The experiments were conducted for three consecutive years across 14 locations using 9 non-waxy proso millet genotypes and 16 locations using 7 waxy proso millet genotypes in China. The objectives of this study were t...The experiments were conducted for three consecutive years across 14 locations using 9 non-waxy proso millet genotypes and 16 locations using 7 waxy proso millet genotypes in China. The objectives of this study were to analyze yield stability and adaptability of proso millets and to evaluate the discrimination and representativeness of locations by analysis of vari- ance （ANOVA） and genotype and genotype by environment interaction （GGE） biplot methods. Grain yields of proso millet genotypes were significantly influenced by environment （E）, genotype （G） and their interaction （GxE） （P〈0.1%）. GxE inter- action effect was six times higher than G effect in non-waxy group and seven times in waxy group. N04-339 in non-waxy and Neimi 6 （NM6） in waxy showed higher grain yields and stability compared with other genotypes. Also, Neimi 9 （NM9, a non-waxy cultivar） and 90322-2-33 （a waxy cultivar） showed higher adaptability in 7 and in 11 locations, respectively. For non-waxy, Dalat, Inner Mongolia （E2） and Wuzhai, Shanxi （E5） were the best sites among all the locations for maximizing the variance among candidate cultivars, and Yanchi, Ningxia （El0） had the best representativeness. Wuzhai, Shanxi （e9） and Yanchi, Ningxia （e14） were the best representative locations, and Baicheng, Jilin （e2） was better discriminating location than others for waxy genotypes. Based on our results, El0 and e14 have enhanced efficiency and accuracy for non-waxy genotypes and waxy genotypes selection, respectively in national regional test of proso millet varieties.展开更多
In this work, the yield stress evaluation as a function of water content for slip-prone clayey soils is studied in order to understand how yield stress decreases as water content increases, and their relation with the...In this work, the yield stress evaluation as a function of water content for slip-prone clayey soils is studied in order to understand how yield stress decreases as water content increases, and their relation with the chemical properties. The clayey soil samples were taken from the region of Teziutlán-Puebla-Mexico. Yield stress was calculated using the slump test in cylindrical geometry. Results show three zones. The first one shows an exponential decrement on yield stress due to lower water content in accord with clayey soils with high content of illita, followed by a second region where yield stress decreases dramatically at a certain critical water concentration, and the third one where yield stress dependence is not well-defined since the clayey soil flow is seen. Finally, it is discussed how yield stress variation due to the water increment influences the landslide risk increment.展开更多
(Co) variance components and genetic parameters were estimated for milk yield of Iranian Holstein cows. A total number of 68,945 milk test-day records of first, second and third lactations of 8515 animals from 100 sir...(Co) variance components and genetic parameters were estimated for milk yield of Iranian Holstein cows. A total number of 68,945 milk test-day records of first, second and third lactations of 8515 animals from 100 sires and 7743 dams originated from 34 herds collected during 2007 to 2009 by Iranian animal breeding center were used. The ASReml computer program was used to analyze the milk test-day records using the random regression procedure. Herd test date (HTD), milking times per day (milking frequency), number of lactations, year of birth, year of calving, age of animal at calving and days in milk (DIM) considered as fixed effects and additive genetic effects and animal permanent environmental effects were considered as the random effects. Additive genetic variance, animal permanent environment variance, residual variance, phenotypic variance, heritability and repeatability were estimated during different months of lactation between 5.7 - 19.6, 15.3 - 27.1, 31.4 - 17.2, 45.8 - 64.83, 0.1 - 0.32 and 0.4 - 0.6, respectively. Genetic correlation and phenotypic correlation were also estimated between months of lactation in range of -0.35 - 0.98 and 0.03 - 0.67, respectively. Genetic correlation and phenotypic correlation both showed the same changing pattern and they decreased as the interval between months of lactation increased.展开更多
Although agriculture is not the only contributor of excess nutrients to US waters, agriculture is an important contributor and should do its part to reduce nutrient loading. One important step in reducing agricultural...Although agriculture is not the only contributor of excess nutrients to US waters, agriculture is an important contributor and should do its part to reduce nutrient loading. One important step in reducing agricultural contribution is to accurately account for all sources of plant available nutrients so that only needed nutrients are applied. In this study, three fertilizer rate treatments were evaluated: no fertilizer (control), traditional rate, and reduced rate based on a recently-developed enhanced soil test methodology. For each of nine sites in Texas, fertilizer data (formulation, rate, cost, and application date) and crop data (yield, price, and harvest date) were recorded, and economic throughput (profit) was determined. In this four year study, fertilizer rates were reduced 30%-50% (and fertilizer costs reduced 23%-39%) based on enhanced soil test methodology recommendations for wheat, corn, oats, and grain sorghum, but yields were not significantly reduced (0%-6%) and oat yields actually increased 5%. Profit decreased -18% for wheat, oats, and grain sorghum with reduced fertilizer rates. Although these changes were not statistically significant, they do represent benefit through increased profit potential and decreased input cost and production risk. In only 6% of the time was the traditional fertilizer rate the most profitable, compared to 51% for the unfertilized treatment and 43% for the enhanced soil test treatment. These results do not indicate that fertilizer application should be avoided but that fertilizer rates should be carefully chosen considering all sources of plant available nutrients (e.g., mineralization, irrigation water, nutrients deeper in the soil profile) to ensure that fertilizer is applied at the optimal rate.展开更多
Drought and water shortage are the biggest limiting factors of dry farming,and variety plays an important role in an increase in the yield of dryland maize.Screening high-yield maize varieties is helpful to the contin...Drought and water shortage are the biggest limiting factors of dry farming,and variety plays an important role in an increase in the yield of dryland maize.Screening high-yield maize varieties is helpful to the continuous increase and stable yield of dryland grain.In this experiment,the growth period,characters and yield of 12 maize varieties were analyzed.The results show that the yield of Ganyu series was low,while the yield of Lianda 169 was the highest(8 080.93 kg/ha),which was 31.40% higher than Jinsui 4.The yield of Dunyu 16 was6 621.06 kg/ha,7.64% higher than Jinsui 4.The two varieties had good comprehensive characters,so they could be popularized and planted in dry farming areas of Lanzhou City.展开更多
A method to quantify crazing deformations by tensile tests for polystyrene （PS） and polyolefin elastomer （POE） blends was investigated. The toughness of PS/POE blends, reflected by the Charpy impact strength, incr...A method to quantify crazing deformations by tensile tests for polystyrene （PS） and polyolefin elastomer （POE） blends was investigated. The toughness of PS/POE blends, reflected by the Charpy impact strength, increased with the content of POE. SEM micrographs showed the poor compatibility between PS and POE. In simple tensile tests, it is very easy to achieve the ratio of crazing deformation, i.e. K by measuring the size changes of samples. The K values decreased with increasing the content of POE, and the deformations of PS/POE blends were dominated by crazing. The plots of the change of volume （△V） against longitudinal variation （△I） showed a linear relationship, and the slope of lines decreased with the content of POE. Measuring samples at the tensile velocities of 5 mm/min, 50 mm/min, and 500 mm/min respectively, the K values kept unchanged for each PS/POE blends.展开更多
The soil potassium (K) test methodology is under increased evaluation due to the soil sample drying effect, temporal variations of test results and inconsistent crop response to applied K fertilizers. Ten on-farm tria...The soil potassium (K) test methodology is under increased evaluation due to the soil sample drying effect, temporal variations of test results and inconsistent crop response to applied K fertilizers. Ten on-farm trials were conducted in 2014 in eastern North Dakota to determine the corn response to different K-fertilizer rates and to assess the variation of soil K test levels between air-dried (KDry) and field moist (KMoist) soil samples during the corn growing season. Significant differences were observed between KDry and KMoist soil K test results. The ratio of KDry/KMoist showed high correlation with cation exchange capacity (r = 0.63, p < 0.10), Organic matter (r = 0.61, p < 0.10) and (Ca + Mg)/K ratio (r = 0.64, p < 0.10) from the 1 M ammonium acetate extractant, while pH, electrical conductivity, clay (%), and soil moisture showed non-significant correlation. On average, KDry resulted in higher soil K test levels than KMoist and pattern of deviation was different for surface and sub-surface soil samples. Soil K analysis of samples collected during the fall and spring showed large enough variations to affect the soil test interpretation category which was used to make fertilizer recommendations. Corn yield increased significantly with applied K fertilizer at only three out of 8 sites with beginning K levels below the current critical level of 150 ppm, and one response was at a site with K level above the critical level. Therefore, use of either the KDry or KMoist method alone may not be adequate to predict K response in some North Dakota soils.展开更多
To carry out biaxial tensile test in sheet metal, the biaxial tensile testing system was established. True stress—true strain curves of three kinds of aluminum alloy sheets for loading ratios of 4:1, 4:2, 4:3, 4:4, 3...To carry out biaxial tensile test in sheet metal, the biaxial tensile testing system was established. True stress—true strain curves of three kinds of aluminum alloy sheets for loading ratios of 4:1, 4:2, 4:3, 4:4, 3:4, 2:4 and 1:4 were obtained by conducting biaxial tensile test in the established testing systems. It shows that the loading path has a significant influence on the stress—strain curves and as the loading ratio increases from 4:1 to 4:4, the stress—strain curve becomes higher and n-value becomes larger. Experimental yield points for three aluminum alloy sheets from 0.2% to 2% plastic strain were determined based on the equivalent plastic work. And the geometry of the experimental yield loci were compared with the yield loci calculated from several existing yield criteria. The analytical result shows that the Barlat89 and Hosford yield criterion describe the general trends of the experimental yield loci of aluminum alloy sheets well, whereas the Mises yield criterion overestimates the yield stress in all the contours.展开更多
基金funded by the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2014BAD07B03)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31371529)+2 种基金the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province, China (LBH-Z14177)the project of Education Department in Heilongjiang Province, China (12541599)the China Agricultural Research System (CARS07-13.5-A9)
文摘The experiments were conducted for three consecutive years across 14 locations using 9 non-waxy proso millet genotypes and 16 locations using 7 waxy proso millet genotypes in China. The objectives of this study were to analyze yield stability and adaptability of proso millets and to evaluate the discrimination and representativeness of locations by analysis of vari- ance （ANOVA） and genotype and genotype by environment interaction （GGE） biplot methods. Grain yields of proso millet genotypes were significantly influenced by environment （E）, genotype （G） and their interaction （GxE） （P〈0.1%）. GxE inter- action effect was six times higher than G effect in non-waxy group and seven times in waxy group. N04-339 in non-waxy and Neimi 6 （NM6） in waxy showed higher grain yields and stability compared with other genotypes. Also, Neimi 9 （NM9, a non-waxy cultivar） and 90322-2-33 （a waxy cultivar） showed higher adaptability in 7 and in 11 locations, respectively. For non-waxy, Dalat, Inner Mongolia （E2） and Wuzhai, Shanxi （E5） were the best sites among all the locations for maximizing the variance among candidate cultivars, and Yanchi, Ningxia （El0） had the best representativeness. Wuzhai, Shanxi （e9） and Yanchi, Ningxia （e14） were the best representative locations, and Baicheng, Jilin （e2） was better discriminating location than others for waxy genotypes. Based on our results, El0 and e14 have enhanced efficiency and accuracy for non-waxy genotypes and waxy genotypes selection, respectively in national regional test of proso millet varieties.
文摘In this work, the yield stress evaluation as a function of water content for slip-prone clayey soils is studied in order to understand how yield stress decreases as water content increases, and their relation with the chemical properties. The clayey soil samples were taken from the region of Teziutlán-Puebla-Mexico. Yield stress was calculated using the slump test in cylindrical geometry. Results show three zones. The first one shows an exponential decrement on yield stress due to lower water content in accord with clayey soils with high content of illita, followed by a second region where yield stress decreases dramatically at a certain critical water concentration, and the third one where yield stress dependence is not well-defined since the clayey soil flow is seen. Finally, it is discussed how yield stress variation due to the water increment influences the landslide risk increment.
文摘(Co) variance components and genetic parameters were estimated for milk yield of Iranian Holstein cows. A total number of 68,945 milk test-day records of first, second and third lactations of 8515 animals from 100 sires and 7743 dams originated from 34 herds collected during 2007 to 2009 by Iranian animal breeding center were used. The ASReml computer program was used to analyze the milk test-day records using the random regression procedure. Herd test date (HTD), milking times per day (milking frequency), number of lactations, year of birth, year of calving, age of animal at calving and days in milk (DIM) considered as fixed effects and additive genetic effects and animal permanent environmental effects were considered as the random effects. Additive genetic variance, animal permanent environment variance, residual variance, phenotypic variance, heritability and repeatability were estimated during different months of lactation between 5.7 - 19.6, 15.3 - 27.1, 31.4 - 17.2, 45.8 - 64.83, 0.1 - 0.32 and 0.4 - 0.6, respectively. Genetic correlation and phenotypic correlation were also estimated between months of lactation in range of -0.35 - 0.98 and 0.03 - 0.67, respectively. Genetic correlation and phenotypic correlation both showed the same changing pattern and they decreased as the interval between months of lactation increased.
文摘Although agriculture is not the only contributor of excess nutrients to US waters, agriculture is an important contributor and should do its part to reduce nutrient loading. One important step in reducing agricultural contribution is to accurately account for all sources of plant available nutrients so that only needed nutrients are applied. In this study, three fertilizer rate treatments were evaluated: no fertilizer (control), traditional rate, and reduced rate based on a recently-developed enhanced soil test methodology. For each of nine sites in Texas, fertilizer data (formulation, rate, cost, and application date) and crop data (yield, price, and harvest date) were recorded, and economic throughput (profit) was determined. In this four year study, fertilizer rates were reduced 30%-50% (and fertilizer costs reduced 23%-39%) based on enhanced soil test methodology recommendations for wheat, corn, oats, and grain sorghum, but yields were not significantly reduced (0%-6%) and oat yields actually increased 5%. Profit decreased -18% for wheat, oats, and grain sorghum with reduced fertilizer rates. Although these changes were not statistically significant, they do represent benefit through increased profit potential and decreased input cost and production risk. In only 6% of the time was the traditional fertilizer rate the most profitable, compared to 51% for the unfertilized treatment and 43% for the enhanced soil test treatment. These results do not indicate that fertilizer application should be avoided but that fertilizer rates should be carefully chosen considering all sources of plant available nutrients (e.g., mineralization, irrigation water, nutrients deeper in the soil profile) to ensure that fertilizer is applied at the optimal rate.
基金Supported by Planning Project of Lanzhou Science and Technology Bureau(2015-3-60)
文摘Drought and water shortage are the biggest limiting factors of dry farming,and variety plays an important role in an increase in the yield of dryland maize.Screening high-yield maize varieties is helpful to the continuous increase and stable yield of dryland grain.In this experiment,the growth period,characters and yield of 12 maize varieties were analyzed.The results show that the yield of Ganyu series was low,while the yield of Lianda 169 was the highest(8 080.93 kg/ha),which was 31.40% higher than Jinsui 4.The yield of Dunyu 16 was6 621.06 kg/ha,7.64% higher than Jinsui 4.The two varieties had good comprehensive characters,so they could be popularized and planted in dry farming areas of Lanzhou City.
文摘A method to quantify crazing deformations by tensile tests for polystyrene （PS） and polyolefin elastomer （POE） blends was investigated. The toughness of PS/POE blends, reflected by the Charpy impact strength, increased with the content of POE. SEM micrographs showed the poor compatibility between PS and POE. In simple tensile tests, it is very easy to achieve the ratio of crazing deformation, i.e. K by measuring the size changes of samples. The K values decreased with increasing the content of POE, and the deformations of PS/POE blends were dominated by crazing. The plots of the change of volume （△V） against longitudinal variation （△I） showed a linear relationship, and the slope of lines decreased with the content of POE. Measuring samples at the tensile velocities of 5 mm/min, 50 mm/min, and 500 mm/min respectively, the K values kept unchanged for each PS/POE blends.
文摘The soil potassium (K) test methodology is under increased evaluation due to the soil sample drying effect, temporal variations of test results and inconsistent crop response to applied K fertilizers. Ten on-farm trials were conducted in 2014 in eastern North Dakota to determine the corn response to different K-fertilizer rates and to assess the variation of soil K test levels between air-dried (KDry) and field moist (KMoist) soil samples during the corn growing season. Significant differences were observed between KDry and KMoist soil K test results. The ratio of KDry/KMoist showed high correlation with cation exchange capacity (r = 0.63, p < 0.10), Organic matter (r = 0.61, p < 0.10) and (Ca + Mg)/K ratio (r = 0.64, p < 0.10) from the 1 M ammonium acetate extractant, while pH, electrical conductivity, clay (%), and soil moisture showed non-significant correlation. On average, KDry resulted in higher soil K test levels than KMoist and pattern of deviation was different for surface and sub-surface soil samples. Soil K analysis of samples collected during the fall and spring showed large enough variations to affect the soil test interpretation category which was used to make fertilizer recommendations. Corn yield increased significantly with applied K fertilizer at only three out of 8 sites with beginning K levels below the current critical level of 150 ppm, and one response was at a site with K level above the critical level. Therefore, use of either the KDry or KMoist method alone may not be adequate to predict K response in some North Dakota soils.
基金Project (50475004) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (05-2) supported by the Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Plastic Forming Simulation and Die & Mould Technology of HUSTProject (2004036197) supported by the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China
文摘To carry out biaxial tensile test in sheet metal, the biaxial tensile testing system was established. True stress—true strain curves of three kinds of aluminum alloy sheets for loading ratios of 4:1, 4:2, 4:3, 4:4, 3:4, 2:4 and 1:4 were obtained by conducting biaxial tensile test in the established testing systems. It shows that the loading path has a significant influence on the stress—strain curves and as the loading ratio increases from 4:1 to 4:4, the stress—strain curve becomes higher and n-value becomes larger. Experimental yield points for three aluminum alloy sheets from 0.2% to 2% plastic strain were determined based on the equivalent plastic work. And the geometry of the experimental yield loci were compared with the yield loci calculated from several existing yield criteria. The analytical result shows that the Barlat89 and Hosford yield criterion describe the general trends of the experimental yield loci of aluminum alloy sheets well, whereas the Mises yield criterion overestimates the yield stress in all the contours.
