Mannich-type reactions are a widely used method for the synthesis of amines due to the readily availability of nucleophiles and electrophiles.However,the inclusion of alkylarenes instead of active carbon pronucleophil...Mannich-type reactions are a widely used method for the synthesis of amines due to the readily availability of nucleophiles and electrophiles.However,the inclusion of alkylarenes instead of active carbon pronucleophiles such as aldehydes and ketones in these addition reactions has been a challenge due to the inherent difficulty of benzylic deprotonation.In this study,we present a novel approach for the construction of N-sulfonyl amines via rhodium-catalyzed addition of unbiased benzylic C–H bonds to cyclic N-sulfonyl ketamines throughπ-coordination.This strategy enables the synthesis of a diverse range of N-sulfonyl amines,and subsequent diversification of the addition products showcases the synthetic potential of this protocol.展开更多
A numerical model for shallow water flow has been developed based on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the hydrodynamic pressure instead of hydrostatic pressure assumption. The equations are ...A numerical model for shallow water flow has been developed based on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the hydrodynamic pressure instead of hydrostatic pressure assumption. The equations are transformed into the σ-coordinate system and the eddy viscosity is calculated with the standard k-ε turbulence model. The control volume method is used to discrete the equations, and the boundary conditions at the bed for shallow water models only include vertical diffusion terms expressed with wall functions. And the semi-implicit method for pressure linked equation arithmetic is adopted to solve the equations. The model is applied to the 2D vertical plane flow of a current over two steep-sided trenches for which experiment data are available for comparison and good agreement is obtained. And the model is used to predicting the flow in a channel with a steep-sided submerged breakwater at the bottom, and the streamline is drawn.展开更多
The effect of random waves on vertical plane turbulent jets is studied numerically and the mechanism behind the interaction of the jet and waves is analyzed. The large eddy simulation method is used and the σ-coordin...The effect of random waves on vertical plane turbulent jets is studied numerically and the mechanism behind the interaction of the jet and waves is analyzed. The large eddy simulation method is used and the σ-coordinate system is adopted. Turbulence is modeled by a dynamic coherent eddy model. The σ-coordinate transformation is introduced to map the irregular physical domain with a wavy free surface and an uneven bottom onto a regular computational domain. The fractional step method is used to solve the filtered Navier–Stokes equations. Results presented include the distribution of velocity, the decay law of the mean velocity along the jet axis, self-similar characteristics and volume flux per unit width. In particular, the role of coherent structures on the momentum transfer along the jet centerline and the jet instantaneous characteristics in JONSWAP waves are a special focus of this research. The numerical results obtained are of great theoretical importance in understanding the behavior of turbulent jets in random wave environments.展开更多
A river plume dynamics analysis was made in Namtso Lake by using a sigma coordinate non-hydrostatic numerical ocean model, the Bergen Ocean Model. Simulations were carried out by hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic models...A river plume dynamics analysis was made in Namtso Lake by using a sigma coordinate non-hydrostatic numerical ocean model, the Bergen Ocean Model. Simulations were carried out by hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic models with horizontal resolution of 5.00 m, 2.50 m and 1, 25 m, respectively. The simulation results for the homogeneous lake are robust to the grid size, and the non-hydrostatic pressure effect is not important in this ease. For the stratified case, the results are sensitive to both the grid size and non-hydrostatic pressure corrections.展开更多
We well know that photon concept is self-contradictory because we assume that it is a particle with wave properties. This contradiction insensibly spoils our subconscious thinking. It is shown in the article that phot...We well know that photon concept is self-contradictory because we assume that it is a particle with wave properties. This contradiction insensibly spoils our subconscious thinking. It is shown in the article that photon has no 4-coordinates for work within atomic quantum electrodynamics (QED). This implies that actually photon is not a particle. I draw attention that QED is the most precise theory developed by humankind. It is noticed that terms photon and electromagnetic field in practice are in use as synonyms. These results validate the title of the article and exempt us from contradictions within quantum mechanics.展开更多
It is accepted that quantum mechanics (QM) describes motion of waves and particles. Therefore, we must use wave-particle duality (WPD), which is usually considered as one of the foundations of QM;however, WPD is well ...It is accepted that quantum mechanics (QM) describes motion of waves and particles. Therefore, we must use wave-particle duality (WPD), which is usually considered as one of the foundations of QM;however, WPD is well known as a self-contradictory concept. These contradictions insensibly spoil our subconscious thinking about the micro-world (MW). This article shows that known trials to solve these contradictions are erroneous. Quantum jumps (QJs) are shown to be very lame arguments for the real existence of particles. I offer rejecting the concept of particles and using their names as labels for types of corresponding waves. Thus, we can discard contradictions created by WPD. This approach is validated in the article by careful analysis of real calculation methods of quantum electrodynamics (QED). For the first time, it is noticed that proper 4-coordinates of particles are not in use in real calculations in QED. This implies that particles do not take part in real calculations, which describe properties of atoms and molecules. It follows that particles do not exist as such. Therefore, we must acknowledge that we actually use the names of “particles” merely as names of types of given waves, but not as real, physical objects.展开更多
We has developed a novel dynamic coherent eddy model,in which the coherent structure-Q criterion introduced by Hunt et al(1988)-is taken into account in the subgrid-scale turbulent viscosity based on the eddy viscosit...We has developed a novel dynamic coherent eddy model,in which the coherent structure-Q criterion introduced by Hunt et al(1988)-is taken into account in the subgrid-scale turbulent viscosity based on the eddy viscosity model.One proposed method is to combine the resolved-scale velocity-gradient tensor in the classical Smagorinsky model with Q criterion weighted.A kind of dynamic procedure which was averaged in a general process at temporal direction based on the autocorrelations of the characteristic resolved scales of turbulence was taken for the coefficient of subgrid model.The model is implemented in the σ-coordinate and the filtered Navier-Stokes equations are solved by the operator splitting method.The validation was explored to 2-D turbulent slot jet both in ambient environment and in regular waves.The prediction of the present model was compared with the experiment data,including the averaged velocity profiles,the velocity fluctuations and the Reynolds stress.The model performance is shown to be satisfactory.展开更多
A two-dimensional numerical irregular wave tank based on the potential wave theory was developed. A source term was used inside the domain to generate waves, and outgoing waves were dissipated by sponge layers and tra...A two-dimensional numerical irregular wave tank based on the potential wave theory was developed. A source term was used inside the domain to generate waves, and outgoing waves were dissipated by sponge layers and transmitted by radiation boundary. The σ-coordinate transformation was introduced to map the time-dependent irregular physical domain to a fixed regular computational domain, and thus the free surface and bottom boundary conditions could be implemented precisely. The model was verified by simulating the nonlinear regular and irregular wave propagation on constant-depth water, as well as regular waves reflected from a vertical wall, and satisfactory agreement between numerical results and analytical solutions was obtained. The present numerical model is proved to be an effective tool for a long-duration simulation of coastal wave dynamics where the wave reflection is significant.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22271235,22071198)the“Pioneer”and“Leading Goose”R&D Program of Zhejiang(No.2022SDXHDX0006)the Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang(No.2020R01004)for research support。
文摘Mannich-type reactions are a widely used method for the synthesis of amines due to the readily availability of nucleophiles and electrophiles.However,the inclusion of alkylarenes instead of active carbon pronucleophiles such as aldehydes and ketones in these addition reactions has been a challenge due to the inherent difficulty of benzylic deprotonation.In this study,we present a novel approach for the construction of N-sulfonyl amines via rhodium-catalyzed addition of unbiased benzylic C–H bonds to cyclic N-sulfonyl ketamines throughπ-coordination.This strategy enables the synthesis of a diverse range of N-sulfonyl amines,and subsequent diversification of the addition products showcases the synthetic potential of this protocol.
文摘A numerical model for shallow water flow has been developed based on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the hydrodynamic pressure instead of hydrostatic pressure assumption. The equations are transformed into the σ-coordinate system and the eddy viscosity is calculated with the standard k-ε turbulence model. The control volume method is used to discrete the equations, and the boundary conditions at the bed for shallow water models only include vertical diffusion terms expressed with wall functions. And the semi-implicit method for pressure linked equation arithmetic is adopted to solve the equations. The model is applied to the 2D vertical plane flow of a current over two steep-sided trenches for which experiment data are available for comparison and good agreement is obtained. And the model is used to predicting the flow in a channel with a steep-sided submerged breakwater at the bottom, and the streamline is drawn.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50679023, 50879019)Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (20070294012)+2 种基金the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (50925932)Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation Incubation Program of Hohai University (2010B18814)Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province, and 333 High-Level Talent Training Program of Jiangsu Province (2017-B08038)
文摘The effect of random waves on vertical plane turbulent jets is studied numerically and the mechanism behind the interaction of the jet and waves is analyzed. The large eddy simulation method is used and the σ-coordinate system is adopted. Turbulence is modeled by a dynamic coherent eddy model. The σ-coordinate transformation is introduced to map the irregular physical domain with a wavy free surface and an uneven bottom onto a regular computational domain. The fractional step method is used to solve the filtered Navier–Stokes equations. Results presented include the distribution of velocity, the decay law of the mean velocity along the jet axis, self-similar characteristics and volume flux per unit width. In particular, the role of coherent structures on the momentum transfer along the jet centerline and the jet instantaneous characteristics in JONSWAP waves are a special focus of this research. The numerical results obtained are of great theoretical importance in understanding the behavior of turbulent jets in random wave environments.
文摘A river plume dynamics analysis was made in Namtso Lake by using a sigma coordinate non-hydrostatic numerical ocean model, the Bergen Ocean Model. Simulations were carried out by hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic models with horizontal resolution of 5.00 m, 2.50 m and 1, 25 m, respectively. The simulation results for the homogeneous lake are robust to the grid size, and the non-hydrostatic pressure effect is not important in this ease. For the stratified case, the results are sensitive to both the grid size and non-hydrostatic pressure corrections.
文摘We well know that photon concept is self-contradictory because we assume that it is a particle with wave properties. This contradiction insensibly spoils our subconscious thinking. It is shown in the article that photon has no 4-coordinates for work within atomic quantum electrodynamics (QED). This implies that actually photon is not a particle. I draw attention that QED is the most precise theory developed by humankind. It is noticed that terms photon and electromagnetic field in practice are in use as synonyms. These results validate the title of the article and exempt us from contradictions within quantum mechanics.
文摘It is accepted that quantum mechanics (QM) describes motion of waves and particles. Therefore, we must use wave-particle duality (WPD), which is usually considered as one of the foundations of QM;however, WPD is well known as a self-contradictory concept. These contradictions insensibly spoil our subconscious thinking about the micro-world (MW). This article shows that known trials to solve these contradictions are erroneous. Quantum jumps (QJs) are shown to be very lame arguments for the real existence of particles. I offer rejecting the concept of particles and using their names as labels for types of corresponding waves. Thus, we can discard contradictions created by WPD. This approach is validated in the article by careful analysis of real calculation methods of quantum electrodynamics (QED). For the first time, it is noticed that proper 4-coordinates of particles are not in use in real calculations in QED. This implies that particles do not take part in real calculations, which describe properties of atoms and molecules. It follows that particles do not exist as such. Therefore, we must acknowledge that we actually use the names of “particles” merely as names of types of given waves, but not as real, physical objects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 50679023, 50879019)the PhD Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No 20070294012)+2 种基金the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant No 50925932)the Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation Incubation Program of Hohai University (Grant No 2010B18814)Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province, "333 High-level Talent Training Program" of Jiangsu Province (Grant No 2017-B08038)
文摘We has developed a novel dynamic coherent eddy model,in which the coherent structure-Q criterion introduced by Hunt et al(1988)-is taken into account in the subgrid-scale turbulent viscosity based on the eddy viscosity model.One proposed method is to combine the resolved-scale velocity-gradient tensor in the classical Smagorinsky model with Q criterion weighted.A kind of dynamic procedure which was averaged in a general process at temporal direction based on the autocorrelations of the characteristic resolved scales of turbulence was taken for the coefficient of subgrid model.The model is implemented in the σ-coordinate and the filtered Navier-Stokes equations are solved by the operator splitting method.The validation was explored to 2-D turbulent slot jet both in ambient environment and in regular waves.The prediction of the present model was compared with the experiment data,including the averaged velocity profiles,the velocity fluctuations and the Reynolds stress.The model performance is shown to be satisfactory.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant No:50025925), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No: 50079001) and the Chinese Postdoctoral ScienceFoundation (Grant No:20040350088)
文摘A two-dimensional numerical irregular wave tank based on the potential wave theory was developed. A source term was used inside the domain to generate waves, and outgoing waves were dissipated by sponge layers and transmitted by radiation boundary. The σ-coordinate transformation was introduced to map the time-dependent irregular physical domain to a fixed regular computational domain, and thus the free surface and bottom boundary conditions could be implemented precisely. The model was verified by simulating the nonlinear regular and irregular wave propagation on constant-depth water, as well as regular waves reflected from a vertical wall, and satisfactory agreement between numerical results and analytical solutions was obtained. The present numerical model is proved to be an effective tool for a long-duration simulation of coastal wave dynamics where the wave reflection is significant.