蚯蚓不同套种套养模式对番茄产量品质的影响

|为探究不同蚯蚓生物套种套养技术模式对设施番茄生长、品质提升及土壤改良的影响,本研究设置随机区组试验:蚯蚓生物垄沟套种套养模式设1个处理;垄上套种套养模式设垄上暗沟宽分别为50、60、70 cm;垄侧套种套养模式设3个处理分别为垄侧蚓床宽50、40、30 cm;立体循环免耕模式设1个处理,共9个处理。试验结果表明,采用蚯蚓生物垄上、垄侧、垄沟套种套养及立体循环免耕栽培技术模式番茄的植株生长势和果实产量普遍优于对照,立体循环免耕栽培植株生长势和产量表现最优;垄上套种套养模式中,垄上暗沟宽50 cm处理的植株生长势和产量表现较优,垄上暗沟宽60、70 cm处理的果实品质较好;垄侧套种套养模式中,垄侧蚓床宽40 cm处理的植株生长势和产量表现较优,垄侧蚓床宽30、50 cm处理的果实品质较好;立体循环免耕栽培模式中南行植株生长势和产量表现较优,北行的果实品质较好。

Study on the Acute Toxicity of Rare Earth Yttrium to Earthworms under the Stress of Leaching Agent Ammonium Sulfate

This study aimed to investigate the toxicity of rare earth ion yttrium under the stress of leaching agent ammonium sulfate （NH4）2SO4. [Method] By using earthworms as indicator organisms of environmental pol ution, acute toxic ef-fects of rare earth yttrium on earthworms under the stress of ammonium sulfate were investigated with filter paper contact method. [Result] Under single stress of rare earth yttrium, the semi-lethal concentration after 48 and 24 h was LC50=213.41 mg/L and LC50=322.63 mg/L, respectively. ② Under single stress of ammonium sul-fate, the semi-lethal concentration after 48 h and 24 h was LC50=13.89 g/L and LC50=15.05 g/L, respectively. ③ In combined treatment of low concentration （10 g/L） of ammonium sulfate and different doses of rare earth yttrium, the semi-lethal con-centration after 48 and 24 h was LC50=198.65 g/L and LC50=399.85 g/L, respective-ly; in combined treatment of middle concentration （14 g/L） of ammonium sulfate and different doses of rare earth yttrium, the semi-lethal concentration after 48 and 24 h was LC50=167.3 mg/L and LC50=256.73 mg/L, respectively; in combined treatment of high concentration （20 g/L） of ammonium sulfate and different doses of rare earth yttrium, the semi-lethal concentration after 48 h and 24 h was LC50=31.03 mg/L and LC50=127.65 mg/L, respectively. [Conclusion] Low concentration of ammonium sulfate could reduce the toxicity of rare earth yttrium to earthworms and produce certain antagonism against rare earth yttrium; middle concentration ammonium sulfate in-creased the toxicity of rare earth yttrium to earthworms and produced relatively sig-nificant synergistic effects; high concentration ammonium sulfate significantly in-creased the toxicity of rare earth yttrium to earthworms. Compared with ammonium sulfate, dead earthworms exposed to rare earth yttrium were more easily fractured, and living earthworms showed insensitive response to acupuncture.

Effects of Vermicompost on Agronomic Characters and Yield and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco

The effects of vermicompost on the agronomic characters and yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco were investigated. The results showed that, the field growth periods of various treatments were 117-118 d, 1-2 days longer than that of the CK. The numbers of effective leaves of the treatments applied with vermicompost were 0.1-0.3 leaf more than the CK. The highest yield and the highest proportion of high-grade tobacco occurred in treatment 3 as 2 095.5 kg/m^2 and 49%, respectively, which were higher than those in the CK by 6.58 kg and 5.3%. In conclusion, the treatment with the application of vermicompost at 7 500-10 500 kg/hm^2 was the best.

Response of SOD Activity of Earthworm to Soil Plumbum Pollution

The response of the superoxide dismutase （SOD） activities of earthworm （Eisenia fetida） to soil plumbum （Pb） pol ution was studied in the artificial soil test. The results indicated that the SOD activity in earthworm exposed to low-concentra-tion Pb declined on the 5th day of acute toxicity test, while that exposed to high-concentration Pb increased by different extents. On the 15th day, the SOD activity increased slightly along with soil Pb concentration increasing.

Transformation of Carbon and Nitrogen by Earthworms in the Decomposition Processes of Broad-leaved Litters

Earthworms are the important constituents in the decayed food web and the main ecological conditioners in the process of decomposition and nutrient mineralization. The transformation of organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) in the broad-leaved litters ingested by earthworms was researched by means of a laboratory experiment. Experimental samples were collected from broad-leaved Korea Pine mixed forest in Liangshui National Natural Reserve (47°10′50″N, 128°53′20″E) in the northeastern Xiao Hinggan Mountains of Northeast China. The contents of organic C and total N in earthworms, leaf litters and earthworm faeces were analyzed. Results show that the organic C content was in the fol- lowing order: leaf litters>faeces>earthworms, while total N content was contrary to that of the organic C. The organic C contents in the different leaf litters were in the following order: Tilia amurensis>Betula costata>Acer mono, whereas the total N contents in the different leaf litters were: Betula costata>Tilia amurensis>Acer mono. The contents of organic C and total N in the faeces from the different leaf litters were almost consistent with the contents of the leaf litters. After the leaf litters were ingested by earthworms, the organic C, which was transformed to increase earthworms' weights, ac- counted for 3.90%-13.31% of the total ingestion by earthworms, while that in the earthworm faeces accounted for 6.14%-13.70%. The transformed organic C through the other metabolism (e.g., respiration) of earthworms accounted for 75.04%-89.92%. The ingested organic C by earthworms was mostly used for metabolic activities. The N ingested by earthworms was less than organic C. It is estimated that 37.08% of total N was transformed to increase the earthworm's weight, 19.97% into earthworm faeces and 47.86% for the consumption of the earthworm's activities. The earthworms not only increased the content of organic C and total N in the soil, but also decreased the values of C/N in the soil and leaf litters. Earthworms play a major role in the leaf litters' decomposition and transformation.

Hypothetical mode of action of earthworm extract with hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties

The hepatoprotective potential of earthworm extract (EE) (Lampito mauritii, Kinberg) was evaluated against paracetamol-induced liver injury in Wistar albino rat, in comparison with silymarin, the standard hepatoprotective drug. We observed a reduction in liver antioxidants, such as glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) and in serum total protein, and an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum aspertate aminotranferase (AST), serum alanine aminotranferase (ALT), bilirubin and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) due to liver injury in the paracetamol-administered rats (2 g/kg). On the contrary, increased activities of liver GSH, SOD, GPx, CAT and serum total protein level, and decrease in the contents of serum ALP, AST, ALT, bilirubin and liver TBARS were observed in rats administered with different doses of EE (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg), which are similar to the activities of hepato-protective drug silymarin (150 mg/kg). The mode of action of EE as evidenced by the above parameters may suggest that EE, on the one hand, prevents the formation of the reactive oxygen groups, or scavenges these groups, thereby preventing the damage on the hepatic cells, and, on the other hand, modulates the genes responsible for synthesis of antioxidant enzymes such as GPx, CAT and SOD in liver tissue and decreases the serum enzymatic activities such as ALP, AST and ALT.

Organic Matter Decomposition in Red Soil as Affected by Earthworms

The earthworms Pheretima carnosaf Drawida gisti and Eisenia foetida were studied to compare theircontributions to the decomposition of various organic materials surface-applied on red soil in a 165-daygreenhouse experiment. The native species Pheretima caruosa and Drawida gisti were equally effective inaccelerating the decomposition of maize residue, according to fresh body weight, while commercial speciesEisenia foetida had no significant influence on dry mass loss of maize residue. Liming with CaCO3 or CaOshowed little effect on maize residue breakdown involved by Pheretima carnosal but it inhibited this processinvolved by Drawida gisti. The capability of Pheretima carnosa to the decomposition of five kinds of organicmaterials was thoroughly examined. The dry mass losses in worm treatments were in the order of soybeanresidue > maize residue > pig manure > semi-decayed maize > ryegrass. However, the relative contributionsof the earthworm to dry mass loss were in the order of pig manure (89.8%) > semi-decayed maize residue(49.1%) > maize residue (29.4%) > soybean residue (20.9%) > ryegrass residue (16.5%). Pheretima carnosaconsumed 20~120 mg dry weight of organic material per gram fresh weight of biomass per day.

Responses of Earthworms to Organic Matter at Different Stages of Decomposition

This study was conducted to examine the responses of earthworms to soil organic matter and litter at different decomposition stages and their contributions in litter decomposition processes in southern subtropical areas of China. Two plantations were selected as the study sites: Site I was dominated by the exotic endogeic earthworm species Ocnerodrilus occidentalis; Site II was dominated by epigeic species Amynthas corticis. After the fallen litter and earthworms were removed or expelled, four treatments were set up as: reserving the top soil (0–5 cm, equal to H layer) (H), removing the top soil and adding fresh litter (Le), removing the top soil and adding semi-decomposed litter (Li), and a control with no top soil nor any litter (CK). Five randomized blocks that were enclosed with nylon nets on the top were set up in each site, and then the four treatments were arranged randomly in each block. After 2–3 months, earthworms were collected using the formalin method. The results showed that Ocnerodrilus occidentalis preferred Treatment H though it was found in Treatments Le and Li as well; Amynthas corticis preferred Treatment Li though sometimes it also appeared in Treatment H; and Amynthas sp., another epigeic species, was mainly present under Treatment Le and only appeared in Treatment H occasionally. These findings confirmed that earthworm species belonging to different ecological groups had different responses to organic matter at different decomposition stages. The impacts of earthworm communities dominated by O. occidentalis mainly appeared at the later periods of litter decomposition.

Response Relationship between the Cadmium Pollution and the Cellulase in Activity Change of Earthworm in Soils

The research explored response of cellulase in Eisenia fetida in soils with Cd at different concentrations, as per artificial soil test. The results indicated that as Cd concentration increased, the activity of cellulase was decreasing in a short peri- od, which suggested that cellulase activity was inhibited to certain extent. As Cd concentration and the treatment period grew, the activities increased in varying de- grees. With Cd at a high concentrate, Cd had a kind of induction effects on cellu- lase activity in earthworms.

Effects of Vermicompost Leach Liquor on Yield and Quality of Wheat

Medium gluten wheat cultivar Yangmai 21 was sprayed with vermicompost leach liquor after blooming stage to investigate the effects of verrnicompost leach liquor on grain number, yield and quality of wheat. According to the results, vermi- compost leach liquor reduced average grain number by 2.1%, significantly increased 1 000-grain weight by 15.2%, enhanced grain weight and grain yield by 6.4% and 4.3%, improved grain starch content, protein content and wet gluten content by 1.5%, 1.4% and 2.3%, respectively, and declined moisture content by 12.3%. Apply- ing vermicompost leach liquor after blooming stage is an effective method to im- prove varietal characteristics, grain weight, yield and quality of wheat.

Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Earthworm on Nematode Communities and Arsenic Uptake by Maize in Arsenic-Contaminated Soils

The influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF,Acaulospora spp.and Glomus spp.) and rice straw and earthworms (RE,Eisenia foetida) on nematode communities and arsenic (As) uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) in Ascontaminated soils were examined in a field experiment conducted in Wujiang,Jiangsu Province,China.The experiment was designed as a 2 × 2 factorial with the factors of AMF (inoculated or uninoculated) and RE (added or not added).The results demonstrated that AMF inoculation led to significantly higher root colonization of AMF and root dry weight.Plants inoculated with both AMF and RE had the highest As concentrations in root.The number of total nematodes increased with AMF inoculation when RE was absent,and decreased with RE addition when AMF was inoculated.The improved abundance of nematodes with the AMF treatment implied that the tested AMF acted as food sources for fungivores.The abundances of omnivores-predators and plant parasites were reduced by earthworm activity.Twentyseven genera of nematodes were identified,with Filenchus dominant in all treatments.Trophic diversity,Shannon-Weaver diversity,Simpson dominance index,and species richness indicated higher species diversity,more proportionate species composition,evenly distributed species,and more food sources in the AMF,RE,and their interaction treatments.Maturity index showed a moderately disturbed environment due to As pollution.Besides enhancing plant uptake of contaminants,AMF and RE amendments could also improve soil health by restoring the structure of soil communities,as reflected by more stable nematode community structure.

Study on Application Effect of Earthworm Manure on Tobacco in Hengnan

Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the effect of earth-worm manure on agronomic traits, yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. [Method] A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different amount of earthworm manure on growth and economic benefit of tobacco. [Result] The results showed that： the application of earthworm manure could promote vegetative growth of tobacco to different degrees, and significantly increase high-grade tobacco yield and output value, thereby increasing the total output value of tobacco. Among the different application amounts, basal application of earthworm manure 4 500 kg/hm2 could significantly increase the proportion of high-grade tobacco and tobacco output, improve benefit and maintain sustainable production capacity. [Conclusion] This study provides a theoretical basis for the improvement of tobacco-planting soil with earth-worm manure.

Solubilization of potassium containing minerals by high temperature resistant Streptomyces sp.isolated from earthworm's gut

A potassium solubilizing bacterial strain des- ignated EGT, which is tolerant of high temperature, was isolated from an earthworm＇s gut to obtain a bacterium that can weather potassium-bearing rock effectively through solid-state fermentation. Molecular phylogeny and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated the bacterial strain was a member of the Streptomyces genus. To assess its potential to release potassium from silicate minerals, this strain was used to degrade potassium-bearing rock powder by solid-state fermentation. After fermentation, the amount of water-soluble A1, Fe and K of the substrate with active inoculum was higher than those of the control, which had autoclaved inoculum, and those of the fresh substrate. The result indicated that the strain had the ability to weather potassium-bearing rock and could be used as an inoculum in the production of potassium bio-fertilizer, due to its potassium release activity from rock and tolerance to high temperature.

An Experimental Study of Vermicomposting with Earthworm （Eisenia foetida） Growth in Edible Mushrooms Wastes

Every year mushroom wastes are produced in big volumes from edible mushroom production industries. Vermicomposting technology using earthworms as versatile natural bioreactors for effective recycling of organic wastes to the soil is an environmentally acceptable means of converting waste into nutritious composts for crop production. This study was undertaken to use earthworms （eisenia foetida） in vermicomposting on edible mushrooms wastes. The Randomized block design with three treatments in Kimia, Sabalan and Artashahr mushroom production industries were selected and four replications were applied for treatments. The total biomass of earthworms was estimated by counting the number of adults, juveniles and cocoons from each replication. The number of adult and mature worms, egg capsules and wet weight of earthworms were recorded in one month intervals （totally in five months）. Vermicomposting was carried out by these worms in four months in spite of delay in their establishment in mushroom wastes. The worms wet weight, their number and the number of capsules were increased up to fourth month and then decreased. The produced vermicompost had suitable properties for amending soil.

Topsoil as Affected by Dung Deposition Under Resting Places of Red Howler Monkey (Alouatta seniculus)

The short-term influence of dung deposition and the further redistribution of dung by dung beetles were studied under a resting place of the red howler monkey （Alouatta seniculus） living in tropical ralnforests of South America. Monkey dung was experimentally clumped on the field in a place used by troops of howler monkeys for resting in the Nouragues Reserve Station, French Guiana. Dung-treated plots were sampled serially over three weeks and compared with controls located in their immediate vicinity. The composition of the soil matrix （top 10 cm） was studied in successive microlayers using an optical method. Under the influence of dung beetle activity, the topsoil became more homogeneous by losing its litter, its content in earthworm faeces increased in the course of time, and surface mineral deposits were penetrated by roots. The results were interpreted in the light of present knowledge on the effects of soil animal activity on plant growth and survival of seedlings.

Earthworm-like micro robot based on electromagnetic driver

According to the principle of bionics, a prototype of the earthworm-like micro robot was developed and manufactured for entering the small tube. Based on the process of the action and mechanics analysis, the controller was designed. This micro robot with 6mm diameter was driven directly by three electromagnetic linear drivers. Mobile cells were joined with two degree-of-freedom joint and the whole body was flexible and soft. The driving force reached 10.8g in normal working condition. The direction of movement and the angle of imaging can be controlled by the shape memory alloy （SMA）. The driving force, velocity and movement of micro robot in flexural tube were tested through experiments, which indicated that the driving force was in proportion to the range of frequency, and the micro robot could current, and the velocity reached a maximum in certain move in the thin tube flexibly.

Potentiality of Vermicompost Humic Acids in Banana in Vitro Micropropagation Clone： Enano Guantanamero

The research was done at Havana Biofabric, Mayabeque Province. The vitro plants of banana （Musa sp） used came from the clone Enano Guantanamero （viand type）. They come from multiplication phase in a Murashige and MS （Skoog medium）. The objective of this work was to study the potentialities of HA （humic acids） for stimulation of rooting and cell division process, searching for completely synthetic hormone substitution due to its high cost. The multiplication medium contained thiamine （2 mg·L^-1）, myo-inositol （100 mg·L^-1）, sugar （30mg·L^-1）. By the use of HA, five treatments were used with total substitution of auxin and cytokinin （TI： HA （10 mg.Ll）; （T2： HA （20 mg·L^-1）; （T3： HA （30mg·L^-1）; （T4： HA （40 mg·L^-1）; （T5： HA （50 mg·L^-1） and the control with 6BAP （benzil amino purine） （4 mg·L^-1） ＋ IBA （indol butyric acid） （0.65 mg·L^-1）, pH of the medium was adjust just before agar were add. The results showed that in the explants under HA treatments, elongation and cell multiplication were favored confirmed by explants great high, root number and length due to dry mass. The total protein content, reduced carbohydrate and peroxidases enzymatic activity were determine. The use of Vermicompost HA in the in vitro micropropagation of banana allow the elimination of rooting phase saving materials and be able to pass explants directly to Acclimatization phase.

Effect of Earthworms on Removal of Pathogens during Stabilization of Industrial Organics

To investigate feasibility of pathogen free industrial organics with higher agronomic value, the industrial organic wastes were subjected to vermistabilization. The body of earthworm work as ＂biofilter＂ and they can ＂purify＂ and also ＂disinfect＂ and ＂detoxify＂ municipal and industrial organics. The microbiomics of gut and cast of earthworm （Eisenia foetida Savigny） and their association with vermistabilization was studied to determine the microbial quantification in reactors （industrial organics）. Worm were reared in five reactors viz. Sewage sludge （SS）, Paper mill industry sludge （PS）, Vegetable processing industry （VP）, Tannery waste （TW） and Meat process industrial sludge （MP） for ninety days. The microbial load （Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, Mycobacterium, Streptococcus） in gut and cast, biomass, recovery of cast in different reactors were determined, periodically. The microbiomics of worms gut revealed the removal of Salmonella （12-18 × 10^8±0.02 to 0-4 × 10^3 ＋ 0.05 CFU/g）, Shigella （14-23 × 10^8 ± 0.04 to 0-4 × 10^3 ± 0.05 CFU/g）, Escherichia （4-16 × 10^8 ± 0.02 to 0-4 × 10^2 ± 0.05 CFU/g）, Mycobacterium （3-16 × 10^8 ± 0.02 to 0-3 × 10^2 ± 0.05 CFU/g）, Streptococcus （6-16 × 10^8 ± 0.02 to 0-4 × 10^3 ± 0.05 CFU/g） during stabilization of industrial organics. Similarly, reduction in pathogens Salmonella （12-19 × 10^8 ± 0.02 to 0-8 ×10^3 ± 0.05 CFU/g）, Shigella （7-20× 10^8 ± 0.04 to 0-2 ×10^3 ± 0.05 CFU/g）, Escherichia （2-20 × 10^8 ± 0.02 to 0.0-2 × 10^3 ± 0.05）, Mycobacterium （1-8 × 10^8 ±0.05 to 0.0-5 × 10^2 ± 0.05 CFU/g）, Streptococcus （8-18 × 10^8 ± 0.02 to 0-7 × 10^3 ± 0.05 CFU/g） in castings of industrial organics indicates the selective nature of feeding of worm. This amply demonstrates that these pathogens have been eliminated as they entered in food chain of worms. However, it may not be possible to remove pathogens completely, but at least worms change the ＂microbial make-up＂ of industrial organics to make it harmless to the soil and enable its use as a nutritive organic fertilizer.

Replacement of Fish Meal with Graded Levels of Earthworm Meal in the Diet of Fingerlings： Effect on Feed and Growth Parameters

The study was aimed at evaluating growth response of Heteroclarias fingerlings fed diet in which fish meal was substituted with graded levels of earthworm meal. The replacement levels were 0.00%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% designated as Eo, E25, Es0, E75 and El00, respectively. Fingerlings used for the work were obtained through artificial insemination of brood stock （purchased from local farmers） with ovaprim in the laboratory. The resulting fry were reared and fed with cultured plankton for 2 weeks followed by 100% fish meal for another two weeks. Thereafter sixteen fingerlings weighing 4.73 g and measuring 6.512 mm standard length （on the average） were starved over night and reared in five indoors tanks （0.8 ~ 0.5 ~ 0.5 m） in duplicate for eight weeks. Fingerlings were fed on graded earthworm meals of 40% protein twice daily at 08：00 and 16：00. The highest mean weight （6.77 g）, specific growth rate （0.86） and protein efficiency ratio （0.6） were obtained at 50% replacement level. Also, Food conversion ratio was the highest at 50% substitution level and lowest at 0.00% substitution, indicating that fingerlings use earthworm containing meal more efficiently. Furthermore, cost benefit analysis revealed that the profit index for 50% inclusion of earthworm meal was the highest （1.71） and the highest net profit of N374.32 （circa $2.3） was achieved at this level. Water quality parameters observed were within tolerable values for the fingerlings well being. Consequently, farmers are advised to use 50% earthworm meal in place of fish meal for formulation of Heteroclarias fingerlings diet. This will drastically reduce production cost, increase farmers profit and enhance the biological value of our menu.

Neuroendocrine Control of Posterior Regeneration in Tropical Earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae （Kinberg）

Eudrilus eugeniae （Kinberg）, well known vermicomposting earthworms, are often subjected to predator attacks leading to loss of body parts due to their surface living habit. Thus nature has gifted them the power of regeneration of lost body parts. As neurosecretion is the sole source of hormone in oligochaetes, we hypothesize that neurohormone secreted from the neurosecretory cells of the central nervous system （CNS） will control the phenomenon of regeneration in earthworms. In Eudrilus eugeniae, appearance of regeneration blastema was noticed within 72 h of posterior amputation. In fact, posterior amputation brought about multiple cytoplasmic alteration in the neurosecretory cells （NSCs） viz. deep stained A cells and moderately stained B cells in cerebral ganglia, deep stained ＇U＇ cells and moderately stained B cells in the sub-esophageal and ventral nerve cord ganglia. Massive depletion followed by marginal accumulation of NSM in the NSCs following 24 h and 48 h of amputation were recorded. Thereafter （72 h and 96 h of amputation） moderate to massive engorgement of NSM in the B cells, coupled with spectacular increase in number of A cells were noticed. Sequential changes involved in the secretory dynamics of NSCs, as well as, NSM accumulation both within and periphery of the ganglia （perineurium） provides evidence for the utilization of materials through repaired vascular systems during posterior regeneration in E. eugeniae.