Nonlinear vibration of Timoshenko FG porous sandwich beams subjected to a harmonic axial load

In this study,the instability and bifurcation diagrams of a functionally graded(FG)porous sandwich beam on an elastic,viscous foundation which is influenced by an axial load,are investigated with an analytical attitude.To do so,the Timoshenko beam theory is utilized to take the shear deformations into account,and the nonlinear Von-Karman approach is adopted to acquire the equations of motion.Then,to turn the partial differential equations(PDEs)into ordinary differential equations(ODEs)in the case of equations of motion,the method of Galerkin is employed,followed by the multiple time scale method to solve the resulting equations.The impact of parameters affecting the response of the beam,including the porosity distribution,porosity coefficient,temperature increments,slenderness,thickness,and damping ratios,are explicitly discussed.It is found that the parameters mentioned above affect the bifurcation points and instability of the sandwich porous beams,some of which,including the effect of temperature and porosity distribution,are less noticeable.

Dynamic Characteristics of Functionally Graded Timoshenko Beams by Improved Differential Quadrature Method

This study proposes an effective method to enhance the accuracy of the Differential Quadrature Method(DQM)for calculating the dynamic characteristics of functionally graded beams by improving the form of discrete node distribution.Firstly,based on the first-order shear deformation theory,the governing equation of free vibration of a functionally graded beam is transformed into the eigenvalue problem of ordinary differential equations with respect to beam axial displacement,transverse displacement,and cross-sectional rotation angle by considering the effects of shear deformation and rotational inertia of the beam cross-section.Then,ignoring the shear deformation of the beam section and only considering the effect of the rotational inertia of the section,the governing equation of the beam is transformed into the eigenvalue problem of ordinary differential equations with respect to beam transverse displacement.Based on the differential quadrature method theory,the eigenvalue problem of ordinary differential equations is transformed into the eigenvalue problem of standard generalized algebraic equations.Finally,the first several natural frequencies of the beam can be calculated.The feasibility and accuracy of the improved DQM are verified using the finite element method(FEM)and combined with the results of relevant literature.

Nonlinear dynamic modeling of planar moving Timoshenko beam considering non-rigid non-elastic axial effects

Due to the importance of vibration effects on the functional accuracy of mechanical systems,this research aims to develop a precise model of a nonlinearly vibrating single-link mobile flexible manipulator.The manipulator consists of an elastic arm,a rotary motor,and a rigid carrier,and undergoes general in-plane rigid body motion along with elastic transverse deformation.To accurately model the elastic behavior,Timoshenko’s beam theory is used to describe the flexible arm,which accounts for rotary inertia and shear deformation effects.By applying Newton’s second law,the nonlinear governing equations of motion for the manipulator are derived as a coupled system of ordinary differential equations(ODEs)and partial differential equations(PDEs).Then,the assumed mode method(AMM)is used to solve this nonlinear system of governing equations with appropriate shape functions.The assumed modes can be obtained after solving the characteristic equation of a Timoshenko beam with clamped boundary conditions at one end and an attached mass/inertia at the other.In addition,the effect of the transverse vibration of the inextensible arm on its axial behavior is investigated.Despite the axial rigidity,the effect makes the rigid body dynamics invalid for the axial behavior of the arm.Finally,numerical simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the developed model,and the results are compared with those obtained by the finite element approach.The comparison confirms the validity of the proposed dynamic model for the system.According to the mentioned features,this model can be reliable for investigating the system’s vibrational behavior and implementing vibration control algorithms.

基于分层法的石墨烯增强功能梯度Timoshenko梁动力特性有限元分析

基于分层法对石墨烯增强功能梯度Timoshenko梁的动力特性问题进行有限元分析。在有限元建模过程中,首先将Timoshenko梁沿厚度方向分成若干层,然后利用改进的Halpin-Tsai细观力学模型计算各层的弹性模量,相应的泊松比和密度则根据混合率法则进行计算,最后对各层均采用4节点四边形板单元离散。通过数值算例分析分层数和单元尺寸比例的合理性,探究石墨烯片的分布形式、质量含量、几何形状和尺寸等因素对Timoshenko梁动力特性的影响。结果表明,添加少量的石墨烯能显著提高Timoshenko梁自由振动的频率,尤其在梁的上下部位分布较多正方形石墨烯片时效果最佳。随着石墨烯片长厚比的增加,Timoshenko梁的自由振动基频不断增大。当石墨烯片长厚比超过1 000之后,梁的基频变化不明显。

基于Timoshenko梁模型的变截面体心立方梯度点阵结构力学特性研究

针对由变截面杆构成的体心立方(Body-Centered Cubic, BCC)梯度点阵结构,推导了BCC线性变截面弯折杆弯矩的分布表达式,应用于Timoshenko梁理论,得到了梯度点阵结构的力学特性参数化理论预测模型;采用六面体实体单元建立了BCC变截面单胞单元和梯度点阵结构的有限元模型,完成了仿真分析,验证了理论预测模型的有效性.对于梯度点阵结构则采用3D打印技术并选择316L金属粉末制备试样,开展了准静态压缩力学试验,同时也完成了同样工况下的有限元仿真分析,验证了Timoshenko梁模型对于长径比10以下梯度点阵结构力学特性研究的适用性,最后通过理论模型讨论了不同长径比、单胞尺寸、单胞数量和梯度方向等各种梯度点阵结构力学特性的变化规律.研究结果表明:对于线性变截面弯折杆,文中所推导的弯矩分布更加精确,能有效降低理论解的误差;采用本文中的理论预测模型,若长径比在3.5~8.7区间内,BCC变截面单胞单元及梯度点阵结构的等效弹性模量解的误差在3%以内.

任意边界条件下Timoshenko梁及其修正理论的自振特性分析

提出一种求解任意边界条件下经典Timoshenko梁以及修正Timoshenko梁自振频率和振型的新方法。利用改进的傅立叶级数消除传统傅立叶级数的边界不收敛问题,然后通过Rayleigh-Ritz法导出Timoshenko梁的拉格朗日泛函,根据Hamilton原理将原问题转化为求解矩阵广义特征值问题。通过与解析解对比,本文采用的方法具有较好的收敛性以及较高的计算精度;通过数值计算发现,经典Timoshenko梁的自振频率略高于修正的Timoshenko梁,随着振型阶数的提高,经典Timoshenko梁的计算结果逐渐偏离文献解和有限元结果,而修正的Timoshenko梁能够保持较好的一致性;对于不同边界条件下修正Timoshenko梁的计算结果均能与有限元的计算结果吻合得很好。最后运用MATLAB编程软件将程序设计为App,对于不同情形的梁只需要修改参数即可,可为实际工程提供高效便捷的计算方案和可靠理论依据。

一端固定带阻尼项的Timoshenko梁的精确能控性

考虑由两个偏微分方程和两个常微分方程控制的一维系统.系统一端固定在刚性天线上,另一端是完全自由的.由于刚性天线连接在系统的一侧,其动力学导致了非标准的边界条件,整个系统成为一个弹性混合系统.利用半群方法研究了系统解的存在唯一性.通过只对系统的一侧施加控制,建立了精确能控性理论.使用希尔伯特唯一性方法,证明了系统在通常能量空间中任意短时间内是精确可控的.

黏弹性Pasternak地基上两跨连续Timoshenko梁横向自振特性分析

以黏弹性Pasternak地基上的Timoshenko梁为研究对象,研究其在两端简支、两端固支、简支-固支边界条件下的单跨地基梁及两跨连续地基梁(等跨和不等跨两种工况)的自振频率、衰减系数和模态。基于回传射线矩阵法,根据各种约束条件下的节点耦合条件,推导横向振动频率方程,通过观察两跨连续地基梁与单跨地基梁的频率方程,并通过具体算例,研究两跨连续地基梁与单跨地基梁自振频率之间的联系与区别,进一步给出前三阶模态。结果表明:两等跨连续地基梁自振频率方程可分为两个部分,且这两部分分别与两端简支和简支-固支边界条件下单跨地基梁的频率方程形式类同;其奇数阶自振频率与两端简支边界条件下单跨地基梁的偶数阶自振频率相等,而其偶数阶自振频率则与两端固支边界条件下单跨地基梁的偶数阶自振频率相同;不等跨的两跨连续Timoshenko地基梁的模态函数曲线幅值随阶数的增加降低最快。

Timoshenko梁单元的有限元屈曲分析程序解

为提高欧拉梁理论在梁类结构屈曲失稳载荷求解的适用性,提出了一种基于Timoshenko梁单元的数值求解方法。首先根据最小势能原理推导出了梁单元的弹性刚度矩阵与几何刚度矩阵,建立了有限元屈曲失稳求解方程,并采用Matlab软件对其进行数值求解程序的开发。通过将数值解与欧拉公式解进行对比分析验证表明,当梁柔度系数较大时,两者之间较小的相对误差验证了本文有限元程序解的精确性;当梁柔度系数较小时,两者之间相对误差较大。同时,从梁单元有限元理论角度,给出了两者相对误差产生的理论原因。最后,以欧拉公式解相对程序解的误差小于5%为基准,给出了不同边界条件下对应柔度系数的推荐值。

Bending of Timoshenko beam with effect of crack gap based on equivalent spring model

Considering the effect of crack gap, the bending deformation of the Timoshenko beam with switching cracks is studied. To represent a crack with gap as a nonlinear unidirectional rotational spring, the equivalent flexural rigidity of the cracked beam is derived with the generalized Dirac delta function. A closed-form general solution is obtained for bending of a Timoshenko beam with an arbitrary number of switching cracks. Three examples of bending of the Timoshenko beam are presented. The influence of the beam＇s slenderness ratio, the crack＇s depth, and the external load on the crack state and bending performances of the cracked beam is analyzed. It is revealed that a cusp exists on the deflection curve, and a jump on the rotation angle curve occurs at a crack location. The relation between the beam＇s deflection and load is bilinear, each part corresponding to an open or closed state of crack, respectively. When the crack is open, flexibility of the cracked beam decreases with the increase of the beam＇s slenderness ratio and the decrease of the crack depth. The results are useful in identifying non-destructive cracks on a beam.

Nonlinear dynamics of axially moving viscoelastic Timoshenko beam under parametric and external excitations

This investigation focuses on the nonlinear dynamic behaviors in the trans- verse vibration of an axiMly accelerating viscoelastic Timoshenko beam with the external harmonic excitation. The parametric excitation is caused by the harmonic fluctuations of the axial moving speed. An integro-partial-differential equation governing the transverse vibration of the Timoshenko beam is established. Many factors are considered, such as viscoelasticity, the finite axial support rigidity, and the longitudinally varying tension due to the axial acceleration. With the Galerkin truncation method, a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations are derived by discretizing the governing equation. Based on the numerical solutions, the bifurcation diagrams are presented to study the effect of the external transverse excitation. Moreover, the frequencies of the two excitations are assumed to be multiple. Further, five different tools, including the time history, the Poincaré map, and the sensitivity to initial conditions, are used to identify the motion form of the nonlinear vibration. Numerical results also show the characteristics of the quasiperiodic motion of the translating Timoshenko beam under an incommensurable re- lationship between the dual-frequency excitations.

Dynamic response to a moving load of a Timoshenko beam resting on a nonlinear viscoelastic foundation

The present paper investigates the dynamic response of finite Timoshenko beams resting on a sixparameter foundation subjected to a moving load. It is for the first time that the Galerkin method and its convergence are studied for the response of a Timoshenko beam supported by a nonlinear foundation. The nonlinear Pasternak foundation is assumed to be cubic. Therefore, the effects of the shear deformable beams and the shear deformation of foundations are considered at the same time. The Galerkin method is utilized for discretizing the nonlinear partial dif- ferential governing equations of the forced vibration. The dynamic responses of Timoshenko beams are determined via the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Moreover, the effects of different truncation terms on the dynamic responses of a Timoshenko beam resting on a complex foundation are discussed. The numerical investigations shows that the dynamic response of Timoshenko beams supported by elastic foundations needs super high-order modes. Furthermore, the system parameters are compared to determine the dependence of the convergences of the Galerkin method.

ELASTIC IMPACT ON FINITE TIMOSHENKO BEAM

In this paper the analytical solutions of the impact of a particle on Timoshenko beams with four kinds of different boundary conditions are obtained according to Navier's idea, which is further developed. The initial values of the impact forces are exactly determined by the momentum conservation law. The propagation of the longitudinal and transverse waves along the beam, especially, the effects of boundary conditions on the characteristics of the reflected waves, are investigated in detail. Some results are compared with those by MSC/NASTRAN.

Dynamic analysis of a rotating tapered cantilever Timoshenko beam based on the power series method

The mathematical modeling of a rotating tapered Timoshenko beam with preset and pre-twist angles is constructed. The partial differential equations governing the six degrees, i.e., three displacements in the axial, flapwise, and edgewise directions and three cross-sectional angles of torsion, flapwise bending, and edgewise bending, are obtained by the Euler angle descriptions. The power series method is then used to inves- tigate the natural frequencies and the corresponding complex mode functions. It is found that all the natural frequencies are increased by the centrifugal stiffening except the twist frequency, which is slightly decreased. The tapering ratio increases the first transverse, torsional, and axial frequencies, while decreases the second transverse frequency. Because of the pre-twist, all the directions are gyroscopically coupled with the phase differences among the six degrees.

Isogeometric analysis of free-form Timoshenko curved beams including the nonlinear effects of large deformations

In the present paper, the isogeometric analysis（IGA） of free-form planar curved beams is formulated based on the nonlinear Timoshenko beam theory to investigate the large deformation of beams with variable curvature. Based on the isoparametric concept, the shape functions of the field variables（displacement and rotation） in a finite element analysis are considered to be the same as the non-uniform rational basis spline（NURBS） basis functions defining the geometry. The validity of the presented formulation is tested in five case studies covering a wide range of engineering curved structures including from straight and constant curvature to variable curvature beams. The nonlinear deformation results obtained by the presented method are compared to well-established benchmark examples and also compared to the results of linear and nonlinear finite element analyses. As the nonlinear load-deflection behavior of Timoshenko beams is the main topic of this article, the results strongly show the applicability of the IGA method to the large deformation analysis of free-form curved beams. Finally, it is interesting to notice that, until very recently, the large deformations analysis of free-form Timoshenko curved beams has not been considered in IGA by researchers.

Explicit frequency equations of free vibration of a nonlocal Timoshenko beam with surface effects

Considerations of nonlocal elasticity and surface effects in micro-and nanoscale beams are both important for the accurate prediction of natural frequency. In this study, the governing equation of a nonlocal Timoshenko beam with surface effects is established by taking into account three types of boundary conditions： hinged–hinged, clamped–clamped and clamped–hinged ends. For a hinged–hinged beam, an exact and explicit natural frequency equation is obtained. However, for clamped–clamped and clamped–hinged beams, the solutions of corresponding frequency equations must be determined numerically due to their transcendental nature. Hence, the Fredholm integral equation approach coupled with a curve fitting method is employed to derive the approximate fundamental frequency equations, which can predict the frequency values with high accuracy. In short,explicit frequency equations of the Timoshenko beam for three types of boundary conditions are proposed to exhibit directly the dependence of the natural frequency on the nonlocal elasticity, surface elasticity, residual surface stress, shear deformation and rotatory inertia, avoiding the complicated numerical computation.

Transverse free vibration analysis of a tapered Timoshenko beam on visco-Pasternak foundations using the interpolating matrix method

The characteristics of transverse free vibration of a tapered Timoshenko beam under an axially conservative compression resting on visco-Pasternak foundations are investigated by the interpolating matrix method. The research is executed in view of a three-parameter foundation which includes the eff ects of the Winkler coeffi cient, Pasternak coeffi cient and damping coeffi cient of the elastic medium. The governing equations of free vibration of a non-prismatic Timoshenko beam under an axially conservative force resting on visco-Pasternak foundations are transformed into ordinary diff erential equations with variable coeffi cients in light of the bending rotation angle and transverse displacement. All the natural frequencies orders together with the corresponding mode shapes of the beam are calculated at the same time, and a good convergence and accuracy of the proposed method is verifi ed through two numerical examples. The infl uences of foundation mechanical characteristics together with rotary inertia and shear deformation on natural frequencies of the beam with diff erent taper ratios are analyzed. A comprehensive parametric numerical study is carried out emphasizing the primary parameters that describe the dynamic property of the beam.

A fiber-section model based Timoshenko beam element using shear-bending interdependent shape function

A fiber-section model based Timoshenko beam element is proposed in this study that is founded on the nonlinear analysis of frame elements considering axial, flexural, and shear deformations. This model is achieved using a shear-bending interdependent formulation （SBIF）. The shape function of the element is derived from the exact solution of the homogeneous form of the equilibrium equation for the Timoshenko deformation hypothesis.The proposed element is free from shear-locking. The sectional fiber model is constituted with a multi-axial plasticity material model, which is used to simulate the coupled shear-axial nonlinear behavior of each fiber. By imposing deformation compatibility conditions among the fibers, the sectional and elemental resisting forces are calculated. Since the SBIF shape functions are interactive with the shear-corrector factor for different shapes of sections, an iterative procedure is introduced in the nonlinear state determination of the proposed Timoshenko element. In addition, the proposed model tackles the geometric nonlinear problem by adopting a corotational coordinate transformation approach. The derivation procedure of the corotational algorithm of the SBIF Timoshenko element for nonlinear geometrical analysis is presented. Numerical examples confirm that the SBIF Timoshenko element with a fiber-section model has the same accuracy and robustness as the flexibility-based formulation. Finally, the SBIF Timoshenko element is extended and demonstratedin a three-dimensional numerical example.

Surface and thermal effects on vibration of embedded alumina nanobeams based on novel Timoshenko beam model

This paper deals with the free vibration analysis of circular alumina （Al2O3） nanobeams in the presence of surface and thermal effects resting on a Pasternak foun- dation. The system of motion equations is derived using Hamilton＇s principle under the assumptions of the classical Timoshenko beam theory. The effects of the transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia are also considered within the framework of the mentioned theory. The separation of variables approach is employed to discretize the governing equa- tions which are then solved by an analytical method to obtain the natural frequencies of the alumina nanobeams. The results show that the surface effects lead to an increase in the natural frequency of nanobeams as compared with the classical Timoshenko beam model. In addition, for nanobeams with large diameters, the surface effects may increase the natural frequencies by increasing the thermal effects. Moreover, with regard to the Pasternak elastic foundation, the natural frequencies are increased slightly. The results of the present model are compared with the literature, showing that the present model can capture correctly the surface effects in thermal vibration of nanobeams.

Dynamic response of axially moving Timoshenko beams: integral transform solution

The generalized integral transform technique （GITT） is used to find a semianalytical numerical solution for dynamic response of an axially moving Timoshenko beam with clamped-clamped and simply-supported boundary conditions, respectively. The implementation of GITT approach for analyzing the forced vibration equation eliminates the space variable and leads to systems of second-order ordinary differential equations （ODEs） in time. The MATHEMATICA built-in function, NDSolve, is used to numerically solve the resulting transformed ODE system. The good convergence behavior of the suggested eigenfunction expansions is demonstrated for calculating the transverse deflection and the angle of rotation of the beam cross-section. Moreover, parametric studies are performed to analyze the effects of the axially moving speed, the axial tension, and the amplitude of external distributed force on the vibration amplitude of axially moving Timoshenko beams.