratory. The number of viable eggs var/ed temporally and spatially. The maximum number (9.2×10^4m^-2) of viable eggs was in summer. In spring the average abundance of viable eggs was 5.6×10^4 m^-2. The abundances of viable eggs in fall and winter were similar, respectively 2.7×10^4 and 3.3×10^4m^-2, which were the lowest in the year. The numbers of viable eggs inside the stations of the Xiamen Bay were higher than those outside the stations. The viable eggs were found at all depths (0-10 cm),although not in every station. The maximum number did not necessarily occur in the uppermost centimeter of the sediments but often occurred several centimeters below the water-sediment interface. The accumulation of viable eggs in the seabed of a subtropical bay constitutes a potential source of recruitment of nauplii into the pelagic population.

Reduction of recruitment of Acartia pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs due to organochlorine pesticides

Many estuarine and coastal planktonic copepods depend on the hatching of benthic resting eggs for recruitment ofnauplii to the water column population. The potential effects of two organochlorine pesticides, hexchloriobinzene （HCH） and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane （DDT）, on the recruitment of A ccu＇tla pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs in the seabed of Xiamen Bay were experimentally investigated. The abundance of A. pacifica nauplii hatched from the sediment significantly decreased with the increase of pesticide concentration. Trimmed Spearman-Karber analysis gave sediment 96-h LC50 values were 84.81 ng/g for HCH, and 157.94 ng/g for DDT. The median AI （Al50） was -0.77, which suggested that the combined effect of riCH and DDT showed a weak effect than individual effects. There was a positive relationship between mortality and exposure time in DDT treatment, while the relationship was not significant in HCH treatment. The results suggest that organochlorine pesticides can reduce recruitment of A. pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs to planktonic population.

A new method for determination of antithrombotic activity of egg white protein hydrolysate by microplate reader

A new method for the determination of antithrombotic activity of egg white protein hydrolysate （EWPH） was developed using a microplate reader. Reaction was carried out at 37℃and pH 7.2 with fibrinogen concentration 0.1%. Microplate reading was conducted at 405 nm. Inhibition rate of EWPH on thrombin activity showed linearity （R2 = 0.9971）, when the inhibition rate was in the range of 10-90%. The lower limit of detection （LLD, at 99.7% probability） and the biological limit of detection （BLD, at 99.7% probability） of the method were 10.643 and 40 mg/mL, respectively. The repeatability standard deviation （R.S.D.） was 1.08%. The standard deviation of the method was ±0.027 AT-U.

Heavy metal exposure reduces hatching success of Acartia pacifica resting eggs in the sediment

The potential effects of three heavy metals （Cu, Pb, and Cd） on hatching success ofAcartia pacifica resting eggs in the sediment of Xiamen Bay were experimentally investigated. The number ofA. pacifica nauplii hatched from the sediment sharply decreased with the increase of metal concentration and exposure time from 3 to 30 d. An increase of the Cu concentration from 34.8 to 348 mg/kg, reduced the number of hatched nauplii by 46.6%-100%. An increase of the Pb concentration from 75.2 to 752 mg/kg, reduced the number of hatched nauplii by 21.4%-78.9%. An increase of the Cd concentration from 0.68 to 6.8 mg/kg, reduced the number of hatched nauplii by 31.6%-94.7%. The number of nauplii also significantly decreased with the increase of mixed-metal concentration and exposure time in the mixed-metal test. Trimmed Spearman-Karber analysis gave sediment metal 72-h LC50 values of 1.25 mmol Cu/kg, 1.73 mmol Pb/kg, and 0.054 mmol Cd/kg, which suggested that Cd was the most toxic to A. pacifica resting eggs in the three tested metals. The results indicate that heavy metals with higher concentrations can reduce recruitment of A. pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs to planktonic population.

Chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) as non-antibiotic production enhancers for use in swine production： a review

In recent years, the use of in-feed antibiotics for growth and disease prevention in livestock production has been under severe scrutiny. The use and misuse of in-feed antibiotics has led to problems with drug residues in animal products and increased bacterial resistance. Chicken egg yolk antibodies （IgY） have attracted considerable attention as an alternative to antibiotics to maintain swine health and performance. Oral administration of IgY possesses many advantages over mammalian IgG such as cost-effectiveness, convenience and high yield. This review presents an overview of the potential to use IgY immunotherapy for the prevention and treatment of swine diarrhea diseases and speculates on the future of IgY technology. Included are a review of the potential applications of IgY in the control of enteric infections of either bacterial or viral origin such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coil, Salmonella spp., rotavirus, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Some potential obstacles to the adoption of IgY technology are also discussed.

Effects of Immunization Against Inhibin on Egg-Laying Performance in Magang and Landaise Geese

This study aimed to improve egg-laying performance in incubating Magang geese of Guangdong origin and Landaise geese of French origin. In experiment 1, 50 adults, egg-laying Magang geese were inoculated intramuscularly （i.m.） on days 0, 22, and 45 with 1 mL of immunogen containing 1 mg of recombinant chicken inhibin fusion protein. Immunization significantly increased blood antibody titers against inhibin fusion protein, but did not affect the egg-laying performance within 10 days after the first inoculation. From day 15, the egg-laying rate in inhibin-immunized group increased and was significantly higher than the values of control geese from day 40 to 55. However, the reverse was true from day 55 to 75 when more immunized geese developed incubation. In the entire 120 days of the experiment, the immunized geese laid 17.3 eggs in contrast to 16.4 eggs laid by the control geese. From day 30 till the end of the experiment, weight of eggs in the control geese was significantly greater than that in inhibin-immunized birds. In experiment 2, 40 Landaise geese were immunized against inhibin, as described in experiment 1. These geese laid 9.0 eggs on average in contrast to 7.3 eggs laid by nonimmunized control geese over 90 days of egg laying. The above results demonstrated that immunization against recombinant chicken inhibin fusion protein improved egg-laying performance in geese, and the increment was higher in nonincubating geese.

The Carbon Isotopic Characteristics of Dinosaur Eggshell Fossils in Late Cretaceous from Xixia Basin and Their Significance

This paper studies the Late Cretaceous dinosaur eggshell fossils from the Xixia Basin, Henan Province, by microscopy and carbon isotope method. Careful observation under microscope revealed that all dinosaur eggshell fossils consist of primary calcite and secondary calcite. The content of the former is about 60.5% and the latter 39.5% according to image analysis. The δ\{\}\+\{13\}C values of secondary carbonate mineral filling within the dinosaur eggs in the strata range from -5.63‰ to -5.68‰, with an average value of -5.65‰. The δ\{\}\+\{13\}C values of sixteen dinosaur eggshell fossils are in the range from -5.88‰ to -7.79‰. Then we calculated the δ\{\}\+\{13\}C values of primary carbonate minerals, ranging from -6.03‰ to -9.19‰. Based on the δ\{\}\+\{13\}C values of the primary carbonate, the ancient food type and food proportion of dinosaurs were deduced. The dinosaur’s food proportions of C\-3 plant and C\-4 plant are 61% and 39%, respectively. Finally, it is inferred that the palaeoclimate in the Xixia Basin should be a warm—sub\|humid—sub\|arid climate in the subtropical zone of the Xixia Basin.

Spatiotemporal distribution of fish eggs and larvae in the Huanghe(Yellow) River estuary, China in 2005–2016

Decreasing fish resources in estuaries is a subject of anthropogenic activities. Studies of the spatiotemporal distribution of fish eggs and larvae can help identify the status and processes underlying recruitment in a fishery. As the fifth largest river estuary in the world, the Huanghe (Yellow) River estuary (HRE) is a typical estuary that has been seriously aff ected by human activities. Annual surveys on ichthyoplankton and environmental factors were conducted in the months of May of 2005 and 2009-2016 in the HRE to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of fish eggs and larvae and the associated infl uencing factors. A total of 23 and 20 species of eggs and larvae, respectively, were collected. The dominant orders were Perciformes (51.2%) and Clupeiformes (25.6%). The average number of fish species eggs and larvae were 6.0 and 4.1 in average abundance of 0.91 and 0.13 ind./m^3 , respectively. The dominant species were mainly low-commercial-value small-sized fishes, such as Clupanodon punctatus , Harengula zunasi, and Acanthogobius, whereas certain traditional commercial fishes, such as Trichiurus lepturus , and Clupea pallasii, were not seen. Analysis of the fish egg and larval community revealed four temporal assemblages and two spatial assemblages. Salinity was the main factor on the spatial distribution of ichthyoplankton communities, the species number and Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H′) of the fish egg and larval community near the river mouth with lower salinity were signifi cantly lower than the community far away from the river mouth with higher salinity. In addition, increases of water temperature promoted the number and abundance of fish species eggs, and the areas of abundant prey tended to have a more diversified and abundant of ichthyoplankton species. In overall, overfishing, dam construction, and other human activities were the main drivers that led to the substantial decline in fishery resources in the HRE.

Dynamic High Pressure Micro-fluidization Effects on Structure and Physico-chemical Properties of Egg White Protein

The authors dealt with the effects of dynamic high pressure micro-fluidization（untreated and 20-160 MPa treated） on the structure and physico-chemical properties of egg white solutions[6%（mass fraction） or 61.2 mg protein/mL]. Micro-fluidization treatment resulted in a decrease in mean particle size, and little change in solubility. It was found that the residual denaturation enthalpy was decreased with the increase of pressure from 20 to 100 MPa and from 120 to 160 MPa, reaching into the maximum at 160 MPa. There was an increase of surface hydrophobicity with the maximum at 100 MPa observed. Simultaneously, micro-fluidization treatment also resulted in a decrease in the content of sulfhydryl groups.