本文分析了让-吕克·戈达尔(Jean-Luc Godard,以下简称为戈达尔)的3D长片《再见语言》(Adieu au langage,2014),该片是对电影不断变化的技术和美学的回顾与思考,唤起了这一媒介的历史和记忆,并通过现代3D影像设备将之重新定义。《...本文分析了让-吕克·戈达尔(Jean-Luc Godard,以下简称为戈达尔)的3D长片《再见语言》(Adieu au langage,2014),该片是对电影不断变化的技术和美学的回顾与思考,唤起了这一媒介的历史和记忆,并通过现代3D影像设备将之重新定义。《再见语言》在包括导演自己在内的许多人早已宣布电影这一媒介消亡的历史性时刻,向电影或至少是电影这一概念和电影语言(片名中的“langage”)说“再见”(片名中的“adieu”)。通过《再见语言》,导演在视觉和声音上完成了一次信息量巨大的历史编纂研究。电影3D化的影像是对电影历史(或多重历史)的映射,涵盖的内容包括不断演变的技术,以及电影超越“诞生”与“死亡”(或多重死亡)的历史轨迹。置身于3D和2D之间,现在和过去之间,电影的“死亡”及可能的“复活”之间,《再见语言》是一部揭示性的历史编纂研究,其3D影像既是在历史的边缘向电影告别,也是在为电影未来的重新构建和重新表达抛砖引玉。展开更多
让-吕克·戈达尔(Jean-Luc Godard)最新的两部故事片《电影社会主义》(Film socialisme,2010)和《再见语言》(Adieu au langage,2014)因其显著的自然意象而引人注目,其中反复出现的意象包括水和森林,以及作为《再见语言》主要“角...让-吕克·戈达尔(Jean-Luc Godard)最新的两部故事片《电影社会主义》(Film socialisme,2010)和《再见语言》(Adieu au langage,2014)因其显著的自然意象而引人注目,其中反复出现的意象包括水和森林,以及作为《再见语言》主要“角色”之一的一只狗。从许多方面来说,这可以被视为戈达尔在20世纪80年代初期电影中开始的长期美学研究项目,包括该时期时而受到质疑的性别政治研究的延伸。戈达尔最新的两部电影还包含了对技术主义的历史政治性的抨击。戈达尔电影中的意象在其职业生涯的后期达到了前所未有的精炼水平,然而由于这些意象极度碎片化,其中的自然景象无法与技术主义形成极端的对立。因此本文认为,这些难以理解且不稳定的电影形式标志着对拍摄某些新的政治现实的一种重要尝试。展开更多
The conservation behavior framework is useful to identify key linkages between behavior and conservation practice. We apply this framework to a novel host-parasite system on the Galapagos Islands and ask if there have...The conservation behavior framework is useful to identify key linkages between behavior and conservation practice. We apply this framework to a novel host-parasite system on the Galapagos Islands and ask if there have been changes in parasite oviposition behavior and host mortality patterns across the first decade (2004-2013) of its known association. The Dipteran parasite Philornis downsi was first discovered in Darwin's finch nests in 1997 and is the biggest threat to the survival of Galapagos land birds. Host mortality has increased over the past decade. In Dipterans, pupation and pupae size are determined by access to host resources. Here, we test the hypothesis that P downsi flies are laying eggs in finch nests earlier in the nestling phase to maximize larval feeding time and therefore chance of pupation success before host death. The results show fewer 1st instar larvae later in the host nesting cycle in support of earlier egg laying behavior by female flies. Between 2004 and 2013, parasite intensity increased from -28 to -48 parasites per nest, host mortality increased from -50% to -90%, and host age at death decreased from -11 to -5 days. The earlier age at host death was correlated with fewer pupae (from -50% to -20%) and smaller pupae size (-10% decrease). Changes in parasite behavior reveal new fitness costs to both the parasite and Darwin's finches. These findings un- derscore the need for urgent conservation action to save Darwin's finches from extinction due to a novel, lethal and introduced parasite [Current Zoology 60 (4): 542-550, 2014].展开更多
文摘本文分析了让-吕克·戈达尔(Jean-Luc Godard,以下简称为戈达尔)的3D长片《再见语言》(Adieu au langage,2014),该片是对电影不断变化的技术和美学的回顾与思考,唤起了这一媒介的历史和记忆,并通过现代3D影像设备将之重新定义。《再见语言》在包括导演自己在内的许多人早已宣布电影这一媒介消亡的历史性时刻,向电影或至少是电影这一概念和电影语言(片名中的“langage”)说“再见”(片名中的“adieu”)。通过《再见语言》,导演在视觉和声音上完成了一次信息量巨大的历史编纂研究。电影3D化的影像是对电影历史(或多重历史)的映射,涵盖的内容包括不断演变的技术,以及电影超越“诞生”与“死亡”(或多重死亡)的历史轨迹。置身于3D和2D之间,现在和过去之间,电影的“死亡”及可能的“复活”之间,《再见语言》是一部揭示性的历史编纂研究,其3D影像既是在历史的边缘向电影告别,也是在为电影未来的重新构建和重新表达抛砖引玉。
文摘让-吕克·戈达尔(Jean-Luc Godard)最新的两部故事片《电影社会主义》(Film socialisme,2010)和《再见语言》(Adieu au langage,2014)因其显著的自然意象而引人注目,其中反复出现的意象包括水和森林,以及作为《再见语言》主要“角色”之一的一只狗。从许多方面来说,这可以被视为戈达尔在20世纪80年代初期电影中开始的长期美学研究项目,包括该时期时而受到质疑的性别政治研究的延伸。戈达尔最新的两部电影还包含了对技术主义的历史政治性的抨击。戈达尔电影中的意象在其职业生涯的后期达到了前所未有的精炼水平,然而由于这些意象极度碎片化,其中的自然景象无法与技术主义形成极端的对立。因此本文认为,这些难以理解且不稳定的电影形式标志着对拍摄某些新的政治现实的一种重要尝试。
文摘The conservation behavior framework is useful to identify key linkages between behavior and conservation practice. We apply this framework to a novel host-parasite system on the Galapagos Islands and ask if there have been changes in parasite oviposition behavior and host mortality patterns across the first decade (2004-2013) of its known association. The Dipteran parasite Philornis downsi was first discovered in Darwin's finch nests in 1997 and is the biggest threat to the survival of Galapagos land birds. Host mortality has increased over the past decade. In Dipterans, pupation and pupae size are determined by access to host resources. Here, we test the hypothesis that P downsi flies are laying eggs in finch nests earlier in the nestling phase to maximize larval feeding time and therefore chance of pupation success before host death. The results show fewer 1st instar larvae later in the host nesting cycle in support of earlier egg laying behavior by female flies. Between 2004 and 2013, parasite intensity increased from -28 to -48 parasites per nest, host mortality increased from -50% to -90%, and host age at death decreased from -11 to -5 days. The earlier age at host death was correlated with fewer pupae (from -50% to -20%) and smaller pupae size (-10% decrease). Changes in parasite behavior reveal new fitness costs to both the parasite and Darwin's finches. These findings un- derscore the need for urgent conservation action to save Darwin's finches from extinction due to a novel, lethal and introduced parasite [Current Zoology 60 (4): 542-550, 2014].