临床脑电图阅图及报告单书写要素

脑电图的图像千变万化,十分复杂。初学者在阅图方面更是无从着手,正确阅读脑电图图像可为临床相关疾病提供诊断依据,为了熟练、正确阅图,脑电图医师必须打牢基础,全面掌握脑电图学知识,必须仔细、认真、系统地对待并分析每一份脑电图,应该多用一点时间了解患者更多的相关信息,阅图要密切结合临床,作出正确的脑电图诊断。

Heme oxygenase-1 prevents liver fibrosis in rats by regulating the expression of PPAR_γ and NF-_κB

AIM:To investigate the effects of heme oxygenase(HO)-1 on liver fibrosis and the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ) and nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB) in rats.METHODS:Sixty Wistar rats were used to construct liver fibrosis models and were randomly divided into 5 groups:group A(normal,untreated),group B(model for 4 wk,untreated),group C(model for 6 wk,untreated),group D [model for 6 wk,treated with zinc protoporphyrin Ⅸ(ZnPP-Ⅸ) from week 4 to week 6],group E(model for 6 wk,treated with hemin from week 4 to week 6).Next,liver injury was assessed by measuring serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and albumin levels.The degree of hepatic fibrosis was evaluated by measuring serum hyaluronate acid(HA),type Ⅳ collagen(Ⅳ-C) and by histological examination.Hydroxyproline(Hyp) content in the liver homogenate was determined.The expres-sion levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) in liver tissue were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).The expression levels of PPARγ and NF-κB were determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting.RESULTS:The expression of HO-1 increased with the development of fibrosis.Induction of HO-1 by hemin significantly attenuated the severity of liver injury and the levels of liver fibrosis as compared with inhibition of HO-1 by ZnPP-Ⅸ.The concentrations of serum ALT,AST,HA and Ⅳ-C in group E decreased compared with group C and group D(P < 0.01).Amount of Hyp and α-SMA in the liver tissues in group E decreased compared with group C(0.62 ± 0.14 vs 0.84 ± 0.07,1.42 ± 0.17 vs 1.84 ± 0.17,respectively,P < 0.01) and group D(0.62 ± 0.14 vs 1.11 ± 0.16,1.42 ± 0.17 vs 2.56 ± 0.37,respectively,P < 0.01).The expression of PPARγ at levels of transcription and translation decreased with the development of fibrosis especially in group D;and it increased in group E compared with groups C and D(0.88 ± 0.15 vs 0.56 ± 0.19,0.88 ± 0.15 vs 0.41 ± 0.11,respectively,P < 0.01).The expression of NF-κB increased with the development of fibrosis especially in group D;and it decreased in group E compared with groups C and D(1.43 ± 0.31 vs 1.89 ± 0.29,1.43 ± 0.31 vs 2.53 ± 0.54,respectively,P < 0.01).CONCLUSION:Our data demonstrate a potential mechanism that HO-1 can prevent liver fibrosis by enhancing the expression of PPARγ and decreasing the expression of NF-κB in liver tissues.