Most surveying works for mapping or GIS applications are performed with total station. Due to the remote nature of many of the sites surveyed, the surveys are often done in unprojected, local, assumed coordinate syste...Most surveying works for mapping or GIS applications are performed with total station. Due to the remote nature of many of the sites surveyed, the surveys are often done in unprojected, local, assumed coordinate systems. However, without the survey data projected in real world coordinates, the range of possible analyses is limited and the value of existing imagery, elevation models, and hydrologic layers cannot be exploited. This requires a transformation from the local assumed to the real world coordinate systems. There are various built-in and add-in tools to perform transformations through GIS programs. This paper studies the effect of using Georeferencing tool, Spatial Adjustment tool (Affine and similarity) and CHaMP tool on the precision and relative accuracy of total station survey. This transformation requires real-world coordinates of at least two control points, which can be collected from different sources. This paper also studies the effect of using geodetic GPS, hand-held GPS, Google Earth (GE) and Bing Basemaps as sources for control points on the precision and relative accuracy of total station survey. These effects have been tested by using 111 points covered area of 60,000 m2and the results have shown that the CHaMP tool is the best for preserving the relative accuracy of the transformed points. The Georeferencing and spatial adjustment (similarity) tools give the same results and their accuracy are between 1/1000 and 1/300 depending on the source of control points. The results have also shown that the cornerstone to preserve the precision and relative accuracy of the transformed coordinates is the relative position of the control points despite their source.展开更多
The redundant observation, error tolerances, adjustment and precision estimation are the methodology of surveying technology, which are used in the procedure of survey engineering. Based on a redundant observation mag...The redundant observation, error tolerances, adjustment and precision estimation are the methodology of surveying technology, which are used in the procedure of survey engineering. Based on a redundant observation magnitude of experiments, a guideline system of precision for GPS total stations is established to prescribe the methods of redundant observation, the computation formulas of error tolerances and standard errors. Moreover, a series of precision indexes for GPS total station measurements and results are also acquired from the comparative experimentations and study on the observation data between GPS total station elevation and direct leveling.展开更多
The modern TSs （total stations） have reached a very high level in the provided reading and reliability （accuracy and precision） of their measurements. The evolution of the digital technology has helped in this dir...The modern TSs （total stations） have reached a very high level in the provided reading and reliability （accuracy and precision） of their measurements. The evolution of the digital technology has helped in this direction. Thus, the TSs can support all requirements for the stake out and monitoring of modern survey engineering and constructions projects. Their complicated manufacturing process and the sensitivity of their components require gauging, adjusting and calibration at certain time intervals. This appears to be the only way in order to assure the precision of measurements provided by the manufacturer and the reliability of the works they are used for. The goal of this paper is to propose a method for the estimation of the gauging time interval for modern YSs. which could be used by any user. More specifically, the indispensable need for the TSs gauging is elevated and documented. All the parameters that influence their operation are registered. A model expressed by a scale of grades is defined, leading thus to an equation for the calculation of the time interval for the next needed gauging and calibration.展开更多
Bridges are omnipresent in every society and they affect its human, social, ecological, economical and cultural aspects. This is why a durable and safe usage of bridges is an imperative goal of structural management. ...Bridges are omnipresent in every society and they affect its human, social, ecological, economical and cultural aspects. This is why a durable and safe usage of bridges is an imperative goal of structural management. Measurement and monitoring have an essential role in structural management. The benefits of the information obtained by monitoring are apparent in several domains. In deformation analysis, the functional relationship between the acting forces and the resulting deformations should be established. If time depending observations are given, a regression could be used as a functional model. In case of stochastic model uncorrelated observations with identical variance are assumed. Due to the high sampling rate, a small time difference arises between two observations. Thus the assumed stochastic model is not suitable. The calculation has to be effected by means of auto-correlated observations. This paper investigates an integrated monitoring system for the estimation of the deformation (i.e., static, quasi-static) behavior of bridges from total station observations and studies the effect of autocorrelation technique on the accuracy of the estimated parameters and variances. The results have shown that autocorrelation technique is reduced the standard deviation of X&Y-direction about 6.7% to 29.4% and 6.5% to 15.5% of the original value, respectively, but the situation was differ in Z direction;the standard deviation in vertical component Z was increased.展开更多
文摘Most surveying works for mapping or GIS applications are performed with total station. Due to the remote nature of many of the sites surveyed, the surveys are often done in unprojected, local, assumed coordinate systems. However, without the survey data projected in real world coordinates, the range of possible analyses is limited and the value of existing imagery, elevation models, and hydrologic layers cannot be exploited. This requires a transformation from the local assumed to the real world coordinate systems. There are various built-in and add-in tools to perform transformations through GIS programs. This paper studies the effect of using Georeferencing tool, Spatial Adjustment tool (Affine and similarity) and CHaMP tool on the precision and relative accuracy of total station survey. This transformation requires real-world coordinates of at least two control points, which can be collected from different sources. This paper also studies the effect of using geodetic GPS, hand-held GPS, Google Earth (GE) and Bing Basemaps as sources for control points on the precision and relative accuracy of total station survey. These effects have been tested by using 111 points covered area of 60,000 m2and the results have shown that the CHaMP tool is the best for preserving the relative accuracy of the transformed points. The Georeferencing and spatial adjustment (similarity) tools give the same results and their accuracy are between 1/1000 and 1/300 depending on the source of control points. The results have also shown that the cornerstone to preserve the precision and relative accuracy of the transformed coordinates is the relative position of the control points despite their source.
文摘The redundant observation, error tolerances, adjustment and precision estimation are the methodology of surveying technology, which are used in the procedure of survey engineering. Based on a redundant observation magnitude of experiments, a guideline system of precision for GPS total stations is established to prescribe the methods of redundant observation, the computation formulas of error tolerances and standard errors. Moreover, a series of precision indexes for GPS total station measurements and results are also acquired from the comparative experimentations and study on the observation data between GPS total station elevation and direct leveling.
文摘The modern TSs （total stations） have reached a very high level in the provided reading and reliability （accuracy and precision） of their measurements. The evolution of the digital technology has helped in this direction. Thus, the TSs can support all requirements for the stake out and monitoring of modern survey engineering and constructions projects. Their complicated manufacturing process and the sensitivity of their components require gauging, adjusting and calibration at certain time intervals. This appears to be the only way in order to assure the precision of measurements provided by the manufacturer and the reliability of the works they are used for. The goal of this paper is to propose a method for the estimation of the gauging time interval for modern YSs. which could be used by any user. More specifically, the indispensable need for the TSs gauging is elevated and documented. All the parameters that influence their operation are registered. A model expressed by a scale of grades is defined, leading thus to an equation for the calculation of the time interval for the next needed gauging and calibration.
文摘Bridges are omnipresent in every society and they affect its human, social, ecological, economical and cultural aspects. This is why a durable and safe usage of bridges is an imperative goal of structural management. Measurement and monitoring have an essential role in structural management. The benefits of the information obtained by monitoring are apparent in several domains. In deformation analysis, the functional relationship between the acting forces and the resulting deformations should be established. If time depending observations are given, a regression could be used as a functional model. In case of stochastic model uncorrelated observations with identical variance are assumed. Due to the high sampling rate, a small time difference arises between two observations. Thus the assumed stochastic model is not suitable. The calculation has to be effected by means of auto-correlated observations. This paper investigates an integrated monitoring system for the estimation of the deformation (i.e., static, quasi-static) behavior of bridges from total station observations and studies the effect of autocorrelation technique on the accuracy of the estimated parameters and variances. The results have shown that autocorrelation technique is reduced the standard deviation of X&Y-direction about 6.7% to 29.4% and 6.5% to 15.5% of the original value, respectively, but the situation was differ in Z direction;the standard deviation in vertical component Z was increased.
