High-Value-Added Utilization of Turpentine:Screening of Anti-Influenza Virus Agents fromβ-Pinene Derivatives

Turpentine is a renewable and resourceful forest product.The deep processing and utilization of turpentine,particularly its primary componentβ-pinene,has garnered widespread attention.This study aimed to synthesize 40 derivatives ofβ-pinene,including nopinone,3-cyanopyridines of nopinone,myrtanyl acid,myrtanyl acylthioureas,and myrtanyl amides.We assessed the antiviral activities of theseβ-pinene derivatives against influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1)using the 3-(4,5-dimetylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method.Theβ-pinene derivatives were used before and after cellular infection with the influenza virus to evaluate their preventive and therapeutic effects against the H1N1 virus.The results showed that only compound 10o exhibited a preventive effect against the H1N1 virus with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)value of 47.6μmol/L.Among the compounds,4e,4i,and 4l demonstrated therapeutic effects against cellular infection,with compound 4e displaying the most potent therapeutic effect(IC50=17.5μmol/L),comparable to the positive control ribavirin.These findings indicated that certainβ-pinene derivatives exhibited in vitro antiviral activity against the H1N1 influenza A virus,warranting further investigation as potential anti-influenza agents.

Effect of illumination intensity and light application time on secondary organic aerosol formation from the photooxidation of α-pinene

Secondary organic aerosol （SOA） formation from hydroxyl radical （OH.） initiated photooxidation of α-pinene was investigated in a home-made smog chamber. The size distribution of SOA particles was measured using aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer. The effects of illumination intensity and light application time on SOA formation for α-pinene were evaluated. Experimental results show that the concentration of SOA particles increased significantly with an increasing of illumination intensity, and the light application time, the concentration, and the size of SOA particles were also increased. In addition, the factors influencing the formation of SOA were discussed. In addition, this article compared the effect of α-pinene with that of toluene, and discussed the contribution of α-pinene to SOA formation.

Second organic aerosol formation from the ozonolysis of α-pinene in the presence of dry submicron ammonium sulfate aerosol

An indoor chamber facility is described for investigation of atmospheric aerosol chemistry. Two sets of α-pinene ozonolysis experiments were conducted in the presence of dry ammonium sulfate seed particle: ozone limited experiments and α-pinene limited experiments. The concentration of gas phase and particle phase species was monitored continuously by on-line instruments and recorded automatically by data sampling system. The evolution of size distribution was measured by a scanning mobility particle sizer ...

The population structure and sex ratios of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus under a-pinene stress

Pine wood nematode(PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a serious pathogen of pines throughout the world. Previous work indicated that different concentrations of a-pinene could affect nematode reproduction,however the mechanism of that influence is not clear. In order to examine the reproductive strategies of PWN in response to the stress of the volatile material a-pinene, we investigated different aspects of population changes of B.xylophilus under two concentrations of a-pinene. The results show that a high concentration(214.5 mg ml-1)promoted population growth while a low concentration(56.33 mg ml-1) decreased the population. Population structure was analyzed and it was found that a high concentration of a-pinene decreased the percentage of adults but increased the percentages of larvae and eggs.Furthermore, from the results of an evaluation of sex ratios(female/male), it was determined that a high concentration could elevate sex ratios but a low concentration decreased ratios sharply. These results suggest that the PWN could regulate its population by changing sex ratios under stress of a-pinene. This study has provided a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode.

Insecticidal Potential of α-Pinene and β-Caryophyllene against Myzus persicae and Their Impacts on Gene Expression

Myzus persicae(M.persicae)is now considered a threat to agricultural crops due to economic losses.Numerous synthetic insecticides applied every year against M.persicae,are reported to be unsafe for environment,humans,and beneficial insects.Furthermore,several species of Myzus have been found to develop resistance due to over application of these insecticides.Therefore,it is required to find some novel insecticide that would be safe for the environment as well as for humans.In the current study,two major pure constituentsα-pinene andβ-caryophyllene were evaluated for their insecticidal potential against M.persicae using a fumigant toxicity assay.Furthermore,impact ofα-pinene andβ-caryophyllene on expression of five different genes,e.g.,HSP 60,FPPS I,OSD,TOL and ANT responsible for reproduction,dispersion,and growth of M.persicae has also been investigated.To perform fumigant toxicity assay,five different concentrations(3.5,4,4.5,5 and 6μL L−1)ofα-pinene andβ-caryophyllene were prepared.Lethal concentration(LC)was calculated,and gene expression studies were executed through qRT PCR at LC30 ofα-pinene andβ-caryophyllene.Both constituents demonstrated excellent fumigant toxicity effects against M.persicae at all five concentrations.However,α-pinene shows significantly better results(98%)as compared toβ-caryophyllene(80%)after 72 h at 6μL L−1 of dose.The highest upregulation in expression was demonstrated at LC30 dose ofα-pinene in five in three out of five genes understudy(TOL,ANT,and FPPS I).Conversely,two genes HSP 60 and OSD demonstrated downregulation at LC30 dose ofβ-caryophyllene.Conclusively,our results highlighted the promising insecticidal potential of both compoundsα-pinene andβ-caryophylleneby interfering with the reproduction and development related processes in M.persicae,allowing us to recommend the phytoconstituents under investigation as an ecofriendly alternative to synthetic insecticides.

Synthesis, Characterization and Photoinduced Cis-Trans Isomerisation Studies on Lignin Modified with 4-[(E)-2-(3-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)diazen-1-yl] Benzoic Acid

In the present study, a photoresponsive chromophoric system such as 4-[(E)-2-(3-hydro xynaphthalen-2-yl)diazen-1-yl] benzoic acid was incorporated on to lignin core by functional transformation reactions and the photoresponsive beha-vior of the green, environment friendly product was investigated. The end hydroxyl group of lignin was modified with the chromophoric systems by DCC coupling. The chromophoric systems as well as the chromophore-bound biopolymer core systems were purified by column chromatography. The products were characterized by UV-visible, fluorescence, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopic methods. The results of the studies show that incorporation of the chromophoric system on to the lignin core enhanced the light absorption, emission and light stabilization properties of the chromophoric system. The light fastening properties of chromophoric system and the modified product were compared. It shows that stability of the chromophoric system greatly enhanced on attaching to the polymeric system. The trans-cis photoisomerisation and the reverse cis-trans thermal conversions were also assisted by the lignin core. The remarkable stability on irradiation shows that this is a novel photoresponsive system with excellent light fastening properties which would find application in coating materials, dyes, paints, inks, therapeutic agents and many more.

Zeolite-Encapsulated Fe（lll） Complex with 5,10,15,20-Tetraphenyl Porphyrin as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Epoxidation of α-Pinene： Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Activity

In this paper iron complex with 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl porphyrin inside NaX zeolite nanocages was capsuled. All synthesized homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts were applied for epoxidation of α-pinene. It has been shown that hydrophobic porphyrins are anchored inside the zeolite pores according to flexible ligand method. It also has been examined that capsulation of metalloporphyrins inside the pores of solid supports change catalytic activity and stability. All catalysts were characterized by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR）, UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopic （DRS）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） analyses to confirm the complexes immobilization.

Reaction Rate Constant Evaluation of Thermal Isomerization of α-Pinene

Bayesian inference is applied in this study to evaluate the posterior distribution of rate consents for a thermal isomerization of α-pinene by considering the uncertainty associated with rate constant parameters and kinetic model structural error. The kinetic model of the thermal isomerization of α-pinene is shown to have a mathematically ill-conditioned system that makes it difficult to apply gradient-based optimization methods for rate constant evaluation. The Bayesian inference relates the posterior probability distribution of the rate constants to the likelihood probability of modeled concentration of reaction products meeting the experimentally measured concentration and the prior probability distribution of the parameters. A Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is used to draw samples from posterior distribution while the Bayesian inference relationship is considered. Multinomial random walk Metropolis-Hastings is applied in this study to construct the histograms of rate constants as well as the confidence intervals and the correlation coefficient matrix. Results showed that the Bayesian approach can successfully apply to estimate the confidence interval of rate constants of reaction model by taking into consideration the uncertainty.

Inhibitory Effect of α-Pinene on SGC-7901 Cell Proliferation and the Mechanism of ATM Kinase Signaling Pathway

Objective: To research the inhibitory effect on SGC-7901 cells of α-pinene, and the related mechanism of α-pinene. Methods: Used the MTT method to detect inhibition rate and western blotting to detect the influence on expression of ATM, Phos-S1981ATM, H2AX, γH2AX, CHK2 and p-CHK2, p53 and phos-p53 cell cycle related protein in SGC-7901 cells. Results: The research found α-pinene could inhibit the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells observably in vitro, and the inhibition rate assumes the dependence on concentration;and western blotting results showed that, α-pinene could activate phospho-ATM, increase the amount of γH2AX (p p < 0.05);increase the expression of p-CHK2, p53 and phos-p53 (p p p < 0.05);But there is no significant effect on expression of CHK2 (p > 0.05). Conclusions: α-pinene could inhibit the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells, and by inducing ATM (Ataxia Telangiectasia-Mutated) kinase signal pathway in DNA damage response, activating cell cycle checkpoint, making the cell cycle arrest then exerts its anti-tumor effects.

Thermal Degradation Products of α-Pinene in a Tubular Furnace in the Temperature Range from 300°C to 900°C: Contribution to Wildfire Flashovers

Induced BVOC emissions from pyrolyzed plants that may accumulate in confined topographies have been a controversy for their role in wildfire eruptions or flashovers. α-pinene (C10H16) is one of the most abundant monoterpenes emitted from pyrolyzed Mediterranean vegetation in wildfires. Its thermal degradation under fire thermal stresses produces a range of highly flammable gases. In order to identify these products, thermal degradation experiments were performed on α-pinene in a tubular furnace in an inert atmosphere and a high-temperature range (300°C - 900°C). The pyrolysis products were identified using gas chromatography (GC) linked to a tubular furnace outlet by which their retention times were compared with those of reference standards. The degradation products were mainly terpenoids, aliphatic hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, ethene, propane, propene, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene), and aromatics (benzene, toluene) in addition to hydrogen. The radical mechanisms of the chemical reactions associated with the formation of the products at different experimental temperatures were addressed and compared with the literature. Monoterpenes, butadiene, isoprene, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and aromatics formations from α-pinene were consistent with the literature. However, even if benzene has been identified in our experiments, we cannot support with certainty the mechanisms of its formation described in the literature since acetylene was not observed.

新型C_8芳烃异构化催化剂 Ⅰ.乙苯转化能力的研究

选用具有独特结构的分子筛材料为酸性组元,制备了新型C8芳烃异构化催化剂,并对该催化剂的乙苯转化能力进行了研究。选取目前工业用催化剂作为对比催化剂,采用相同的反应原料,在各自最佳的反应条件下,与新型催化剂进行了比较。实验结果表明,随着原料中乙苯质量分数的增加(10.07%～99.32%),新型C8芳烃异构化催化剂的乙苯转化率增加(26.02%～39.24%),乙苯有效转化率最高为75.88%,远高于对比催化剂。同对比催化剂相比,新型催化剂具有较高的乙苯转化为二甲苯的能力,同时具有较高的选择性,能在较高的空速下运行。

乳糖异构化制备乳果糖的研究

本文介绍了一种生产食品和医药添加剂乳果糖的可行性方法。采用牛乳超滤液作为乳糖来源,蛋壳作为催化剂。这是利用工业废物的一种可供选择的方法。研究了催化剂填料,乳糖浓度以及pH值对乳糖异构化的影响。温度在98℃,采用6mg/ml的催化剂填料,反应60min就可以获得乳果糖的最佳产品。乳果糖的量为1.18g/100ml,通过这种反应条件可以生产出低水平的二级产品(表乳糖,半乳糖以及有机酸)。确定了从65%～92%的乳果糖糖浆中脱除有色副产品的方法。

番茄红素在体内代谢中的几何异构体组成变化

目的:探索天然番茄红素分子在大鼠体内吸收、转运和贮存过程中的几何异构体组成的变化。方法:用天然番茄红素萃取物一次灌喂雄性SD大鼠后,收集其粪便、小肠壁、血清及肝脏,萃取其中的类胡萝卜素组分,用C30-HPLC-PDA检测萃取物中番茄红素几何异构体的组成。结果:天然番茄红素在大鼠体内吸收、转运和贮存过程中几何异构体组成发生了显著变化,顺式异构体的比例大幅度上升。这一变化被证实发生在血清中。这一结果对天然番茄红素在体内的代谢研究具有重要意义。

对二乙苯生产技术评述

介绍了对二乙苯市场需求情况、生产技术现状及其最新研究成果,重点评述了乙苯-乙烯烷基化法、乙苯-乙醇烷基化法、乙苯歧化法、吸附分离法及吸附分离-异构化法等已经工业化的对二乙苯生产技术。通过对比分析,认为吸附分离-异构化法生产过程无副产物间二乙苯和邻二乙苯采出,生产成本最低,是生产对二乙苯最为经济有效的方法。

几何异构化对番茄红素淬灭单线态氧功能的影响

目的:观察几何异构化对番茄红素淬灭单线态氧功能的影响。方法:采用碘诱导的方法从番茄红素全反式异构体中制备一定数量的13和9顺式异构体,应用C30-HPLC-PDA分离和纯化个异构体组分。而后,通过对反应体系的光子计数,比较不同异构体对次氯酸-双氧水反应所产生的单线态氧的灭能力。结果:各异构体淬灭单线态氧的能力依次为:全反式异构体>13顺式异构体>9顺式异构体。结论:发生在番茄红素分子中双键两侧的顺式异构可降低其淬灭单线态氧的能力,而这一异构发生的位置越靠近分子的中央,其淬灭单线态氧能力下降越快。

有限温度下Na4团簇的异构化

在紧密结合分子动力学模型基础上，对Ｎａ４的两种异构体Ｄ２ｈ和Ｃ２ｖ的结构性质随温度的变化进行了系统性研究。发现在低温时（温度Ｔ＜１００Ｋ），这两种异构体具有明显的不同；在较高温度时（温度Ｔ≥１００Ｋ），能够发现Ｃ２ｖ和Ｄ２ｈ两种异构体之间的转变；在更高温度时（温度Ｔ＝４００Ｋ），这两种异构体Ｃ２ｖ和Ｄ２ｈ都处于液态。

一种用于正戊烷异构化的超强酸催化剂的合成与表征

以水合无机硝酸锆为锆源、水合氯化铬为铬源,采用直接合成法制备含铬介孔氧化锆分子筛,并分别将纯相介孔氧化锆和掺铬介孔氧化锆经硫酸溶液浸渍制备相应的固体超强酸;采用X射线衍射、氨程序升温脱附等方法对所制分子筛及超强酸的物相及表面酸性进行表征,考察铬的掺入量及三乙醇胺的加入对合成产物的物相及性能的影响,并对超强酸催化正戊烷异构化反应活性进行评价。结果表明:铬的掺入使得氧化锆的四方相稳定存在,减少了向单斜相转化的可能性,增加了介孔氧化锆的热稳定性;三乙醇胺的加入使得含铬介孔材料的有序度增加,并有利于铬的均匀分散;在介孔氧化锆中掺铬后增加了固体超强酸的催化活性,不论是正戊烷转化率还是异戊烷选择性及收率都非常稳定,产物异戊烷的选择性在40%左右、收率在10%左右。

新型偶氮功能化两亲性嵌段共聚物的合成及其光响应行为

采用可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合法制备了以苯乙烯-马来酸酐交替共聚物(PSMA)与聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯(MAPEG)组成的共聚物(PSMA-b-PMAPEG),经4-氨基偶氮苯(4-AAB)修饰得光响应性两亲性嵌段共聚物P(St-al-Ma/azo-MaIM)-b-PMAPEG。用红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振(1 H NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)对其结构进行表征。此共聚物在水中可自组装形成胶束,由透射电子显微镜(TEM)和动态光散射(DLS)表征可知胶束直径约100nm。用紫外-可见光谱法(UV-Vis)研究胶束溶液的吸光度随光照时间的变化;DLS和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察紫外光和可见光辐射对胶束粒径的影响,结果表明,胶束经365nm紫外光照射后,偶氮苯由反式结构转变成顺式结构,粒径增大;再经420nm可见光照射,偶氮苯结构又从顺式转变回反式,粒径减小到初始值。

制备过程中酸对硅钨杂多酸的催化性能的影响

采用浓盐酸、浓硝酸、浓硫酸、冰乙酸酸化和乙醚萃取的方法,分别合成了硅钨杂多酸,并用FT-IR、XRD、SEM、TG等对硅钨杂多酸催化剂的结构、热稳定性、表面酸种类等进行了表征。同时以α-蒎烯的异构化反应为探针考察α-蒎烯的转化率和异构化产物的分布。结果表明,不同酸酸化制备的硅钨杂多酸均为典型的Keggin结构,其中硝酸酸化的硅钨杂多酸颗粒大小均匀,稳定性较好,表面同时存在L酸和B酸中心,在α-蒎烯的异构化反应中表现出较好活性和选择性。

棉铃虫磷酸甘油醛异构酶基因Hatpi的克隆及分析(英文)

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera是一种严重危害棉花等经济作物的鳞翅目害虫,开展分子水平研究对防控害虫将具有重要参考意义。本研究利用RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends)技术克隆了棉铃虫磷酸甘油醛异构酶(triosephosphate isomerase)基因Hatpi(GenBank登录号为AY736358)。该基因cDNA全长为1149bp,编码248个氨基酸,预测等电点为5.82,分子量为16.4kD。HaTPI含有磷酸甘油醛异构酶类蛋白的典型(βα)8结构、保守的活性位点(Lys12,His94和Glu165)和小肽序列(AYEPVWAIGTG和GGASLKPEF)等。RT-PCR检测分析发现Hatpi在棉铃虫卵巢、幼虫、蛹、成虫均有表达,提示该基因可能在棉铃虫的不同发育阶段均起作用。