Diagnosis of the Kinetic Energy of the“21·7”Extreme Torrential Rainfall Event in Henan Province,China

An extreme torrential rain(ETR)event occurred in Henan Province,China,during 18-21 July 2021.Based on hourly rain-gauge observations and ERA5 reanalysis data,the ETR was studied from the perspective of kinetic energy(K),which can be divided into rotational wind(V_(R))kinetic energy(K_(R)),divergent wind kinetic energy(K_(D)),and the kinetic energy of the interaction between the divergent and rotational winds(K_(RD)).According to the hourly precipitation intensity variability,the ETR process was divided into an initial stage,a rapid increase stage,and maintenance stage.Results showed that the intensification and maintenance of ETR were closely related to the upper-level K,and most closely related to the upperlevel K_(R),with a correlation coefficient of up to 0.9.In particular,the peak value of hourly rainfall intensity lagged behind the K_(R) by 8 h.Furthermore,diagnosis showed that K transformation from unresolvable to resolvable scales made the ETR increase slowly.The meridional rotational wind(u_(R))and meridional gradient of the geopotential(φ)jointly determined the conversion of available potential energy(APE)to K_(R) through the barotropic process,which dominated the rapid enhancement of K_(R) and then caused the rapid increase in ETR.The transportation of K by rotational wind consumed K_(R),and basically offset the K_(R) produced by the barotropic process,which basically kept K_(R) stable at a high value,thus maintaining the ETR.

Active tuning of anisotropic phonon polaritons in natural van der Waals crystals with negative permittivity substrates and its application in energy transport

Phonon polaritons(PhPs)exhibit directional in-plane propagation and ultralow losses in van der Waals(vdW)crystals,offering new possibilities for controlling the flow of light at the nanoscale.However,these PhPs,including their directional propagation,are inherently determined by the anisotropic crystal structure of the host materials.Although in-plane anisotropic PhPs can be manipulated by twisting engineering,such as twisting individual vdW slabs,dynamically adjusting their propagation presents a significant challenge.The limited application of the twisted bilayer structure in bare films further restricts its usage.In this study,we present a technique in which anisotropic PhPs supported by bare biaxial vdW slabs can be actively tuned by modifying their local dielectric environment.Excitingly,we predict that the iso-frequency contour of PhPs can be reoriented to enable propagation along forbidden directions when the crystal is placed on a substrate with a moderate negative permittivity.Besides,we systematically investigate the impact of polaritonic coupling on near-field radiative heat transfer(NFRHT)between heterostructures integrated with different substrates that have negative permittivity.Our main findings reveal that through the analysis of dispersion contour and photon transmission coefficient,the excitation and reorientation of the fundamental mode facilitate increased photon tunneling,thereby enhancing heat transfer between heterostructures.Conversely,the annihilation of the fundamental mode hinders heat transfer.Furthermore,we find the enhancement or suppression of radiative energy transport depends on the relative magnitude of the slab thickness and the vacuum gap width.Finally,the effect of negative permittivity substrates on NFRHT along the[001]crystalline direction ofα-MoO3 is considered.The spectral band where the excited fundamental mode resulting from the negative permittivity substrates is shifted to the first Reststrahlen Band(RB 1)ofα-MoO_(3) and is widened,resulting in more significant enhancement of heat flux from RB 1.We anticipate our results will motivate new direction for dynamical tunability of the PhPs in photonic devices.

A comparison of the energy consumption and carbon emissions for different modes of transportation in open-cut coal mines

Transportation accounts for 80% of open-cut coal mine carbon emissions. With regard to the energy con- sumption and carbon emissions of transportation within an open-cut mine, this paper systematically compared the work and energy consumption of a truck and belt conveyor on a theoretical basis, and con- structed a model to calculate the energy consumption of open-cut mine transportation. Life cycle carbon emission factors and power consumption calculation model were established through a Process Analysis- Life Cycle Analysis （PA-LCA）. The following results were obtained： （1） the energy consumption of truck transportation was four to twelve times higher than that of the belt conveyor; （2） the C02 emissions from truck transportation were three to ten times higher than those of the belt conveyor; （3） with the increase in the slope angle for transportation, the ratio of truck to belt conveyor for both energy consumption and carbon emissions gradually decreased; （4） based on 2013 prices in China, the energy cost of transportation using a belt conveyor in open-cut coal mines could save 0.6-2.4 Yuan/（t kin） compared to truck transportation.

A Quasi-Linear Relationship between Planetary Outgoing Longwave Radiation and Surface Temperature in a Radiative-Convective-Transportive Climate Model of a Gray Atmosphere

In this study,we put forward a radiative-convective-transportive energy balance model of a gray atmosphere to examine individual roles of the greenhouse effect of water vapor,vertical convection,and atmospheric poleward energy transport as well as their combined effects for a quasi-linear relationship between the outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)and surface temperature(T_(S)).The greenhouse effect of water vapor enhances the meridional gradient of surface temperature,thereby directly contributing to a quasi-linear OLR-T_(S) relationship.The atmospheric poleward energy transport decreases the meridional gradient of surface temperature.As a result of the poleward energy transport,tropical(high-latitude)atmosphere-surface columns emit less(more)OLR than the solar energy input at their respective locations,causing a substantial reduction of the meridional gradient of the OLR.The combined effect of reducing the meridional gradients of both OLR and surface temperature by the poleward energy transport also contributes to the quasi-linear OLR-T_(S) relationship.Vertical convective energy transport reduces the meridional gradient of surface temperature without affecting the meridional gradient of OLR,thereby suppressing part of the reduction to the increasing rate of OLR with surface temperature by the greenhouse effect of water vapor and poleward energy transport.Because of the nature of the energy balance in the climate system,such a quasi-linear relationship is also a good approximation for the relationship between the annual-mean net downward solar energy flux at the top of the atmosphere and surface temperature.

GLOBAL EXISTENCE AND ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR FOR AN 1-D COMPRESSIBLE ENERGY TRANSPORT MODEL

In this article, the global existence and the large time behavior of smooth solutions to the initial boundary value problem for a degenerate compressible energy transport model are established.

The Role of Ocean Dynamics in the Cross-equatorial Energy Transport under a Thermal Forcing in the Southern Ocean

Under external heating forcing in the Southern Ocean,climate models project anomalous northward atmosphere heat transport(AHT)across the equator,accompanied by a southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone(ITCZ).Comparison between a fully coupled and a slab ocean model shows that the inclusion of active ocean dynamics tends to partition the cross-equatorial energy transport and significantly reduce the ITCZ shift response by a factor of 10,a finding which supports previous studies.To understand how ocean dynamics damps the ITCZ’s response to an imposed thermal heating in the Southern Ocean,we examine the ocean heat transport(OHT)and ocean circulation responses in a set of fully coupled experiments.Results show that both the Indo-Pacific and the Atlantic contribute to transport energy across the equator mainly through its Eulerian-mean component.However,different from previous studies that linked the changes in OHT to the changes in the wind-driven subtropical cells or the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC),our results show that the cross-equatorial OHT anomaly is due to a broad clockwise overturning circulation anomaly below the subtropical cells(approximately bounded by the 5°C to 20°C isotherms and 50°S to 10°N).Further elimination of the wind-driven component,conducted by prescribing the climatological wind stress in the Southern Ocean heat perturbation experiments,leads to little change in OHT,suggesting that the OHT response is predominantly thermohaline-driven by air-sea thermal interactions.

Investigation of the Ion Energy Transport in the Scrape-Off Layer on the J-TEXT Tokamak Using a Retarding Field Analyzer

Radial profiles of the ion temperature,Ti,have been measured by a double-sided retarding field analyzer（RFA） in the scrape-off layer（SOL） of the J-TEXT tokamak（R = 105 cm,r = 25-29 cm,Bt = 1.8-2.0 T,Ip = 120-180 kA,ne =（2-2.5） × 10^19 m^-3）.Strongly declining Ti profiles in the SOL have been found.The different e-folding lengths,At,of the Ti profiles in two experimental configurations with different magnetic connection lengths,Lc,reveal that a longer Lc results in weaker parallel energy transport and longer At.In similarity with the particle transport across the SOL,At is approximately proportional to the square root of Lc.Additionally,the poloidal asymmetry has been identified with enhanced ion energy transport across the SOL on the low-field side.

Nonequilibrium reservoir engineering of a biased coherent conductor for hybrid energy transport in nanojunctions

We show that a current-carrying coherent electron conductor can be treated as an effective bosonic energy reservoir involving different types of electron–hole pair excitations.For weak electron–boson coupling,hybrid energy transport between nonequilibrium electrons and bosons can be described by a Landauer-like formula.This allows for unified account of a variety of heat transport problems in hybrid electron–boson systems.As applications,we study the non-reciprocal heat transport between electrons and bosons,thermoelectric current from a cold-spot,and electronic cooling of the bosons.Our unified framework provides an intuitive way of understanding hybrid energy transport between electrons and bosons in their weak coupling limit.It opens the way of nonequilibrium reservoir engineering for efficient energy control between different quasi-particles at the nanoscale.

Dynamical energy equipartition of the Toda model with additional on-site potentials

We study the dynamical energy equipartition properties in the integrable Toda model with additional uniform or disordered on-site energies by extensive numerical simulations. The total energy is initially equidistributed among some of the lowest frequency linear modes. For the Toda model with uniform on-site potentials, the energy spectrum keeps its profile nearly unchanged in a relatively short time scale. On a much longer time scale, the energies of tail modes increase slowly with time. Energy equipartition is far away from being attached in our studied time scale. For the Toda model with disordered on-site potentials, the energy transfers continuously to the high frequency modes and eventually towards energy equipartition. We further perform a systematic study of the equipartition time teq depending on the energy density ε and the nonlinear parameter α in the thermodynamic limit for the Toda model with disordered on-site potentials. We find teq∝ （1/ε）^a（1/α）^b, where b≈ 2a. The values of a and b are increased when increasing the strengths of disordered on-site potentials or decreasing the number of initially excited modes.

STUDIES OF THE ANTENNA EFFECT IN POLYMER MOLECULES ENERGY MIGRATION AND TRAPPING IN NAPHTHALENE-CONTAINING POLYELECTROLYTES

Polymers of 1- and 2-vinylnaphthalene containing more than about 50 mol% sulfonic acid groups dissolve in water to form 'hypercoiled' conformations which have many of the properties of micelles. Hydrophobic molecules such as anthracene and perylene are selectively absorbed in these pseudo micellar structures, and their fluorescence emission is sensitized by energy transfer from the surrounding naphthalene chromophores. When irradiated with UV light in the presence of oxygen, the emission of perylene rapidly decreases. It is proposed that this is due to reaction of singlet oxygen with the perylene trapped in the hypercoiled polymer. (Author abstract) 3 Refs.

Transport properties of dilute ammonia-noble gas mixtures from new intermolecular potential energy functions

Previously we have determined the dilute mixture transport properties of slightly polar fluorocarbons using the inverted intermolecular potential energies(Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45(2006) 9211–9223). In the present paper, the corresponding states correlations for reduced viscosity collision integrals were employed to obtain effective unlike interaction potential models for dilute binary mixtures of highly polar molecule ammonia with noble gases.The inverted potentials were fitted to the Morse–Spline–van der Waals(MSV), model potential. The method of least-squares fitting was then applied to identify best consistence force parameters for each ammonia-noble gas mixture, taking advantage of experimental viscosities, diffusion coefficients and thermal conductivities.The proposed potential models were compared with those obtained from other sources, in order to assess the extent of their validity.The potentials were later employed to calculate transport properties of the studied mixtures. Then, results were compared with those reported in the literature, which led to the acceptable agreement.

ComplexTrans-Global Rail-Road Transportation System Economical and Clustered Individual and Individualised Public Transport also Prevents the Spread of Covid 19

Land transport can no longer meet the requirements.European transport can be described by these words−crowded motorways and cities,dangerous emissions,ubiquitous traffic accidents,delays,expensive railways.Solutions are being sought to transfer a large part of passengers and especially freight transport to(high-speed)rail,and efforts are moving towards electromobility,car-sharing,5G-connectivity,autonomous driving,MaaS(Mobility as a Service)-coordinated transport or hyperloop-type solutions.However,all these solutions have additional challenges and limitations.Solutions are not being searched where they really exist-in the mutual adaptation of road and rail vehicles and their deep cooperation.The ComplexTrans project shows that simply adapting the dimensions and functions of road and rail vehicles can eliminate(or at least significantly reduce)all the problems of existing land transport.The main features of the ComplexTrans system are sufficient parking spaces,reduction of urban and non-urban congestion,electric vehicles with unlimited range and cheaper than standard cars,cheaper and more accessible battery charging,“autonomous ride”,solving the overlap between passenger and freight rail transport and making it self-financing,transferring intercity freight transport to rail,replacing part of continental air transport and many others.The cost-effective and clustered individual transport and individualised public transport of the ComplexTrans system also bring very significant reductions in the risk of transmission of covid-19 and other contagious diseases during transport.

Annotated survey and perspectives on rail transport energy system RAMS evaluation technology

The rail transit system plays a crucial role in modern transportation.With the increasing demand for clean and green energy in the transport sector,its energy system is expected to achieve low-carbon and highly efficient energy utilization in rail transit.However,the gradual development of the rail transport energy system has led to an increase in its complexity,and the rising difficulty of system assessment has faced the limitations of traditional assessment methods.Hence,it is essential to develop effective assessment methods.This paper begins by providing a systematic review of the development status of Reliability,Availability,Maintainability and Safety(RAMS)assessment and analyzing the shortcomings of traditional RAMS assessment technology in the context of rail transit energy systems.Subsequently,based on the four fundamental properties of RAMS,it summarizes the current state of key assessment technologies in the field of rail transit.Moreover,the paper delves into the challenges and potential solutions concerning the implementation of RAMS assessment technology for rail transit energy systems.Finally,the paper offers an outlook on the future development of RAMS assessment for rail transport energy systems.By comprehensively analyzing these aspects,the paper aims to contribute valuable insights into optimizing the rail transit energy system,promoting its sustainable and efficient operation in the context of clean and green energy utilization.

Liquid marbles containing petroleum and their properties

Liquid marbles （non-stick droplets） containing crude petroleum are reported. Liquid marbles were ob- tained by use of fluorinated decyl polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane （FD-POSS） powder. Marbles containing crude petroleum remained stable on a broad diversity of solid and liquid supports. The effective surface tension of marbles filled with petroleum was established. The mechanism of friction of the marbles is discussed. Actuation of liquid marbles containing crude petroleum with an electric field is presented.

High frequency S wave envelope synthesis using a multiple non-isotropic scattering model: application to aftershocks from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

Based on the formulation of a multiple non-isotropic scattering process, a characteristic source time is introduced to define the initial impulse width of energy density at the source. An analytical expression of the initial intensity spectral density of a seismic wave is incorporated into the integral equation of seismic wave energy density. And, a recursive formula of Green＇s function is derived to obtain the higher order Green＇s function, which is included to describe the stronger non-isotropic scattering process. Then, the effect of the scattering pattern on the energy density envelope is investigated by the modified scattering theory. Significant differences arc found in the decay of the energy density envelopes with distances using different scattering patterns. The envelope synthesized by the forward dominated scattering pattern is larger than the results obtained by the isotropic and backward dominated scattering pattern. Different scattering patterns are also used to fit the observation data from the aftershocks of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. It is concluded that the envelopes synthesized by the forward scattering pattern can match the data better than the isotropic and backward dominated scattering cases, and a new interpretation of the coda wave is given. Finally, using the forward dominated scattering pattern, the envelope broadening of the observed data is reproduced.

THE INFLUENCES OF THE TEMPERATURE ON THE SOLITONS EXCITED IN THE PROTEIN MOLECULES

The thermal stability of the soliton excited in the protein molecular system which work at finite temperature and a nonlinear vibration of the molecular chain have beed studied in our theory. The results obtained show that the soliton moves in supersonic velocity and the amplitude of soliton depends on the temperature and the strengthen of nonlinear vibration. but the soliton excited is thermal stable in the case of the physiologic temperature 310K.

Characteristic analysis of CO_2 switching arcs under a DC current

The current interruption capability of a gas, when used in high voltage gas-blast circuit breakers,depends not only on its material properties but also the flow field since turbulence plays a dominant role in arc cooling during the interruption process. Based on available experimental results, a study of CO2 switching arcs under a DC（direct current） current in the model circuit breaker has been conducted to calibrate CO2 arc model and to analyse its electric and thermal property. Through detailed analysis of the results mechanisms responsible for the temperature distribution are identified and the domain energy transportation process of different region discussed. The present work provides significant coefficients for CO2 switching arc simulation and gives a better understanding of CO2 arc burning mechanisms.

Factors affecting electric vehicle acceptance,energy demand and CO_(2)emissions in Pakistan

This work aims to investigate the factors accelerating electric vehicle(EV)acceptance at the consumer end in Pakistan and analyzes the implications for policymakers for a fast-track EV transition.The study further in-vestigates the high EV penetration scenario resulting from the technology acceptance model(TAM's 80%EV)and its impact on energy demand and CO_(2)emissions.The study design used a quantitative analysis method with the survey as an instrument for data collection regarding EV acceptance.The model under investigation was adapted from the famous Technology-Acceptance Models(TAMs)and modified with other significant predictors evidenced in the literature.Correlation and stepwise regression were performed with a multicollinearity check for model hypothesis testing.Out of six predictors,only four factors were significant in accelerating the EV transition.Financial policies were found to be highly significant,followed by environmental concern,facilitating conditions and perceived ease of use.The research then used exponential smoothing forecasts for transport demand and developed an EV penetration scenario based on modified TAM results.The results highlight the significant in-crease in transport demand and the opportunity for Pakistan to limit passenger transport emissions to 36.6 MT instead of 61.6 MT by 2040.

Manipulate energy transport via fluorinated spacers towards recordefficiency 2D Dion-Jacobson CsPbI_(3) solar cells

Two-dimensional(2D)Dion-Jacobson(D-J)-type cesium lead iodide CsPbI_(3) perform remarkably in terms of stability.However,the complex interactions between spacer and inorganic layers limit its excellent progress in perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Herein,starting from the considerable structural diversity of organic spacers,we engineer 2D CsPbI_(3) with fine-tuning functionalities.Specifically,for the first time we embedded fluorinated aromatic cations in 2D D-J CsPbI_(3),and successfully applied it into construction of high-performance PSCs.Compared with constitutive 1,4-diaminobenzene(PDA),the fluorinated 2-fluorobenzene-1,4-diamine(F-PDA)component greatly expands the dipole moment from 0.59 D to 3.47 D,which reduces the exciton binding energy of the system.A theoretical study shows that the spacer layer and inorganic plane are more enriched with charge accumulation in(F-PDA)Csn±1 Pb_(n)I_(3n+1).The results show that(F-PDA)Csn±1Pb_(n)I_(3n+1) demonstrates more significant charge transfer between organic and inorganic layers than(PDA)Csn±1 Pb_(n)I_(3n+1),and it is confirmed in the femtosecond transient absorption experiment.Moreover,the interactions of the fluorinated spacer with the[PbI_(6)]_(4)-plane effectively manipulate the crystallization quality,and thus the ion migration and defect formation of target 2D CsPbI_(3) are inhibited.As a result,we obtained a record power conversion efficiency(PCE)beyond 15%for 2D D-J(F-PDA)Cs_(3)Pb_(4)I_(13)(n=4)PSCs with significantly improved environmental stability compared with the three-dimensional(3D)counterparts.

Comparative transcriptomics revealed enhanced light responses, energy transport and storage in domestication of cassava(Manihot esculenta)

Cassava is a staple food, feed and bioenergy crop important to the world especially in the tropics.Domesticated cassava is characterized by powerful carbohydrate accumulation but its wild progenitor is not.Here, we investigated the transcriptional differences of eight c DNA libraries derived from developing leaf, stem and storage root of cassava cv. Arg7 and an ancestor line,W14, using next generation sequencing system. A total of41302 assembled transcripts were obtained and from these,25961 transcripts with FPKM≥3 in at least one library were named the expressed genes. A total of 2117, 1963 and3584 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed in leaf, stem and storage root(150 d after planting),respectively, between Arg7 and W14 and ascribed to 103,93 and 119 important pathways in leaf, stem and storage root, respectively. The highlight of this work is that the genes involved in light response, such as those for photosystem I(PSA) and photosystem II(PSB), other genes involved in light harvesting, and some of the genes in the Calvin cycle of carbon fixation were specially upregulated in leaf. Genes for transport and also for key rate-limiting enzymes(PFK, PGK and PK, GAPDH)coupling ATP consumption in glycolysis pathway were predominantly expressed in stem, and genes for sucrose degradation(INVs), amylose synthesis(GBSS) and hydrolysis(RCP1, AMYs), the three key steps of starch metabolism, and transport associated with energy translocation(ABC, AVPs and ATPase) and their upstream transcription factors had enhanced expression in storage root in domesticated cassava. Co-expression networks among the pathways in each organs revealed therelationship of the genes involved, and uncovered some of the important hub genes and transcription factors targeting genes for photosynthesis, transportation and starch biosynthesis.