人α型干扰素家族定向进化文库的构建及细胞筛选

Mixtures of twelve human interferon alpha genes were digested randomly with DNase I. DNA fragments of 30～50 bps were reassembled into a full length interferon gene with sexual PCR without primer (DNA Shuffling). This primerless PCR product was further amplified with additional PCR with primers containing restriction enzyme sites. Then these PCR products were cloned into the phagemid expression vector PcantAb5E to form an expression library displaying interferon molecules. Regarding WISH cells as a standard strain rich in IFN receptor complex, we developed a new and feasible panning method with WISH cells and performed a competitive washing selection strategy. Using this method in combination with antiviral activity assay, we got two clones showing higher antiviral activity compared with phage IFN α2b. Sequencing results showed that they are hybrids containing two and four interferon alpha genes. Now we are cloning them into prokaryotic expression vector and want to get purified sample to determine their biological activity and biochemistry characters.

人白细胞α型干扰素治疗小儿传染性单核细胞增多症的观察

本文报道用人白细胞α型干扰素治疗传染性单核细胞增多症（ＩＭ）３１例。干扰素用量为１×１０７ｕ，每日肌注一次，连续５～７天。结果：干扰素治疗病例的热程、咽峡炎、淋巴结肿大、肝脾肿大持续时间均较非干扰素治疗组（２７例）明显缩短，其热程缩短１周左右。由此表明干扰素治疗ＩＭ可缩短疾病的病程，有抗ＥＢＶ活性。

家蚕表达重组α型干扰素单克隆抗体的制备和鉴定

本文报道在抗原来湖困难地情况下制备了３株家蚕表达的重组α型干扰素单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞系：１Ｙ，２Ｙ和３Ｙ，琼脂免疫双扩散结果显示１Ｙ，２Ｙ和３Ｙ均分泌ＩｇＭ类抗体。ＥＬＩＳＡ－加成试验结果表明：１Ｙ和２Ｙ，３Ｙ和３Ｙ识别不同表位，１Ｙ和３Ｙ识别相同表位。

新型猫源干扰素FeIFN-ω与干扰素FeIFN-α的表达及抗病毒活性比较

ω型干扰素(IFN-ω)与α型干扰素(IFN-α)同属于Ⅰ型干扰素,都具有抗病毒,抗增殖和免疫调节的功能,但它们之间的活性却存在较大差异。通过PCR扩增猫ω型干扰素基因(FeIFN-ω),根据GenBank公布的猫α型干扰素基因序列,合成猫α型干扰素基因(FeIFN-α)。分别构建原核表达载体pET-His/FeIFN-α和pET-His/FeIFN-ω,转化大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3)进行表达。表达产物经Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化,复性后蛋白用细胞病变抑制法进行抗病毒活性测定。结果显示,重组猫ω型干扰素(FeIFN-ω)抗病毒活性明显高于重组猫α型干扰素(FeIFN-α),尤其对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV),FeIFN-ω的活性是FeIFN-α的160倍,对犬瘟热病毒(CDV),FeIFN-ω的活性是FeIFN-α的4倍,而日本同类产品Intercat对CDV和AIV均未表现活性。以上研究为以ω型干扰素为基础的抗病毒药物应用奠定了重要的理论基础。

小鼠口腔和胃途径对精制α型人白细胞干扰素的吸收实验

目的 观察小白鼠经口腔和胃服用精制α型人白细胞干扰素的吸收情况。方法小鼠经口腔和 胃服用干扰素后，分别用微量细胞病变抑制法和ＥＬＩＳＡ检测小鼠血清中的干扰素活性。结果 含服干扰素的小鼠 血清用两种方法均可检出干扰素活性，且可被α型干扰素抗体完全中和；经胃服用干扰素的小鼠血清中未检出干 扰素。结论 含服是干扰素吸收的重要途径。

低剂量天然型与重组型α-干扰素舌下含片药物时效关系的比较

目的:研究低剂量重组型α-干扰素(rIFNα-2a)舌下含片的有效性,并与天然型α-干扰素(IFN-α)比较,以期获得舌下给药的rIFNα-2a含片。方法:将健康志愿者随机分成2组,分别口含2种不同的IFN-α,并于不同时间采血,采用细胞病变抑制法测定血清IFN水平,获得口含IFN-α的时效关系。结果:2种IFN含片均能使体内IFN升高,血清中IFN的绝对值均大于投药量。结论:2种IFN含片均有启动机体内源性IFN的作用,可通过口腔及咽部淋巴组织激活机体免疫网络产生放大效应,rIFNα-2a同样可经口含给药获得有效性治疗目的。

Effect of interferon in combination with ribavirin on the plus and minus strands of HCV RNA in patients with chronic hepatitis C

AIMS To probe the effect of interferon in combination with rib- avirin on the plus and minus strands of hepatitis C virus RNA (HCV RNA). METHODS Twenty-three cases diagnosed as chronic hepatitis C (CHC) according to positive HCV RNA/anti-HCV,fluctuating levels of aminotransferase activities (>1 year) and absence of other hepatitis virus marker,were studied. Among them,13 pa- tients received combined antiviral therapy (subcutaneous injection of 3MU of interferon-α three times per week for 3 months and intra- venous drip of 1 g of ribavirin per day during the first month of treatment with interferon) and 10 patients received single interfer- on therapy (the same as above-mentioned) as control. The plus and minus strands of HCV RNA in sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of these patients were tested by means of nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (nested RT-PCR). RESULTS At the end of therapy,the abnormal ALT levels de- creased to normal range in 9 (69.23%) cases in the combined antiviral group. Of them,5 (55.56%)experienced post-therapy relapse and 4 (44.44%) were complete responders. In the inter- feron group,the ALT decreased to normal in 6 (60%) cases,of which,4 (66.67%) had post-therapy relapse and 2 (33.33%) were complete responders. The differences between the two groups were nonsignificant (P>0.05). At the end of therapy,the positive rate of the plus strand in sera decreased from 92.3% to 38.46% (P<0.05) and that of the minus strand in PBMCs,from 76.92% to 38.46% (P<0.05) in the combined antiviral group; and in the interferon group,the former decreased from 100% to 50% (P<0.05) and the latter,from 90% to 40% (P<0.05). Again,no significant differences were found between groups (P >0.05). The relapse occurred in patients whose plus strand HCV RNA in PBMCs remained positive before and after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Ribavirin could not enhance the antiviral effect of interferon. The absence of HCV RNA in serum does not mean complete clearance of HCV,and its value for evaluating the an- tiviral effect and prognosis is limited. Therefore,it is essential to measure the plus and minus strands of HCV RNA in sera and PBM- Cs simultaneously.

Expression of interferon-alpha/beta receptor protein in liver of patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease

ABM: To study the expression of interferon-alpha/beta (IFN-α/β) receptor protein in liver of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related chronic liver disease and its clinical significance. METHODS: A total of 181 patients with HCV-related chronic liver disease included 56 with HCV-related liver cirrhosis (LC) and 125 with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). CHC patients were treated with five megaunits of interferon-α1b six times weekly for the first 2 weeks and then every other day for 22 wk. The patients were divided into interferon (IFN) treatment-responsive and non-responsive groups, but 36 patients lost follow-up shortly after receiving the treatment. The expression of IFN-α/β receptor (IFN-α/βR) protein in liver of all patients was determined with immunofluorescence. RESULTS: In liver of patients with HCV-related chronic liver disease, the expression of IFN-α/βR protein in liver cell membrane was stronger than that in cytoplasm and more obvious in the surroundings of portal vein than in the surroundings of central vein. Moreover, it was poorly distributed in hepatic lobules. The weak positive, positive and strong positive expression of IFN-α/βR were 40% (50/125), 28% (35/125), 32% (40/125), respectively in CHC group, and 91.1% (51/56), 5.35% (3/56), and 3.56% (2/56), respectively in LC group. The positive and strong positive rates were higher in CHC group than in LC group (P<0.01). In IFN treatment responsive group, 27.8% (10/36) showed weak positive expression; 72.2% (26/36) showed positive or strong positive expression. In the non-responsive group, 71.7% (38/53) showed weak positive expression; 28.3% (15/53) showed positive or strong positive expression. The expression of IFN-α/βR protein in liver was more obvious in IFN treatment responsive group than in non-responsive group. CONCLUSION: Expression of IFN-α/βR protein in liver of patients with HCV-related chronic liver disease is likely involved in the response to IFN treatment.

Interferon alpha plus ribavirin combination treatment of Japanese chronic hepatitis C patients with HCV genotype 2:A project of the Kyushu University Liver Disease Study Group

AIM： To determine the efficacy of an interferon alpha and ribavirin combination treatment for Japanese patients infected with hepatitis C virus （HCV） of genotype 2, a multi-center study was retrospectively analyzed. METHODS： In total, 173 patients with HCV genotype 2 started to receive interferon-alpha subcutaneously thrice a week and 600-800 mg of ribavirin daily for 24 wk. RESULTS： The overall sustained virological response （SVR）, defined as undetectable HCV RNA in serum, 24 wk after the end of treatment, was remarkably high by 84.4%, （146/173） by an intention-to-treat analysis. A significant difference in SVR was found between patients with and without the discontinuation of ribavirin （46.9% vs 92.9 %）, but no difference was found between those with and without a dose reduction of ribavirin. A significant difference in SVR was also found between patients with less than 16 wk and patients with 16 or more weeks of ribavirin treatment （34.8 % vs 92.0 %）. CONCLUSION： The 24-wk interferon and ribavirin treatment is highly effective for Japanese patients with HCV genotype 2. The significant predictor of SVR is continuation of the ribavirin treatment for up to 16

Histological outcome of chronic hepatitis B in children treated with interferon alpha

AIM： To evaluate the effect of interferon alpha （IFN-α） treatment on the liver histology in children with chronic hepatitis B and to evaluate the usefulness of various histological scoring systems of liver histology in this group of patients. METHODS： Fibrosis stage and inflammation grade were assessed according to Batts and Ludwig, Ishak et al., and IETAVIR （only fibrosis stage） before and 12 mo after IFN-α treatment termination in 93 children aged 2-16 years with chronic hepatitis B. RESULTS： None of the three numerical scoring systems for liver fibrosis showed statistically significant differences in liver fibrosis, while evolution of inflammatory activity revealed statistically significant improvement in the whole group of children with chronic hepatitis B treated with IFN-α and in responders. Significantly positive correlations were found between fibrosis stage and inflammation grade in the respective scoring systems. CONCLUSION： Treatment with IFN-α did not improve histological fibrosis but decreased inflammatory activity in children with chronic hepatitis B. The three semiquantitative scoring systems seem to be comparable in the estimation of the inflammation grade and fibrosis stage in this group of children.

Influence of HLA-DRB1 alleles and HBV genotypes on interferon-α therapy for chronic hepatitis B

AIM. To investigate the influence of HLA-DRB1 alleles and HBV genotypes on inberferon-α therapy for chronic hepatitis B. METHODS： HLA-DRBI＊03, ＊07, ＊09,＊12, ＊15 alleles were determined using polymerase chain reaction/sequence specific primer （PCR/SSP） technique in 126 patients with chronic hepatitis B and 76 normal control subjects in Shandong Province, and HBV genotypes were determined by nested-PCR analysis using type-specific primers in 126 patients. RESULTS： The positivity of HLA-DRB1＊07 allele in chronic hepatitis B group was significantly higher than that in normal control group （X^2 = 6.33, P〈0.025, RR = 2.37）. Among the 126 patients, genotype B was found in 38 （30.2%）, genotype C in 69 （54.8%）, and mixed genotype （B＋C） in 19 （15.0%）, genotypes D-F were not found. Among the 46 DRB1＊07（＋） patients, 7 were responders and 39 were non-responders among them （X^2 = 6.71, P〈0.05）. The positivity of HLADRB1＊07 and prevalence of HBV genotype C were significantly higher in non-responders than in responders. CONCLUSION： High positivities of HLA-DRB1 ＊07 allele and HBV genotype C are closely associated with the lower response to interferon-α therapy for chronic hepatitis B.

Pegylated IFN-α2b added to ongoing lamivudine therapy in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B

AIM： To investigate the role of pegylated-interferon （IFN）α-2b in the management of patients with lamivudineresistant chronic hepatitis B. METHODS： Twenty consecutive anti-HBe positive patients were treated with pegylated IFN α-2b （100 IJg sc once weekly） for 12 mo. There was no interruption in lamivudine therapy. Hematology, liver biochemistry, serum HBV DNA levels were detected by PCR, and vital signs were also assessed. Liver histology was assessed in some patients at entry and at wk 52 for comparison. RESULTS： Nine patients （45%） had a partial virological end-treatment response; seven patients （35%） showed complete virological end-treatment response. Eight patients （40%） showed biochemical end-treatment response. There was a trend for higher virological response rates in patients who had previously responded to IFN and relapsed compared to IFN non-responders （four out of seven patients vs none out of six patients, respectively; P=0.1）. Patients without virological endtreatment response showed significant worsening of fibrosis [median score 2 （range, 1 to 3） vs median score 3 （range, 1 to 4）], in the first and second biopsy respectively （P=0.014）, whereas necroinflammatory activity was not significantly affected. Patients with complete or partial virological end-treatment response did not show any significant changes in histological findings, possibly due to the small number of patients with paired biopsies （n = 5）. Nevertheless, after 12 mo of follow-up, only onepatient （5%） showed sustained virological response and only 2 patients （10%） showed sustained biochemical response. Two patients （10%） discontinued pegylated ]FN both after 6 mo of treatment due to flu-like symptoms. CONCLUSION： Pegylated IFNα-2b, when added to ongoing lamivudine therapy in patients with lamivudineresistant chronic hepatitis B, induces sustained responses only in a small minority of cases.

Intraocular complications of IFN-α and ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic viral hepatitis C

We report a panel of severe inflammatory and vascular intraocular disorders occurring during interferon-alpha （IFN-α） treatment in eight hepatitis C virus （HCV）- infected patients. These events include three cases of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada like （VKH） disease （an association of panuveitis, retinal detachment, ear and meningeal detachment and skin and hair changes）, two cases of central retinal vein occlusion, one case of central retinal artery occlusion, one case of severe hypertensive retinopathy and one case of bilateral ischemic optic neuropathy with severe visual impairment. Rare as they are, such severe ophthalmological complications require a close follow-up of HCV-infected patients under IFN-α breabnent with ophthalmological monitoring if any ocular manifestation occurs.

Ischemic colitis during interferon-ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C:A case report

Ischemic colitis is a rare complication of interferon administration.Only 9 cases in 6 reports have been described to-date.This report describes a case of ischemic colitis during pegylated interferon and ribavirin treatment for chronic hepatitis C,and includes a review of the relevant literature.A 48-year-old woman was treated with pegylated interferon-2a and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C,genotype Ib.After 19 wk of treatment,the patient complained of severe afebrile abdominal pain with hematochezia.Vital signs were stable and serum white blood cell count was within the normal range.Abdominal computed tomography showed diffuse colonic wall thickening from the splenic flexure to the proximal sigmoid colon,which is the most vulnerable area for the development of ischemic colitis.Colonoscopy revealed an acute mucosal hyperemic change,with edema and ulcerations extending from the proximal descending colon to the sigmoid colon.Colonic mucosal biopsy revealed acute exudative colitis.Polymerase chain reaction and culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were negative and the cultures for cytomegalovirus,Salmonella and Shigella species were negative.After discontinuation of interferon and ribavirin therapy,abdominal pain and hematochezia subsided and,following colonoscopy showed improvement of the mucosal ulcerations.Ischemic colitis cases during interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C reported so far have all involved the descending colon.Ischemic colitis is a rarely encountered complication of interferon administration in patients with chronic hepatitis C and should be considered when a patient complains of abdominal pain and hematochezia.

Co-infection of SENV-D among chronic hepatitis C patients treated with combination therapy with high-dose interferon-alfa and ribavirin

AIM： The clinical significance of co-infection of SENV-D among patients with chronic hepatitis C （CHC） and response of both viruses to combination therapy with high-dose interferon-alfa （IFN） plus ribavirin remain uncertain and are being investigated.METHODS： Total 164 （97 males and 67 females, the mean age 48.1＋11.4 years, range： 20-73 years, 128 histologically proved） naive CHC patients were enrolled in this study. SENV-D DNA was tested by PCR method.Detection of serum HCV RNA was performed using a standardized automated qualitative RT-PCR assay （COBAS AMPLICOR HCV Test, version 2.0）. HCV genotypes la,lb, 2a, 2b, and 3a were determined by using genotypespecific primers. Pretreatment HCV RNA levels were determined by using the branched DNA assay （Quantiplex HCV RNA 3.0）. There are 156 patients receiving combination therapy with IFN 6 MU plus ribavirin for 24 wk and the response to therapy is determined.RESULTS： Sixty-one （37.2%） patients were positive for SENV-D DNA and had higher mean age than those who were negative （50.7＋ 10.6 years vs 46.6＋ 11.6 years,P = 0.026）. The rate of sustained viral response （SVR） for HCV and SENV-D were 67.3% （105/156） and 56.3% （27/48）, respectively. By univariate analysis, the higher rate of SVR was significantly related to HCV genotype non-1b （P〈0.001）, younger ages （P = 0.014）, lower pretreatment levels of HCV RNA （P = 0.019） and higher histological activity index （HAI） score for intralobular regeneration and focal necrosis （P= 0.037）. By multivariate analyses, HCV genotype non-lb, younger age and lower pretreatment HCV RNA levels were significantly associated with HCV SVR （odds ratio （OR）/95% confidence interval （CI）： 12.098/0.02-0.19, 0.936/0.890-0.998, and 3.131/1.080-9.077, respectively）. The SVR of SENV-D was higher among patients clearing SENV-D than those who had viremia at the end of therapy （P = 0.04）.CONCLUSION： Coexistent SENV-D infection, apparently associated with higher ages, is found in more than onethird Taiwan Residents CHC patients. Both HCV and SENV-D are highly susceptible to combination therapy with high-dose IFN and ribavirin and SENV-D co-infection does not affect the HCV response. HCV genotype, pretreatment HCV RNA levels and age are predictive factors for HCV SVR.

Psychiatric side effects of pegylated interferon alfa-2b as compared to conventional interferon alfa-2b in patients with chronic hepatitis C

AIM: To assess systematically the spectrum and extent of depressive symptoms comparing patient groups receiving peginterferon or conventional interferon.METHODS: Ninety-eight patients with chronic hepatitis C and interferon-based therapy (+ribavirin) were consecutively enrolled in a longitudinal study. Patients were treated with conventional interferon alfa-2b (48/98patients; 5 MIU interferon alfa-2b thrice weekly) or peginterferon alfa-2b (50/98 patients; 80-150 μgpeginterferon alfa-2b) in combination with weight-adapted ribavirin (800-1 200 mg/d). Repeated psychometric testing was performed before, three times during and once after antiviral therapy: Depression was evaluated by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), anger/hostility by the Symptom Checklist-90 Items Revised (SCL-90-R).RESULTS: Therapy with pegylated interferon alfa-2bproduces comparable scores for depression (ANOVA:P = 0.875) as compared to conventional interferon.Maximums of depression scores were even higher and cases of clinically relevant depression were frequent during therapy with peginterferon. Scores for anger/hostility were comparable for both therapy subgroups.CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the extent and frequency of depressive symptoms in total are not reduced by peginterferon. Monitoring and management of neuropsychiatric toxicity especially depression have to be considered as much as in antiviral therapy with unmodified interferon.

Interferon-伪 plus lamivudine vslamivudine reduces breakthroughs, but does not affect sustained response in HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B

AIM： To investigate the efficacy of combination treatment of IFN-α and lamivudine compared to lamivudine monotherapy, after 24 mo of administration in HBeAgnegative hepatitis B patients. METHODS： Fifty consecutive patients were randomly assigned to receive IFN-α-2b （5 MU thrice per week, n = 24） plus lamivudine （100 mg daily） or lamivudine only （n = 26） for 24 mo. Patients were followed up for further 6 mo. The primary outcome was the proportion with sustained virological response （undetectable serum HBV DNA concentrations） and or sustained biochemical response （transaminase levels within normal range） at 30 mo （6 mo after the end of therapy）. Secondary end-points were timed from initial virological （biochemical） response to VBR （BBR, respectively） and the emergence of YMDD mutants across the two arms. RESULTS： Five of twenty-four （21%） patients in the combination arm vs 3/26 （12%） in the lamivudine arm had sustained response （i.e., normal serum transaminase levels and undetectable HBV DNA by PCR assay） 6 mo after treatment discontinuation. A reduction in the emergence of YMDD mutants and in the development of virological breakthroughs was observed in patients receMng combination treatment （10% vs46% , P= 0.01 and 14% vs46% , P= 0.03, respectively）. Time from initial virologic response to virologic breakthrough （VBR） was greater among initial responders receiving combination treatment compared to those receiving lamivudine （22.9 mo vs 15.9 mo, respectively; P = 0.005）.CONCLUSION： Our results demonstrate that IFN-α plus lamivudine combination therapy does not increase the sustained response, compared to lamivudine. However, combination therapy reduces the likelihood of VBR due to YMDD mutants and prolongs the time period until the breakthrough development.

Risk factors for retinopathy associated with interferonα-2b and ribavirin combination therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C

AIM： To elucidate the frequency and risk factors for retinopathy in patients with chronic hepatitis C who are treated by interferon-ribavirin combination therapy. METHODS： We prospectively analyzed 73 patients with histologically confirmed chronic hepatitis C, who underwent combination therapy for 24 wk. Optic fundi were examined before, and 2, 4, 12 and 24 wk alter the start of combination therapy. RESULTS： Fourteen patients （19%） developed retinopathy, which was initially diagnosed by the appearance of a cotton wool spot in 12 patients. Retinal hemorrhage was observed in 5 patients. No patient complained of visual disturbance. Retinopathy disappeared in 9 patients （64%） despite the continuation of combination therapy. However, retinopathy persisted in 5 patients with retinal hemorrhage. A comparison of the clinical background between the groups with and without retinopathy showed no significant differences in age, gender, viral genotype, RNA level, white blood cell count, platelet count, prothrombin time, complications by diabetes mellitus or hypertension, or pretreatment arteriosclerotic changes in the optic fundi. However, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that complication by hypertension was observed with a high frequency in the group with retinopathy （P = 0.004, OR = 245.918, 95% CI = 5.6-10786.2）.CONCLUSION： Retinopathy associated with combination therapy of interferon α-2b and ribavirin tends to develop in patients with hypertension.

Effect of sustained virological response on long-term clinical outcome in 113 patients with compensated hepatitis C-related cirrhosis treated by interferon alpha and ribavirin

AIM： To assess the long-term clinical benefit of sustained virological response （SVR） in patients with hepatitis C virus （HCV） cirrhosis treated by antiviral therapy using mostly ribavirin plus interferon either standard or pegylated.METHODS： One hundred and thirteen patients with uncomplicated HCV biopsy-proven cirrhosis, treated by at least one course of antiviral treatment ≥ 3 mo and followed ≥ 30 mo were included. The occurrence of clinical events [hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）, decompensation and death] was compared in SVR and non SVR patients.RESULTS： Seventy eight patients received bitherapy and 63 had repeat treatments. SVR was achieved in 37 patients （33%）. During a mean follow-up of 7.7 years, clinical events occurred more frequently in non SVR than in SVR patients, with a significant difference for HCC （24/76 vs 1/37, P = 0.01）. No SVR patient died while 20/76 non-SVR did （P = 0.002）, mainly in relation to HCC （45%）.CONCLUSION： In patients with HCV-related cirrhosis, $VR is associated with a significant decrease in the incidence of HCC and mortality during a follow-up period of 7.7 years. This result is a strong argument to perform and repeat antiviral treatments in patients with compensated cirrhosis.

New therapeutic vaccination strategies for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B

Chronic hepatitis B virus(CHB) is currently treated with either interferon-based or nucleot(s)idebased antiviral therapies.However,treatment with pegylated interferon alpha results in a durable antiviral response in only about 30%patients and is associated with side effects.Most patients receiving nucleot(s)ide analogue treatment do not establish long-term,durable control of Infection and have rebounding viremia after cessation of therapy.Thus,novel therapy strategies are necessary to achieve the induction of potent and durable antiviral immune responses of the patients which can maintain long-term control of viral replication.Therapeutic vaccination of HBV carriers is a promising strategy for the control of hepatitis B.Here the authors review new therapeutic vaccination strategies to treat chronic hepatitis B which may be introduced for patient treatment in the future.