Activation of Anhydrate Phosphogypsum by K_2SO_4 and Hemihydrate Gypsum

Lime pretreated phosphogypsum（PG） was calcined at 500 ℃ to produce anhydrate gypsum cement. Due to the slow hydration of anhydrate gypsum, additives, K2SO4 and hemihydrate gypsum were selected to accelerate the hydration of anhydrate. The hydration characteristics, the resistance to hydrodynamic water, and the mineralogical studies were investigated. The experimental results suggest that activated by K2SO4 and hemihydrate, anhydrate PG hydrates much more rapidly than that in the presence of only K2SO4 or in the absence of additives. The binder has proper setting time, good strength development, and relatively better resistance to water. The hardened binder has hydrated products of rod or stick like shaped dihydrate gypsum crystals.

Transformation of Flue-Gas-Desulfurization Gypsum to α-Hemihydrated Gypsum in Salt Solution at Atmospheric Pressure

Direct phase transformation of flue gas desulfurization gypsum in hot salt solution at atmospheric pres-sure was investigated.The effects of temperature,salt species,salt concentration,solids content,pH and modifier were examined.The crystals obtained under different conditions and solubility of calcium sulfate in contact with solid gypsum were also determined.α-Calcium sulfate hemihydrate crystals of stubby columnar shape and regular pentahedral sides were obtained under the following conditions：salt concentration 20%-30%,operation tempera-ture 95-100 °C,solids mass content in the slurry 10%-30% and neutral pH.Thermodynamic analysis revealed that phase transformation of calcium sulfate dihydrate to α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate occurs because of the difference in solubilities between the two solid gypsum phases in this system.

Promotion of conversion activity of flue gas desulfurization gypsum into α-hemihydrate gypsum by calcination-hydration treatment

The massive accumulation of flue gas desulfurization(FGD)gypsum produced in the wet limestone-gypsum flue gas desulfurization process not only encroaches on lands but also causes serious environmental pollution.The preparation ofα-hemihydrate gypsum(α-HH)is an important way to achieve high-value utilization of FGD gypsum.Although the glycerol-water solution approach can be used to produceα-HH from FGD gypsum under mild conditions,the transition is kinetically unfavorable in the mixed solution.Here,an easy pretreatment was used to activate FGD gypsum by calcination and hydration to readily complete the transition.The pretreatment deteriorated the crystallinity of FGD gypsum and caused it to form small irregular flaky crystals,which dramatically increased the specific surface area.Additionally,most of the organics adsorbed onto FGD gypsum surfaces were removed after pretreatment.The poor crystallinity,increased specific surface area,and elimination of organics adsorbed onto crystal surfaces effectively improved the conversion activity of FGD gypsum,thereby promoting dihydrate gypsum(DH)dissolution andα-HH nucleation.Overall,the phase transition of FGD gypsum toα-HH is facilitated.

Study on Performance Regulation and Mechanism of Quicklime and Biopolymer on Hemihydrate Phosphogypsum

In order to reduce the influence of impurities in hemihydrate phosphogypsum(HPG)on the environment and improve the workability of HPG,the effects of the content of quicklime and types of biopolymer(hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,xanthan gum,sodium polyacrylate(PAANa))on the compressive strength,softening coefficient and ultrasonic velocity of HPG were evaluated.When the content of quicklime was 1.5%and the content of PAA-Na was 0.2%,HPG had the best mechanical properties and workability,its water retention rate can be increased by 5.8%,and unconfined compressive strength of 3 days increased by 10.3%and 7 days increased by 13.1%.Through the analysis of scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction,it was found that the hydration reac-tion of HPG was more sufficient,the pores size and number decreased,the number of impurities on the crystal surface decreased obviously,and CaF2 and other substances were formed by the reaction after the addition of quicklime.After adding quicklime and PAANa,the indicators of gypsum self-leveling mortar prepared by HPG meet the requirements of the standard.

Preparation of α-High Strength Gypsum from Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum Pretreated by Hydrothermal-aging Method

The synthesis of α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (α-CSH) from flue gas desulfurization (FGD)gypsum is a good way to realize the comprehensive utilization of FGD gypsum. To obtainα-CSH with the satisfactory performances, a facile hydrothermal-aging pretreatment process for FGD gypsum raw materials was proposed, where FGD gypsum was firstly hydrothermally converted to α-CSH whiskers, and α-CSH whiskers were further hydrated to synthesize CaSO4·2H2O (CSD) by aging under the regulation of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA). The effects of aging time, MBA addition, aging temperature, and pH on the morphology of the synthesized CSD were investigated. The synthesized CSD crystals exhibit highly uniform prismatic morphology with the length of ca 100μm and the whiteness of 91.56%. The regulation mechanism of MBA was also illustrated. The synthesized CSD crystals with prismatic morphology were further used as raw materials to synthesize the short columnar α-CSH. The absolute dry compressive strength of paste prepared from the short columnar α-CSH is 40.85 MPa, which reaches α40 strength grade.

Modification on the Performance of the Hemihydrate Gypsum with the Plant Source Polymer of Dry Matcha Powder

The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of using the plant-source polymer of the matcha powder as a composite admixture for hemihydrate gypsum. Hemihydrate gypsum was mixed with different contents of matcha powder, and then the water requirement for the normal consistency, setting times, density, strength, hydration and microstructure of the hardened mixture were evaluated. The experimental results showed that it increased the water requirement for the normal consistency, and it regulated the setting times and reduced the density. Hemihydrate gypsum with more matcha powder had the higher water requirement, longer setting times and lower density. Less than 1% matcha powder had slight impact on the strength of hardened paste, but more than 1% matcha powder had a remarkable one. Matcha powder changed the hydration process and prolonged the induction and acceleration period. Small needlelike crystals were transformed into longer, larger and thicker ones as more matcha powder was mixed. This case is closely related to the prolongation of the induction and acceleration period. Besides, more and larger pores were observed in the hardened paste with more matcha powder. It is attributed to the appearances of the tea polyphenol in matcha powder and the larger and longer crystal morphology in hardened paste as well as the high water requirement for the normal consistency. These results are important to the application of matcha powder as a composite admixture for the hemihydrate gypsum as well as the prosperity and development of the tea industry.

Gypsum-based Silica Gel Humidity-controlling Composite Materials:Preparation,Characterization,and Performance

Gypsum was used as substrate,and silica gel was mixed into substrate at a certain mass ratio to prepare humidity-controlling composites;moreover,the moisture absorption and desorption properties of gypsum-based composites were compared with adding different silica gel particle size and proportion.The morphological characteristics,the isothermal equilibrium moisture content curve,moisture absorption and desorption rate,moisture absorption and desorption stability,and humidity-conditioning performance were tested and analyzed.The experimental results show that,compared with pure-gypsum,the surface structure of the gypsum-based composites is relatively loose,the quantity,density and aperture of the pores in the structure increase.The absorption and desorption capacity increase along with the increase of silica gel particle size and silica gel proportion.When 3 mm silica gel particle size is added with a mass ratio of 40%,the maximum equilibrium moisture content of humidity-controlling composites is 0.161 g/g at 98% relative humidity(RH),3.22 times that of pure-gypsum.The moisture absorption and desorption rates are increased,the equilibrium moisture absorption and desorption rates are 2.68 times and 1.61 times that of pure-gypsum at 58.5% RH,respectively.The gypsum-based composites have a good stability,which has better timely response to dynamic humidity changes and can effectively regulate indoor humidity under natural conditions.

Deterioration Reason and Improvement Measure of the Retarding Effect of Protein Retarder on Phosphorus Building Gypsum

The retarding effect of protein retarder on phosphorus building gypsum(PBG)and desulfurization building gypsum(DBG)was investigated,and the results show that protein retarder for DBG can effectively prolong the setting time and displays a better retarding effect,but for PBG shows a poor retarding effect.Furthermore,the deterioration reason of the retarding effect of protein retarder on PBG was investigated by measuring the pH value and the retarder concentration of the liquid phase from vacuum filtration of PBG slurry at different hydration time,and the measure to improve the retarding effect of protein retarding on PBG was suggested.The pH value of PBG slurry(<5.0)is lower than that of DBG slurry(7.8-8.5).After hydration for 5 min,the concentration of retarder in liquid phase of DBG slurry gradually decreases,but in liquid phase of PBG slurry continually increases,which results in the worse retarding effect of protein retarder on PBG.The liquid phase pH value of PBG slurry can be adjusted higher by sodium silicate,which is beneficial to improvement in the retarding effect of the retarder.By adding 1.0%of sodium silicate,the initial setting time of PBG was efficiently prolonged from 17 to 210 min,but little effect on the absolute dry flexural strength was observed.

New Data on Coal, Gypsum, Iron and Silica Sand Deposits and Geochemical Exploration (Pakistan): Revision of 25 Years History of Dinosaur Discoveries from Pakistan

Discoveries of many coal seams at depths by drilling carried by Geological Survey of Pakistan in Sor Range and Harnai Gochina, extended the coal seams at depth which is challenge for mine owners to exploit feasibly. Bed to bed gypsum samplings (and their chemical analyses) of huge gypsum deposits from Sulaiman foldbelt is a base for industrialist and also planers to develop cement and gypsum industries to increase export and foreign exchange for the development of area and Pakistan. Low and high grade sedimentary iron deposits, silica sand and uranium host rocks and their extensions in Sulaiman and Kirthar foldbelts are presented. Anomalies of a few base metals arise as a result of geochemical exploration carried at part of Loralai District of Balochistan. Theropod dinosaurs were frequent in India, while Poripuchian titanosaurs (Sauropoda, Dinosauria) were frequent in Pakistan. Besides some ichnotaxa, many bone taxa such as 1 titanosauriform, 14 titanosaurian sauropod (including one new titanosaur), and 3 theropod dinosaurs are established from Pakistan. Among these 12 titanosaur species and 3 theropod species are named in about 10 km2 area of Vitakri dome and 2 titanosaur species are named in about a few hundred square meter area of Mari Bohri (Kachi Bohri) which is about 10 km westward from Vitakri dome. Pakistan is a unique country which discoverd 14 diversified titanosaurs in a short area and also in a short period (67 - 66 million years ago/Ma). About 400 bones found from a few meter thick upper part of upper shale horizon of latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation which is base for titanosaur taxa. Cranial material is in low fraction (but include significant diverse snouts), caudal vertebrae are prominent, the cervicals, dorsals and sacrals have significant numbers, forelimb and hind limb bones have balanced fraction. Humeri, femora and tibiae are most common. To know the position of Pakistani titanosaurs among titanosaurs and sauropods, there is a need to extend list of characters for phylogenetic analyses. This broad feature list should include main characters of titanosaurs from Pakistan and also from global world.

Evolution and Application of Sealing Ability of Gypsum Caprocks under Temperature-Pressure Coupling:An Example of the ZS5 Well in the Tazhong Area of the Tarim Basin

Gypsum caprocks'sealing ability is affected by temperature-pressure coupling.Due to the limitations of experimental conditions,there is still a lack of triaxial stress-strain experiments that simultaneously consider changes in temperature and pressure conditions,which limits the accuracy of the comprehensive evaluation of the brittle plastic evolution and sealing ability of gypsum rocks using temperature pressure coupling.Triaxial stress-strain tests were utilized to investigate the differences in the evolution of the confinement capacity of gypsum rocks under coupled temperaturepressure action and isothermal-variable pressure action on the basis of sample feasibility analysis.According to research,the gypsum rock's peak and residual strengths decrease under simultaneous increases in temperature and pressure over isothermal pressurization experimental conditions,and it becomes more ductile.This reduces the amount of time it takes for the rock to transition from brittle to plastic.When temperature is taken into account,both the brittle–plastic transformation's depth limit and the lithological transformation of gypsum rocks become shallower,and the evolution of gypsum rocks under variable temperature and pressure conditions is more complicated than that under isothermal pressurization.The sealing ability under the temperature-pressure coupling is more in line with the actual geological context when the application results of the Well#ZS5 are compared.This provides a theoretical basis for precisely determining the process of hydrocarbon accumulation and explains why the early hydrocarbon were not well preserved.

Deep decalcification of factory-provided freezing acidolysis solution to achieveα-high-strength gypsum

The freezing acidolysis solution of the nitric acid-phosphate fertilizer process has a high calcium content,which makes it difficult to produce fine phosphate and high water-soluble phosphate fertilizer products.Here,based on the potential crystallization principle of calcium sulfate in NH_(4)NO_(3)-H_(3)PO_(4)-H_(2)O,the deep decalcification(i.e.calcium removal)technology to achieveα-high-strength gypsum originated from freezing acidolysis-solutions has been firstly proposed and investigated.Typically,calcium can be removed from the factory-provided freezing acidolysis-solution by neutralizing it with ammonia,followed by the addition of ammonium sulfate solution.As a result,the formation of calcium sulfate in the reaction system undergoes the nucleation and growth of CaSO_(4)·2H_(2)O(DH),as well as its dissolution and crystallization into short columnarα-CaSO_(4)·0.5H_(2)O(α-HH).Remarkably,with the molar ratio of SO_(4)^(2-)/Ca^(2+)at 1.8,the degree of neutralization(NH_(3)/HNO_(3) molar ratio)at 1.7,the reaction temperature of 94℃,and the reaction time of 300 min,the decalcification rate can reach 86.89%,of which the high-strengthα-CaSO_(4)·0.5H_(2)O(α-HH)will be obtained.Noteworthy,the deep decalcification product meets the standards for the production of fine phosphates and highly water-soluble phosphate fertilizers.Consequently,the 2 h flexural strength ofα-HH is 5.3 MPa and the dry compressive strength is 36.8 MPa,which is up to the standard of commercialα-HH.

Enhanced dealkalization of bauxite residue through calcium-activated desulfurization gypsum

A novel integrated approach to remove the free alkalis and stabilize solid-phase alkalinity by controlling the release of Ca from desulfurization gypsum was developed.The combination of recycled FeCl_(3)solution and EDTA activated desulfurization gypsum lowered the bauxite residue pH to 7.20.Moreover,it also improved the residual Ca state,with its contribution to the total exchangeable cations increased(68%-92%).Notably,the slow release of exchangeable Ca introduced through modified desulfurization gypsum induced a phase transition of the alkaline minerals.This treatment stabilized the dealkalization effect of bauxite residue via reducing its overall acid neutralization capacity in abating pH rebound.Hence,this approach can provide guidance for effectively utilizing desulfurization gypsum to achieve stable regulation of alkalinity in bauxite residue.

Effect of integration of mechanical ball milling and flue gas desulfurization gypsum on dealkalization of bauxite residue

The synergistic impact of mechanical ball milling and flue gas desulfurization(FGD)gypsum on the dealkalization of bauxite residue was investigated through integrated analyses of solution chemistry,mineralogy,and microtopography.The results showed a significant decrease in Na_(2)O content(>30 wt.%)of FGD gypsum-treated bauxite residue after 30 min of mechanical ball milling.Mechanical ball milling resulted in differentiation of the elemental distribution,modification of the minerals in crystalline structure,and promotion in the dissolution of alkaline minerals,thus enhancing the acid neutralization capacity of bauxite residue.5 wt.%FGD gypsum combined with 30 min mechanical ball milling was optimal for the dealkalization of bauxite residue.

Effect of Low pH on Forming Process of Desulfurization Gypsum Composite Boards Strengthened by Melamine-formaldehyde Resin

Through exploring the effects of low pH on the composite system of desulfurization gypsum(DG)enhanced by melamine-formaldehyde resin(MF),it is found that the inducing of sulfate-ion,in contrast to chloride and oxalate ions,favors the longitudinal growth of the crystalline form of the hydration product,which was relatively simple and had the highest length to width(L/D)ratio.At the same time,MF can also improve L/D ratio of gypsum hydration products,which favors the formation of hydrated whiskers.Finally,in a composite system composed of hemihydrate gypsum,MF,and glass fibers,when dilute sulfuric acid was used to regulate pH=3-4,the tight binding formed among the components of the composite system compared to pH=5-6.The hydration product of gypsum adheres tightly to glass fiber surface and produces a good cross-linking and binding effect with MF.The flexural strength,compressive strength,elastic modulus,and water absorption of the desulphurized gypsum composite board is 22.7 MPa,39.8 MPa,5608 MPa,and 1.8%,respectively.

Efficacy of borneol-gypsum in skin regeneration and pain control in toxic epidermal necrolysis:A case report

BACKGROUND Toxic epidermal necrolysis(TEN)is a life-threatening dermatological emergency mainly induced by drug hypersensitivity reactions.Standard management includes discontinuation of culprit drug and application of immunomodulatory therapy.However,mortality remains high due to complications like septic shock and multiorgan failures.Innovative approaches for skin care are crucial.This report introduces borneol-gypsum,a traditional Chinese drug but a novel dressing serving as an adjuvant of TEN therapy,might significantly improve skin conditions and patient outcomes in TEN.CASE SUMMARY A 38-year-old woman diagnosed with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis experienced gangrenous complications and motor nerve involvement.After initial treatment of high-dose corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide,symptom of foot drop improved,absolute eosinophil counts decreased,while limb pain sustained.Duloxetine was added to alleviate her symptom.Subsequently,TEN developed.Additional topical application of borneol-gypsum dressing not only protected the skin lesions from infection but also significantly eased localized pain.This approach demonstrated its merit in TEN management by promoting skin healing and potentially reducing infection risks.CONCLUSION Borneol-gypsum dressing is a promising adjuvant that could significantly improve TEN management,skin regeneration,and patient comfort.

Preparation of Multifunctional β-hemihydrate Gypsum using Oyster Shell Powder as the Partial Replacement of Ag/TiO2 Particle

This work aimed to use oyster shell powder (OSP) as the partial replacement of Ag/TiO2 particle to obtain multifunctional β-hemihydrate gypsum.Thus,the β-hemihydrate gypsum was mixed with different contents of OSP and Ag/TiO2 particle.Antibacterial and MB removal experiments were conducted to assess the antibacterial characteristic and photocatalytic activity of β-hemihydrate gypsum with Ag/TiO2 particle and OSP.Besides,the formaldehyde degradation test was carried out to evaluate its formaldehyde removal ratio.Moreover,their setting times,compressive and flexural strengths at 1,3,and 28 days were comparatively analyzed.The experimental results prove that the composite use of OSP and Ag/TiO2 particle provide feasible multifunction for the β-hemihydrate gypsum.They can further improve the bactericidal rates and exhibit extra MB removal ratios compared with the gypsum plasters with single Ag/TiO2 particle.Besides,they can increase the formaldehyde degradation ratios,and this promotion is related to the introduction of Ag/TiO2 particle.However,OSP delays the initial setting time but promotes the final setting time of β-hemihydrate gypsum,and Ag/TiO2 particle hardly affects the setting times.Furthermore,OSP reduces the strengths of plasters at 1,3,and 28 days.But in general,the composite addition of OSP and Ag/TiO2 particle increase the compressive and flexural strengths of gypsum plasters at 1,3,and 28 days.These results provide theoretical guidance for the recycling of OSP and the preparation of gypsum-based products with antibacterial and formaldehyde degradation capabilities.

Effect of Compounding of Sodium Tripolyphosphate and Super Plasticizers on the Hydration of α-calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate

The inhibition and its mechanism of sodium tripolyphosphate （STP） composited with super plasticizers （SPs） on hydration of α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate were studied by setting time, strength, hydration heat, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, electronic probe micro analysis （EPMA）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and differential scanning calorimeter （DSC） measurements. The experimental results show that compared with STP addition, compositing STP with polycarboxylate （PC） plasticizer, the final setting time is prolonged from 0.5h to 2hs. While formulating STP with naphthalene-based plasticizer （NAP） or sulfonate melamine formaldehyde plasticizer （SMF）, the final setting time is reduced to quarter of an hour. Similar changes can also be found in the rate of exothermic hydration and hydration degree. Formulating STP with suitable addition of PC can enhance the strength, while compositing STP and NAP or SMF weakens the strength. Besides, adding STP or STP and SMF, obvious movement （more than 1ev） of binding energy of Ca2p1/2 and Ca2p3/2 is detected. Compared with STP addition, content of the characteristic element （P） of STP is cut down form 1.1% to 0.49% by compositing STP with SMF. Furthermore, as hydration age increases, hydration inhibition in the presence of admixtures weakens and even disappears within 56 h.

Non-isothermal dehydration kinetic study of aspartame hemihydrate using DSC, TGA and DSC-FTIR microspectroscopy

Three thermal analytical techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA) using five heating rates, and DSC-Fourier Transform Infrared(DSCFTIR) microspectroscopy using one heating rate, were used to determine the thermal characteristics and the dehydration process of aspartame(APM) hemihydrate in the solid state.The intramolecular cyclization process of APM anhydrate was also examined. One exothermic and four endothermic peaks were observed in the DSC thermogram of APM hemihydrate,in which the exothermic peak was due to the crystallization of some amorphous APM caused by dehydration process from hemihydrate to anhydride. While four endothermic peaks were corresponded to the evaporation of absorbed water, the dehydration of hemihydrate, the diketopiperazines(DKP) formation via intramolecular cyclization, and the melting of DKP, respectively. The weight loss measured in TGA curve of APM hemihydrate was associated with these endothermic peaks in the DSC thermogram. According to the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa(FWO)model, the activation energy of dehydration process within 100–150 °C was about 218 ± 11 kJ/mol determined by TGA technique. Both the dehydration and DKP formation processes for solid-state APM hemihydrate were markedly evidenced from the thermal-responsive changes in several specific FTIR bands by a single-step DSC-FTIR microspectroscopy.

Preparation of High Percentage α-Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate via a Hydrothermal Method

α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (α-HH) is known to be suitable for application as bone void filler. High percentage of α-HH is obviously needed for medical applications, especially for implantation. Three commercially available calcium sulfate dihydrates (DH, CaSO4·2H2O) with different sizes and surface morphologies were used as starting materials to synthesize high percentage α-HH via a hydrothermal method. The median particle sizes of the three types of DH were 946.7 μm, 162.4 μm and 62.4 μm, respectively. They were named as DH-L, DH-M and DH-S in this paper. The particle size distribution, morphology and phase composition of the raw materials were evaluated before synthesis. SEM results revealed that DH-L consisted of irregular large particles, while DH-M and DH-S were composed of plate-like particles with some small ones. High percentage HH can be obtained with proper synthesis parameters by hydrothermal method, specifically, 105 &deg;C/90 min for DH-L (achieving 98.8% HH), 105&deg;C/30 min for DH-M (achieving 96.7% HH) and 100&deg;C/45 min for DH-S (achieving 98.4% HH). All the synthesized HH were hexagonal columns, demonstrating that they were α-phase HH. The particle size and morphology of starting material (DH) have significant influences on not only the rate of phase transition but also the morphology of the synthesized α-HH. Calcium sulfate dihydrate cements were prepared by the synthesized α-HH. The highest compressive strength of calcium sulfate dihydrate cement was 17.2 MPa. The results show that the preparation of high percentage α-HH is feasible via a hydrothermal method and the process can be further scaled up to industrial scale production.

Preparation and characterization of hemihydrate calcium sulfate-calcium hydroxide composite bone repair materials

Objective:To prepare a bone repair material with certain mechanical strength and biological activity,this paper used calcium sulfate hemihydrate(CSH)powder compounded with calcium hydroxide(Ca(OH)2)powder to prepare a bone repair scaffold material for physicochemical property characterization and testing.Methods:The physical and chemical properties and characterization of the dried and cured bone repair materials were determined by Fourier infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and scanning electron microscopy;Universal material testing machine to determine the mechanical and mechanical strength of composite materials.Results:XRD showed that the structure of the composite material phase at 5%concentration was calcium sulfate hemihydrate and calcium hydroxide after hydration.The FT-IR and XRD analyses were consistent.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)results showed that calcium hydroxide was uniformly dispersed in the hemihydrate calcium sulfate material.0%,1%,5%,and 10%specimen groups had compressive strengths of 3.86±3.1,5.27±1.28,8.22±0.96,and 14.4±3.28 MPa.10%addition of calcium hydroxide significantly improved the mechanical strength of the composites,but also reduced the the porosity of the material.Conclusion:With the addition of calcium hydroxide,the CSH-Ca(OH)2 composite was improved in terms of mechanical material and is expected to be a new type of bone repair material.