GAMYB transcription factor LoMYB65 from lily plays a vital role in pollen development

Lily(Lilium spp.)is an important horticultural crop,but its use is limited due to serious pollen contamination problems.There are many studies on pollen development in model plants,but few on flower crops such as lilies.Gibberellin(GA)is a large class of hormones and plays an important role in plant vegetative growth and reproductive development.GAMYB is a group of the R2R3-MYB family upregulated by gibberellin,and plays an important role in anther development.Here,we isolated a novel GAMYB,named LoMYB65,from lily,which was closely related to the AtMYB65 and AtMYB33 in Arabidopsis.Fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that LoMYB65 was mainly expressed in lily anthers.LoMYB65 could be activated by 288μmol·L^(-1)GA3treatment and the LoMYB65 protein was located in the nucleus and cytoplasm,and had transactivation in yeast and tobacco leaf cells.The conserved motif within 226 amino acids of the C-terminal of LoMYB65 contributed to its transactivation.Overexpression of LoMYB65 caused dwarf phenotype,unnormal tapetum development,less seeds of siliques in transgenic Arabidopsis plants,the transgenic plants showed partly male sterile.Simultaneously,silencing of LoMYB65 with VIGS(Virus Induced Gene Silencing)in lily anthers caused unnormal pollen development and reduced the pollen amount.Overexpression of LoMYB65 in Arabidopsis and silencing of LoMYB65 in lily resulted in decreased pollen counts,so we speculate that LoMYB65 may be dose-dependent.Overall,these findings suggest that LoMYB65 may play an important role in anther development and pollen formation in lily.LoMYB65 may provide a useful candidate gene for pollenless breeding of lily.

Effect of different drying methods on the amino acids,α-dicarbonyls and volatile compounds of rape bee pollen

The significant demand for high quality food has motivated us to adopt appropriate processing methods to improve the food nutritional quality and flavors.In this study,the effects of five drying methods,namely,pulsed vacuum drying(PVD),freeze drying(FD),infrared drying(IRD),hot-air drying(HAD)and sun drying(SD)on free amino acids(FAAs),α-dicarbonyl compounds(α-DCs)and volatile compounds(VOCs)in rape bee pollen(RBP)were determined.The results showed that FD significantly released the essential amino acids(EAAs)compared with fresh samples while SD caused the highest loss.Glucosone was the dominantα-DCs in RBP and the highest loss was observed after PVD.Aldehydes were the dominant volatiles of RBP and SD samples contained more new volatile substances(especially aldehydes)than the other four drying methods.Comprehensively,FD and PVD would be potential methods to effectively reduce the quality deterioration of RBP in the drying process.

Modern pollen-vegetation relationships along altitudinal vegetation belts in the Leigong Mountain of southwestern China

Understanding the distribution,dispersal,and correlation of modern pollen with vegetation in mountainous regions is essential for establishing accurate modern analogs for fossil pollen records.This study,conducted in Leigong Mountain on the YunnanGuizhou Plateau of southwestern China,involved the collection of 35 surface soil samples from diverse vegetation communities along an elevational gradient ranging from 1210 to 1875 meters.The results reveal a close correspondence between modern pollen assemblages and vegetation zones.Principal Component Analysis(PCA)results indicate that pollen assemblages can effectively distinguish between subtropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest(SEBF)and subtropical montane deciduous broadleaved forest(SDBF).However,both SEBF and SDBF show significant overlap with subtropical montane evergreen-deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest(SEMF).Detrended Correspondence Analysis(DCA)results clearly distinguish the three vegetation zones,and the first axis of DCA shows a significant positive correlation with elevation(p<0.01,R=0.48).Discriminant Analysis(DA)successfully assigns 94.4%of the modern pollen samples to their respective vegetation zones.Pollen taxa such as Impatiens,Astertype,and Rosaceae exhibit significant indicative capabilities for the SEBF zone,effectively distinguishing this vegetation zone from others.Pinus and Alnus display overrepresentation in the Leigong Mountain region,while Quercus(D,deciduous-type)and Poaceae exhibit high representation in the SEBF zone.In the SEBF zone,both pollen diversity and richness are the lowest.Our study reveals the complex relationship between the richness and diversity of pollen and vegetation.The diversity and richness of tree and shrub pollen are found to be lower than those of the corresponding plants.The pollen-vegetation relationship elucidated in this study serves as a critical reference for reconstructing ancient environments from fossil pollen retrieved in this region.

High temperature treatment induced production of unreduced 2n pollen in Camellia oleifera

Unreduced gametes through chromosome doubling play a major role in the process of plant polyploidization.Our previous work confirmed that Camellia oleifera can produce natural 2n pollen,and it is possible to induce the 2n pollen formation by high temperature treatment.This study focused on the optimization of the 2n pollen induction technique and the mechanisms of high temperature-induced2n pollen formation in C.oleifera.We found that the optimal protocol for inducing 2n pollen via high temperature was to perform 45℃with4 h at the prophaseⅠstage of the pollen mother cells(PMCs).Meanwhile,high temperature significantly decreased the yield and fertility of2n pollen.Through the observation of meiosis,abnormal chromosome and cytological behaviour was discovered under high-temperature treatment,and we confirmed that the formation of 2n pollen is caused by abnormal cell plate.Based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis,fifteen hub genes related to cell cycle control were identified.After male flower buds were exposed to heat shock,polygalacturonase gene(CoPGX3)was significantly upregulated.We inferred that high temperature causes the CoPGX3 gene to be overexpressed and that CoPGX3 is redistributed into the cytosol where it degrades cytoplasmic pectin,which leads to an abnormal cell plate.Furthermore,abnormal cytokinesis resulted in the formation of dyads and triads,and PMCs divided to produce 2n pollen.Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of 2n pollen induced by high temperature in a woody plant and lay a foundation for further ploidy breeding of C.oleifera.

Effect of wall-disruption on nutrient composition and in vitro digestion of camellia and lotus bee pollens

The nutrient digestion,absorption and biological activity of bee pollen may be limited due to the complex pollen wall.Here,the effect of superfine grinding technology on the release of nutrients from bee pollen were investigated,and their antioxidant activities and in vitro digestion were explored in this study.Results showed that the content of nutrients in bee pollen increased after wall disruption.Among them,fat content increased by 22.55%-8.31%,protein content increased by 0.54%-4.91%,starch content increased by 36.31%-48.64%,soluble sugar content increased by 20.57%-29.67%,total phenolic acid content increased by 11.73%-86.98%and total flavonoids content increased by 14.29%-24.79%.At the same time,the antioxidant activity increased by 14.84%-46.00%.Furthermore,the active components such as phenolic compounds in the wall-disruption bee pollen were more readily to be released during the in vitro digestion,and easier to be absorbed because of their higher bioaccessibility.Antioxidant activities during in vitro digestion were also improved in walldisruption bee pollen.These findings provide evidence that bee pollen wall disruption was suggested,thus,it is more conducive to exerting the value of bee pollen in functional foods.

Allergen degradation of bee pollen by lactic acid bacteria fermentation and its alleviatory effects on allergic reactions in BALB/c mice

Food allergy as a global health problem threatens food industry.Bee pollen(BP)is a typical food with allergenic potentials,although it performs various nutritional/pharmacological functions to humans.In this study,lactic acid bacteria(LAB)were used to ferment Brassica napus BP for alleviating its allergenicity.Four novel allergens(glutaredoxin,oleosin-B2,catalase and lipase)were identified with significant decreases in LAB-fermented BP(FBP)than natural BP by proteomics.Meanwhile,metabolomics analysis showed significant increases of 28 characteristic oligopeptides and amino acids in FBP versus BP,indicating the degradation of LAB on allergens.Moreover,FBP showed alleviatory effects in BALB/c mice,which relieved pathological symptoms and lowered production of allergic mediators.Microbial high-throughput sequencing analysis showed that FBP could regulate gut microbiota and metabolism to strengthen immunity,which were closely correlated with the alleviation of allergic reactivity.These findings could contribute to the development and utilization of hypoallergenic BP products.

DIA-based proteome profiling with PRM verification reveals the involvement of ER-associated protein processing in pollen abortion in Ogura CMS cabbage

Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility(Ogura CMS)is extensively applied in hybrid seed production in cruciferous crops.However,the posttranscriptional molecular basis of Ogura CMS in cruciferous crops remains elusive.Here,a data-independent acquisition-based proteomic approach coupled with a parallel reaction monitoring-based targeted proteomic assay was used to analyze the proteome dynamics of Ogura CMS cabbage line RM and its maintainer line RF during floral bud development to obtain insights into the mechanism underlying Ogura CMS in cruciferous crops.A total of 9162 proteins corresponding to 61464 peptides were identified in RM and RF floral buds.The proteomic fluctuation of RM was weaker than that of RF.Differences in protein expression between RM and RF gradually enlarged with floral bud development.Fifteen continually up-regulated and eight continually down-regulated proteins were found in RM relative to RF throughout floral bud development.Differentially expressed proteins between RM and RF during floral bud development were implicated in the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)-associated protein processing pathway,in which most of them exhibited down-regulated expression in RM.These data suggest that ER-associated protein processing may be involved in pollen abortion in Ogura CMS cabbage by inhibiting the expression of critical factors.Our findings not only deepen the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of Ogura CMS in cruciferous crops but also provide better guidance for applying Ogura CMS in the hybrid breeding of cruciferous crops.

Identification and functional analysis of arabinogalactan protein expressed in pear pollen tubes

Arabinogalactan proteins(AGPs)are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and play a vital role during the process of plant sexual reproduction.In this study,we performed a comprehensive identification of the PbrAGPs expressed in pear pollen and further explored their influences on pollen tube growth.Among the 187 PbrAGPs that were found to be expressed in pear pollen tubes,38 PbrAGPs were specifically expressed in pollen according to the RNA-seq data.The PbrAGPs were divided into two groups of highly expressed and specifically expressed in pear pollen.We further tested their expression patterns using RT-PCR and RT-qPCR.Most of the PbrAGPs were expressed in multiple tissues and their expression levels were consistent with reads per kilobase per million map reads(RPKM)values during pollen tube growth,implying that PbrAGPs might be involved in the regulation of pear pollen tube growth.We also constructed phylogenetic trees to identify the functional genes in pear pollen tube growth.Therefore,19 PbrAGPs(PbrAGP1 to PbrAGP19)were selected to test their influences on pollen tube growth.Recombinant proteins of the 19 PbrAGP-His were purified and used to treat pear pollen,and 11 of the PbrAGP-His recombinant proteins could promote pear pollen tube growth.Additionally,pollen tube growth was inhibited when the expression levels of PbrAGP1 and PbrAGP5 were knocked down using an antisense oligonucleotide assay.PbrAGP1 and PbrAGP5 were localized in the plasma membrane and might not alter the distribution of pectin in the pollen tube.In summary,this study identified the PbrAGPs expressed in pear pollen and lays the foundation for further exploring their functions in pollen tube growth.

Modern pollen assemblages and their relationships with vegetation and climate on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China

The reconstruction of paleovegetation and paleoclimate requires an understanding of the relationships between surface pollen assemblages and modern vegetation and climate.Here,we analyzed the characteristics of surface pollen assemblages across different vegetation zones in the Tianshan Mountains.Using surface pollen analysis and vegetation sample surveys at 75 sites on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains,we determined the correlation between the percentage of dominant pollen types and the corresponding vegetation cover.Redundancy analysis was used to investigate the relationships between surface pollen assemblages and environmental factors.Our results show that the Tianshan Mountains contain several distinct ecological regions,which can be divided into five main vegetation zones from low to high altitudes:mountain desert zone(Hutubi County(HTB):500-1300 m;Qitai County(QT):1000-1600 m),mountain steppe zone(HTB:1400-1600 m;QT:1650-1800 m),mountain forest zone(HTB:1650-2525 m;QT:1850-2450 m),subalpine meadow zone(HTB:2550-2600 m;QT:2500-2600 m),and alpine mat vegetation zone(HTB:2625-2700 m;QT:2625-2750 m).The surface pollen assemblages of different vegetation zones can accurately reflect the characteristics of the mountainous vegetation patterns on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains when excluding the widespread occurrence of Chenopodiaceae,Artemisia,and Picea pollen.Both average annual precipitation(P_(ann))and annual average temperature(T_(ann))affect the distribution of surface pollen assemblages.Moreover,P_(ann) is the primary environmental factor affecting surface pollen assemblages in this region.A significant correlation exists between the pollen percentage and vegetation cover of Picea,Chenopodiaceae,Artemisia,and Asteraceae.Moreover,Picea,Chenopodiaceae,and Artemisia pollen are over-represented compared with their corresponding vegetation cover.The Asteraceae pollen percentage roughly reflects the distribution of a species within the local vegetation.These results have important implications for enhancing our understanding of the relationship between surface pollen assemblages and modern vegetation and climate.

First Report of a Successful Development of Yam Hybrids(Dioscorea alata L.)from Lyophilized and Long-Term Stored Pollens

Various biological constraints including erratic and asynchronous flowering between male and female plants hinder successful hybrid development and genetic gains in greater yam breeding programs.Therefore,pollen storage has gained much attention to facilitate artificial pollinations and increase the genetic gains.This 4-year study aimed at developing a practical long-term pollen storage technique for the successful development of yam hybrids.Fresh pollens were collected from two Dioscorea alata males,then lyophilized(two lyophilization treatments were applied),followed by storage at room temperature(24℃–25℃)for 12 months.Moreover,the lyophilized and stored pollens were tested for viability by crossing with four female varieties.Our results showed that lyophilization is effective for achieving viable pollens after 12 months of storage.Treatment 1(48 h drying)showed higher pollen germination and fertility rates than Treatment 2(72 h drying).Although we observed a reduction in viability of lyophilized pollens after 12 months of storage,we generated hybrid seedlings with success rates from 12%to 21%compared to 21%–31%when using fresh pollens.Paternity testing based on molecular genotyping confirmed the hybrid status of the obtained seedlings,which grew well in a greenhouse.Lyophilization is a practical approach for a long-term storage of greater yam pollen samples.This protocol will positively impact yam breeding programs particularly in developing countries.

Relationships between modern pollen and vegetation and climate on the eastern Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau ecosystem is fragile and sensitive to climate change. Understanding the relationships between modern pollen and the vegetation and climate of the region is critical for the evaluation of ecological processes.Here, we explore modern pollen assemblages of typical land-cover types at a large spatial scale by analyzing 36surface samples from the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, supplemented by typical desert, desert-steppe, and steppe meadow transition data selected from the Chinese Surface Pollen Database, giving a total of 75 samples. We used redundancy analysis(RDA) to explore the responses of vegetation in the assemblages to regional climate. Our results show that pollen assemblages generally reflect the vegetation composition: assemblages from alpine meadow samples are dominated by Cyperaceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae, and Polygonaceae;alpine shrublands mainly comprise Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Ericaceae, and Quercus(Q. spinosa);and coniferous forest surface samples mainly comprise Picea, Abies, Pinus, and Betulaceae. Our RDA shows that mean annual precipitation(MAP) is the main meteorological factor affecting the pollen assemblage and vegetation type;MAP positively correlates with percentages of Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, and Asteraceae, and negatively correlates with percentages of Chenopodiaceae, Ephedraceae, Nitraria, and Tamaricaceae. The ratio of Artemisia to Chenopodiaceae is a useful indicator to distinguish temperate desert from other land-cover types on the Tibetan Plateau, while the ratio of Cyperaceae + Asteraceae to Artemisia + Chenopodiaceae can be used to distinguish arid desert from other landcover types, and may provide a useful altitude index for the eastern Tibetan Plateau.

The morphological diversity of pollen in the genus Gossypium

Background Plant pollen has diverse morphological characteristics that can be consistently passed down from generation to generation.Information on pollen morphology is thus immensely important for plant classification and identification.In the genus Gossypium,however,in-depth research on pollen morphology is lacking,with only few reports on limited cotton species.To evaluate the diversity of pollen in Gossypium,we therefore conducted a comprehensive analysis of the pollen morphology of 33 cotton species and varieties using scanning electron microscopy.Results The 33 analyzed cotton samples exhibited common pollen morphological features,including spherical shapes,radial symmetry,echination,panporation,and operculation,while the pollen size,spine shape,spine density and length showed distinctive features.Pollen size varied significantly among species,with diameters ranging from62.43 μm in G.harknessii to 103.41 μm in G.barbadense.The exine had an echinate sculptural texture,and spines were mostly conical or sharply conical but occasionally rod-like.Spine density varied from 173 in G.incanum to 54 in G.gossypioides,while spine length ranged from 3.53 μm in G.herbaceum to 9.47 μm in G.barbadense.In addition,the 33cotton species and varieties were grouped at a genetic distance of 3.83 into three clusters.Cluster Ⅰ comprised five allotetraploid AD-genome cotton species,four D-genome species,and one K-genome species.Cluster Ⅱ included 13diploid species from A,B,D,E,and G genomes,whereas Cluster Ⅲ only consisted one E-genome species G.incanum.Conclusions Although pollen characteristics alone are not enough to resolve taxonomic and systematic relationships within the genus Gossypium,our results add to knowledge on palynomorphology and contribute to phenological information on these taxa.Our findings should aid future systematic and phylogenetic studies of the Gossypium genus.

Current Status of Research on Pollen Vitality and Stigma Receptivity of Wuren Walnut(Juglans sigillata)in Guizhou Province

Wuren walnut is a unique germplasm resource of Juglans sigillata in Guizhou Province,named after its purple and black seed coat.It is a typical medicinal and edible plant with high nutritional value and good taste compared with ordinary walnut.The color of its inner seed coat is different from that of ordinary walnut,which is mostly light yellow.Wuren walnut has great market potential for development.To lay a theoretical foundation for the future breeding of improved varieties,pollination tree configuration,and hybrid breeding of Wuren walnut in Guizhou Province,this paper summarized the current research status of pollen vitality and stigma acceptability of Guizhou Wuren walnut in recent years,and looked forward to future research and application.

Preliminary Study on in Vitro Germination of Yangmei Pollen

[Objectives]To explore the conditions for in vitro culture of Yangmei pollen.[Methods]Experiments were conducted on the germination characteristics of three types of Yangmei pollen using in vitro culture and germination method.[Results]The suitable medium ratio for the germination of Yangmei pollen was 10%sucrose+0.01%borax+1%agar;the cultivation temperature of 30℃was more suitable for the germination of Yangmei pollen than 25℃;through analysis of variance,among the three types of Yangmei pollen,pollen of male 1 had the strongest viability,and it was the better pollination type.[Conclusions]The research could provide certain basis for introduction and cultivation of Yangmei and improving hybrid breeding effect.

不同培养基组分对“台农一号”杧花粉萌发和花粉管生长特性的影响

为筛选“台农一号”杧花粉体外培养最适培养基和培养时间,探讨不同培养基组分和培养时间对其花粉体外萌发及花粉管生长的影响,以15%蔗糖+25%聚乙二醇-4000+0.015%硼酸+0.03%钙+0.02%镁+0.01%钾为基础培养基,分别设置1、2、3、4、5、6 h培养,不同蔗糖、硼酸、聚乙二醇-4000、钙、镁、钾浓度梯度单因素及蔗糖、硼酸、聚乙二醇-40003个因素正交试验,统计比较不同处理的花粉萌发率和花粉管生长长度。结果表明,培养时间,培养基中蔗糖、聚乙二醇-4000、硼酸对花粉萌发及花粉管生长均有显著影响,而钙、镁、钾影响不显著。培养2~3 h即可统计花粉萌发率及测量花粉管长度。随着培养基中蔗糖、聚乙二醇-4000、硼酸浓度增加,花粉萌发率及花粉管长度均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,适宜浓度的3个组分能够促进花粉萌发及花粉管生长,浓度过高则起抑制作用。3个因素之间存在明显的互作效应,蔗糖与聚乙二醇-4000的互作效应突出。说明培养基中蔗糖、聚乙二醇-4000、硼酸是花粉体外萌发的必需成分,钙、镁、钾为非必需成分。“台农一号”杧花粉体外萌发及花粉管生长的最适培养基为15%蔗糖+20%聚乙二醇-4000+0.015%硼酸+0.03%钙+0.02%镁+0.01%钾,适宜培养时间为3 h,此条件下花粉萌发率达到83.40%。

辽东湾北部JXC-1孔孢粉组合特征及其古环境意义

【目的】研究辽东湾北部JXC-1孔孢粉学特征,以更好地认识早更新世晚期以来辽东湾古环境演化。【方法】对JXC-1孔沉积地层选取159个样品进行孢粉鉴定,结合测年数据,对比有孔虫丰度和粒度变化等指标,开展孢粉组合及含量变化分析。【结果】划分出9个孢粉带,孢粉组合可以反映渤海陆缘区植被面貌,其中草本花粉在整个剖面占绝对优势,含量在60%以上,具有超代表性,而木本花粉代表性低。【结论】对比冰期、间冰期气候变化过程,研究区早更新世晚期以来孢粉组合变化特征指示气候呈冷干-温湿交替。中更新世末期以来辽东湾经历了3次高海平面过程,与孢粉组合指示的气候变化趋势一致,MIS7和MIS5时期,阔叶树种和蒿属比例较高,有孔虫丰度较高,气候偏暖,属沉积动力相对稳定的浅海或滨海环境;而MIS6和MIS4时期,孢粉浓度极低,气候偏冷,属沉积动力相对复杂的滨岸湖泊或沼泽等陆相环境。MIS3时期至全新世(MIS1)时期,气候由凉湿向温湿转变。全新世孢粉组合指示气温先升后降的变化趋势,与海平面变化响应明显。

不同品种草莓花器与花粉特征变异及SSR遗传多样性研究

草莓花器特征和花粉形态在品种之间存在一定的差异,这些差异对草莓品种的分类具有指导意义。为研究南方地区主栽的10个草莓品种花器、花粉及其与品种分类的关系,对其花部特征、花粉形态进行比较,并对13个花粉和花器性状进行相关性和主成分分析,同时进行了品种间简单重复序列(SSR)标记遗传多样性分析。花器特征显示,甜查理的花瓣长、花瓣宽和花萼宽的特征值显著高于其他9个品种,其次是宁玉和妙香7号,红颊、红玉和越心的花瓣长、花瓣宽、花冠径则明显低于其他品种。红颊、白雪公主、妙香7号和宁玉在极轴长、花粉大小、花粉形状、萌发沟长等花粉特性上高于其他品种。主成分分析结果显示,4个主成分累积贡献率为85.96%,其中花瓣长、花瓣宽和花萼宽的大小特征在第1主成分中具有较大载荷值。SSR分析结果显示,10个草莓栽培品种间的相似系数范围为0.47~0.85,在相似系数0.65处10个草莓品种分为两大类,红颊、章姬、红玉、粉玉1号、越心、白雪公主6个品种聚为一类,甜查理、越秀、妙香7号、宁玉4个品种聚为一类。结合草莓花器特征、花粉特性及其主成分分析与SSR标记聚类结果和系谱情况,花粉形态特性在草莓品种之间的差异不明显,花器特征的花瓣长、花瓣宽、花萼宽适用于品种分类,对指导育种亲本选择有参考意义。

松科2井早白垩世沙河子组孢粉组合及其古气候意义

为探讨黑龙江省安达市松科2井深层(3395.46~3901.35 m)地层的时代特征,分析地史时期的古植被及古气候条件演变,利用孢粉学方法对松科2井进行研究。结果显示,研究井段可划分为Leiotriletes sp.-Cyathidites australis-Chasmatosporites sp.孢粉组合(3832.94~3901.35 m)和Klukisporites triangulus-Aequitriradites sp.-Pristinuspollenites sp.孢粉组合(3395.46~3613.62 m),孢粉组合指示的地质时代为早白垩世欧特里夫期(Hauterivian)—巴列姆期(Barremian)早期,可作为松辽盆地沙河子组上部生物地层学对比的标志;此外,孢粉组合反映的植被类型演化规律是针叶林、灌草丛—常绿阔叶林—针叶林、灌木丛—针阔叶混交林,揭示研究区沙河子组后期气候带演替规律是暖温带—南亚热带—暖温带—温带,气候干湿变化规律为湿润—半湿润—湿润—半湿润。

福建琅岐岛表土孢粉与植硅体组合对农业活动的指示

孢粉和植硅体是重建古人类农业景观及环境变化的重要指标,明确它们在表土中的分布规律及其与现代植被组成之间的关系对于精确解释化石孢粉和植硅体数据具有重要的意义。本研究对福建琅岐岛3种土地利用类型的22个表土样品进行了孢粉与植硅体分析,基于地理信息系统和遥感技术,展示了不同类型孢粉百分比的空间分布及其与植被覆盖度间的数量对应关系。孢粉分析表明,以松属(Pinus)为代表的外来花粉普遍存在于表土样品中,这削弱了采样点周围植物的孢粉表现力,导致了果园和农田植被组成与表土孢粉组合间的巨大差异。与此同时,农业收割活动进一步降低了农田植物的花粉表现力。从遥感影像中提取的植被覆盖度数据仅与荒地上的木本植物花粉含量存在较强的相关性(R^(2)=0.7764),这显示茂密的草本植物降低了外来木本花粉的相对含量,证明了该植被类型具有良好的孢粉表现力。植硅体分析表明,表土样品含有丰富的竹亚科(Bambusoideae)、水稻(Oryza sativa)和杂草的植硅体。与孢粉指标相比,植硅体提供了更丰富的草本植物信息。

芦笋超雄株花粉母细胞减数分裂观察

减数分裂是有性生殖的关键过程。为了明确芦笋超雄株花粉母细胞减数分裂的具体情况及异常行为对配子生长发育的影响,采用改良苯酚品红压片法对58株芦笋超雄株的986个花粉母细胞减数分裂过程进行了系统观察。结果表明,(1)超雄株花粉母细胞减数分裂为胞质分裂同时型,染色体构型为10个二价体,四分体为十字交叉型。(2)中期Ⅰ小型棒状二价体的出现比例为96.55%,四价体为8.62%,染色体粘连为22.41%。(3)后期Ⅰ落后染色体的出现比例为12.07%,染色体桥为13.79%;分裂期出现微核的比例为6.59%。(4)在中期Ⅱ~末期Ⅱ中分裂不同步的出现比例为34.45%。超雄株花粉母细胞在整个减数分裂进程中,前期Ⅰ所需时间最长。减数分裂配对成10个二价体,在倍性水平上属于二倍体。减数分裂异常行为主要出现在中期Ⅰ和后期Ⅰ。对超雄株花粉母细胞减数分裂过程的观察,不仅能够丰富芦笋的细胞遗传学内容,还可以为芦笋发育生物学、杂交育种、基因定位等方面提供必要的细胞遗传学信息。