FPGA implementation of 500-MHz high-count-rate high-time-resolution real-time digital neutron-gamma discrimination for fast liquid detectors

Fast neutron flux measurements with high count rates and high time resolution have important applications in equipment such as tokamaks.In this study,real-time neutron and gamma discrimination was implemented on a self-developed 500-Msps,12-bit digitizer,and the neutron and gamma spectra were calculated directly on an FPGA.A fast neutron flux measurement system with BC-501A and EJ-309 liquid scintillator detectors was developed and a fast neutron measurement experiment was successfully performed on the HL-2 M tokamak at the Southwestern Institute of Physics,China.The experimental results demonstrated that the system obtained the neutron and gamma spectra with a time accuracy of 1 ms.At count rates of up to 1 Mcps,the figure of merit was greater than 1.05 for energies between 50 keV and 2.8 MeV.

A high performance fast-Fourier-transform spectrum analyzer for measuring spin noise spectrums

A high performance fast-Fourier-transform (FFT) spectrum analyzer, which is developed for measure spin noise spectrums, is presented in this paper. The analyzer is implemented with a field-programmable-gate-arrays (FPGA) chip for data and command management. An analog-to-digital-convertor chip is integrated for analog signal acquisition. In order to meet the various requirements of measuring different types of spin noise spectrums, multiple operating modes are designed and realized using the reprogrammable FPGA logic resources. The FFT function is fully managed by the programmable resource inside the FPGA chip. A 1 GSa/s sampling rate and a 100 percent data coverage ratio with non-dead-time are obtained. 30534 FFT spectrums can be acquired per second, and the spectrums can be on-board accumulated and averaged. Digital filters, multi-stage reconfigurable data reconstruction modules, and frequency down conversion modules are also implemented in the FPGA to provide flexible real-time data processing capacity, thus the noise floor and signals aliasing can be suppressed effectively. An efficiency comparison between the FPGA-based FFT spectrum analyzer and the software-based FFT is demonstrated, and the high performance FFT spectrum analyzer has a significant advantage in obtaining high resolution spin noise spectrums with enhanced efficiency.

A virtual lock-in amplifier,spectrum analyzer,impedance meter and semiconductor analyzer implemented on an SR7265 hardware target

Lock-in amplifiers are used to detect and measure very small alternating current(AC)signals down to the range of nVs.Accurate measurements can be made even when the small signals are buried by noise thousands of times larger.With the digital signal processing(DSP)technology involved in modern instrumentation,a lock-in amplifier is more versatile in sensing and recovering small signals.Combining the virtual instrumentation technology,we reorganize the functional blocks of a programmable lock-in amplifier and build it as a virtual spectrum analyzer,virtual impedance meter,virtual network analyzer,virtual semiconductor parameter analyzer,signal generator,etc.A 4 layer model is used to implement these virtual instruments.The same virtual instrument can also be implemented on a general purpose FPGA developing board.

Designing of Acousto-optic Spectrum Analyzer

The structure of the acousto-optic spectrum analyzer was investigated including the RF amplifying circuit, the optical structures and the postprocessing circuit, and the design idea of the module was applied to design the spectrum analyzer. The modularization spectrum analyzer takes on the performance stabilization and higher reliability, and according to different demands, the different modules can be used. The spectrum analyzer had such performances as the detecting frequency precision of 1 MHz, the detecting frequency error of 0.58 MHz, detecting responsivity of 90 dBm and bandwidth of 50 MHz.

Tunable THz spectrum analyzer with hyperspectral resolution

We present a tunable terahertz(THz)spectrum analyzer with hyperspectral resolution formed from electrically tunable metamaterial and plasmonic structures.As few as eight encoders based on four detectors are needed to recover 396 spectral bands.The incident spectra in the range of 1–5 THz can be reconstructed with a localization precision of 0.3 GHz and a minimum average mean squared error(MSE)of 6.9×10^(−5).Our proposed analyzers are faster and more portable than those based on frequency combs and power meters,and more accurate than existing Fourier transform techniques,showing promising applications in pathology,biomedical imaging,and many other areas.

Stress test and analysis based on SMS fiber structure with high sensitivity

Single mode-multimode-single mode （SMS） sensor is widely used for parameters measurement, such as bending, dis-placement, temperature, strain, refractive index, etc. Generally, SMS sensor has advantages of simple structure, low cost and easy layout, therefore it has become a research hotspot in recent years. In this paper, the multimode fiber with large core is used for manufacturing SMS structure with high sensitivity. Firstly, the multimode fiber with core/cladding diameters of 105/ 125 jitm has access to the system by means of single mode optical fiber. Secondly, SMS device structure is manufactured by welding the eccentric shaft of multimode optical fiber. Afterwards, mode interference effect and spectral response characteristics of the structure of single mode-multimode-single mode optical fiber are analyzed theoretically. Finally, with the help of a wide spectrum light source and a spectrum analyzer, the transmission spectra characteristics of SMS optical fiber with strain is tested. By observing the curve that the wave changes with stress, the sensitivity is calculated and it is consistent with theoretical value .

Data organization and management of mine typical object spectral libraries

With the development of mining industry,people have obtained profits from it,but they are facing environmental damages.In order to monitor these environmental changes,a spectral library is set up for the spectrum data organization and management of mine typical objects.Most of the spectrum data come from the long-term field measuring in mining area and other spectral libraries.For the data quality control and error detection in the measuring data,an inner precision calculation method is presented and a series of interactive graphical controls are developed for the spectrum visualization and analysis.Through extracting and saving spectrum characters for the mine typical objects,realizs spectrum matching and classification for new measured spectrum samples are realized by using Euclidean distance,Aitchison distance,Pearson correlation coefficient and vector angular cosine methods.Based on the matching result,this work is able to gather dynamically physicochemical environment parameters from the library and gives an early warning for the mine environmental changes.

Acousto-optic Devices: Theory and Applications

The basics and applications of acousto-optic devices are described.The applications include acousto-optic spectrum analyzer,acousto-optic deflector,acousto-optic processors and acousto-optic digital matrix computer.

Integrated Optics Acoustooptic Receiver

The recent advances on the research and the applications of the integrated optics acousto-optic spectrum analyzer(IOSA) are reviewed. The operating principle, architecture, characteristics and technology, and future development of the different receivers are described.

Review on Speckle-Based Spectrum Analyzer

Accurate spectral measurement and wavelength determination are fundamental and vital for many fields.A compact spectrum analyzer with high performance is expected to meet the growing requirements,and speckle-based spectrum analyzer is a potential solution.The basic principle is based on using the random medium to establish a speckle-to-wavelength mapping relationship for spectrum reconstruction.This article introduces current speckle-based spectrum analyzers with different schemes and reviews recent advances in this field.Besides,some applications by using speckle-based spectrum analyzers are also introduced.Finally,the existing challenges and the future prospects of using speckle for spectrum recovery are discussed.

Time-resolved energy spectrum measurement of a linear induction accelerator with the magnetic analyzer

We recently set up a time-resolved optical beam diagnostic system. Using this system, we measured the high current electron beam energy in the accelerator under construction. This paper introduces the principle of the diagnostic system, describes the setup, and shows the results. A bending beam line was designed using an existing magnetic analyzer with a 300 mm-bending radius and a 60° bending angle at hard-edge approximation. Calculations show that the magnitude of the beam energy is about 18 MeV, and the energy spread is within 2%. Our results agree well with the initial estimates deduced from the diode voltage approach.

Fabrication of fiber-embedded multi-core photonic crystal fibers

A novel fabrication method of multi-core photonic crystal fibers is proposed on the basis of a fiber-embedded technique. A taper tower is used to modify the structures of the fiber preform, and four steps of fiber fabrication and different structures of fiber samples are given. The mode structures and beating characteristics of a photonic crystal fiber sample with two successive cores are investigated in detail with the help of a supercontinuum light source, a charge-coupled device （CCD） camera, and an optical spectrum analyzer. The test results show a clear beating phenomenon between two orthotropic polarization modes with a 2.8-nm peak interval in wavelength.

Novel spectral characterization method for color printer based on the cellular Neugebauer model

The cellular Yule-Nielson spectral Neugebauer （CYNSN） model to characterize a typical CMYK （i.e.,cyan,magenta,yellow,and black） 4-ink color printer is presented.By reconstructing spectral reflectance,models with high accuracy of spectral and colorimetric predictions are built.A novel cell-searching algorithm is proposed and used together with the iteration method to invert the cellular Neugebauer model efficiently.Large numbers of high quality hardcopy samples are produced to evaluate model performance and prove the feasibility of the algorithm.The spectral-based model performs better compared with the usual model based on CIE1931 XYZ tristimulus values.

A cost-effective 100-Gb/s transmitter with low-speed optoelectronic devices and high spectral efficiency

A 100-Gb/s high-speed optical transmitter is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Based on frequency-quadrupling technique, two sub-channels with a fixed 50-GHz spacing are obtained from one laser source. Using return-to-zero differential quadrature phase-shift keying （RZ-DQPSK） modulation format and polarization multiplexing （PolMux）, only low-speed electronic devices of 12.5 GHz are needed for the 100-Gb/s transmitter. This eliminates the need of ultrahigh-speed optoelectronic devices and thus greatly reduces the cost. The experimental results show that this transmitter can achieve good performance in dispersion tolerance of a 25-km single mode fiber （SMF）.

Characteristic analysis of a novel F-P interferometer based on a pair of FBGs with built-in LPFGs

The transmission characteristics of a Fabry-Perot （F-P） interferometer based on a fiber Bragg grating （FBG） pair with a built-in long-period fiber grating （LPFG） are theoretically analyzed, and the shift of transmission interference fringe as a function of environmental refractive index is acquired. The influence of the lengths of F-P cavity, LPFG and FBG on the transmission characteristics of the proposed interferometer has been numerieaUy investigated, and the simulation results indicate that the sensitivity of refractive index reaches 2.27 × 10-6 for an optical spectrum analyzer （OSA） with a resolution of 1 pm.

Fabrication of 3D colloidal photonic crystals in cavity of optical fiber end face

The natural sedimentation method combining with the isothermal heating evaporation induced selfassembly is presented to fabricate three-dimensional（3D） colloidal crystals in the curved cavity of the fiber end face.A～50-μm-deep cavity is etched by hydrofluoric acid.The colloidal crystals are characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy.A 1380-nm stop band is observed by measuring their transmission spectra at normal incidence by an optical spectrum analyzer（OSA）.

Coherent optical OFDM scheme with inter-carrier interference self-cancellation and common phase error compensation

Schemes integrating inter-carrier interference （ICI） self-cancellation and common phase error （CPE） com- pensation for coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （CO-OFDM） systems are investi- gated. The purpose of our research is to counteract the impacts of laser phase noise and fiber nonlinearity. We propose two ICI self-cancellation-based CO-OFDM schemes, and adopt a pilot-aided decision feedback （DFB） loop for CPE compensation. The proposed schemes are compared with conventional CO-OFDM schemes at the same spectral efficiency. Simulations show that our schemes can not only enhance laser linewidth tolerance of the CO-OFDM system, but also present strong robustness against fiber nonlinearity.

Spectral characterization of fiber Bragg grating with etched fiber cladding

A new method is presented to tune Bragg wavelength slightly by using hydrofluoric acid to etch fiber cladding.The spectral characteristics before and after etching and the change properties of Bragg wavelength are studied.Cladding modes are reduced during the etching process.High-order cladding modes are converted into radiation modes,and energy of cladding modes is coupled to the outside.As the cladding radius decreases,the Bragg wavelength shifts to longer direction.Experimental results show that this method can tune Bragg wavelength slightly,and the tunable range is 0.002-0.120 nm.

Numerical analysis of intermodal delay in few-mode fibers for mode division multiplexing in optical fiber communication systems

In order to achieve higher spectral efficiency, mode division multiplexing (MDM) in few-mode fibers is a new research area. The idea faces lots of technical issues including intermodal delay and mode coupling which limit the achievable length of the system. This paper is designated to complete the analysis of intermodal delay in step-index few-mode fibers. We analyze numerically all the parameters of fiber, which could impact intermodal delay in few-mode fibers and identify the conditions which can increase the number of multiplex modes without significant increase in maximum intermodal delay.

High-sensitivity sensor based on mode number-encoded multi-longitudinal mode fiber laser

We propose a high sensitivity sensor based on a mode number-encoded multi-longitudinal mode fiber laser. The fiber laser incorporates a uniform fiber Bragg grating （FBG） and a fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer （FFPI） as sensitive components in the cavity. The sensor counts the number of longitudinal modes （NLM） of fiber laser, which is caused by the mismatch between the reflection band of FBG and the transmission band of FFPI resulting from the application of external perturbation to the FBG. An electrical spectrum analyzer is adopted to analyze the NLM. The strain sensor is experimentally demonstrated to have sensi- tivity of as high as 0.02 με/mode.