Gossypol acetic acid regulates leukemia stem cells by degrading LRPPRC via inhibiting IL-6/JAK1/STAT3 signaling or resulting mitochondrial dysfunction

BACKGROUND Leukemia stem cells(LSCs)are found to be one of the main factors contributing to poor therapeutic effects in acute myeloid leukemia(AML),as they are protected by the bone marrow microenvironment(BMM)against conventional therapies.Gossypol acetic acid(GAA),which is extracted from the seeds of cotton plants,exerts anti-tumor roles in several types of cancer and has been reported to induce apoptosis of LSCs by inhibiting Bcl2.AIM To investigate the exact roles of GAA in regulating LSCs under different microenvironments and the exact mechanism.METHODS In this study,LSCs were magnetically sorted from AML cell lines and the CD34+CD38-population was obtained.The expression of leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein(LRPPRC)and forkhead box M1(FOXM1)was evaluated in LSCs,and the effects of GAA on malignancies and mitochondrial RESULTS LRPPRC was found to be upregulated,and GAA inhibited cell proliferation by degrading LRPPRC.GAA induced LRPPRC degradation and inhibited the activation of interleukin 6(IL-6)/janus kinase(JAK)1/signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT)3 signaling,enhancing chemosensitivity in LSCs against conventional chemotherapies,including L-Asparaginase,Dexamethasone,and cytarabine.GAA was also found to downregulate FOXM1 indirectly by regulating LRPPRC.Furthermore,GAA induced reactive oxygen species accumulation,disturbed mitochondrial homeostasis,and caused mitochondrial dysfunction.By inhibiting IL-6/JAK1/STAT3 signaling via degrading LRPPRC,GAA resulted in the elimination of LSCs.Meanwhile,GAA induced oxidative stress and subsequent cell damage by causing mitochondrial damage.CONCLUSION Taken together,the results indicate that GAA might overcome the BMM protective effect and be considered as a novel and effective combination therapy for AML.

Isoimperatorin alleviates acetic acid-induced colitis in rats

Objective:To investigate the effect of isoimperatorin on histopathological and biochemical changes in acetic acid-induced colitis rats.Methods:Colitis was induced by intracolonic administration of acetic acid solution(4%v/v)in rats.Rats were divided into six groups including the sham group,the negative control group,the dexamethasone-treated group,and the groups treated with isoimperatorin(0.1,1,and 10 mg/kg/d by gavage).The treatments were administered for three days and then colonic status was assessed by macroscopic,histopathological,and biochemical analyses.Results:Isoimperatorin significantly alleviated colonic damage in a dose-dependent manner and improved histological changes in rats with acetic acid-induced colitis.It also significantly reduced myeloperoxidase,TNF-α,IL-1β,and malodialdehyde levels.Conclusions:Isoimperatorin alleviates acetic acid-induced colitis in rats and may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of colitis.

Steam reforming of acetic acid over Ni/biochar of low metal-loading:Involvement of biochar in tailoring reaction intermediates renders superior catalytic performance

Biochar is a reactive carrier as it may be partially gasified with steam in steam reforming,which could influence the formation of reaction intermediates and modify catalytic behaviors.Herein,the Ni/biochar as well as two comparative catalysts,Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) and Ni/SiO_(2),with low nickel loading(2%(mass))was conducted to probe involvement of the varied carriers in the steam reforming.The results indicated that the Ni/biochar performed excellent catalytic activity than Ni/SiO_(2) and Ni/Al_(2)O_(3),as the biochar carrier facilitated quick conversion of the -OH from dissociation of steam to gasify the oxygen-rich carbonaceous intermediates like C=O and C-O-C,resulting in low coverage while high exposure of nickel species for maintaining the superior catalytic performance.In converse,strong adsorption of aliphatic intermediates over Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) and Ni/SiO_(2) induced serious coking with polymeric coke as the main type(21.5%and 32.1%,respectively),which was significantly higher than that over Ni/biochar(3.9%).The coke over Ni/biochar was mainly aromatic or catalytic type with nanotube morphology and high crystallinity.The high resistivity of Ni/biochar towards coking was due to the balance between formation of coke and gasification of coke and partially biochar with steam,which created developed mesopores in spent Ni/biochar while the coke blocked pores in Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) and Ni/SiO_(2) catalysts.

Could near focus endoscopy,narrow-band imaging,and acetic acid improve the visualization of microscopic features of stomach mucosa?

BACKGROUND Conventional magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging(NBI)observation of the gastric body mucosa shows dominant patterns in relation to the regular arrangement of collecting venules,subepithelial capillary network,and gastric pits.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of a new one-dual(near)focus,NBI mode in the assessment of the microscopic features of gastric body mucosa compared to conventional magnification.METHODS During 2021 and 2022,68 patients underwent proximal gastrointestinal endoscopy using magnification endoscopic modalities subsequently applying acetic acid(AA).The GIF-190HQ series NBI system with dual focus capability was used for the investigation of gastric mucosa.At the time of the endoscopy,the gastric body mucosa of all enrolled patients was photographed using the white light endoscopy(WLE),near focus(NF),NF-NBI,AA-NF,and AA-NF-NBI modes.RESULTS The WLE,NF and NF-NBI endoscopic modes for all patients(204 images)were classified in the same order into three groups.Two images from each patient for the AA-NF and AA-NF-NBI endoscopic modes were classified in the same order.According to all three observers who completed the work independently,NF magnification was significantly superior to WLE(P<0.01),and the NF-NBI mode was significantly superior to NF magnification(P<0.01).After applying AA,the three observers confirmed that AA-NF-NBI was significantly superior to AA-NF(P<0.01).Interobserver kappa values for WLE were 0.609,0.704,and 0.598,respectively and were 0.600,0.721,and 0.637,respectively,for NF magnification.For the NF-NBI mode,the values were 0.378,0.471,and 0.553,respectively.For AA-NF,they were 0.453,0.603,and 0.480,respectively,and for AA-NF-NBI,they were 0.643,0.506,and 0.354,respectively.CONCLUSION When investigating gastric mucosa in microscopic detail,NF-NBI was the most powerful endoscopic mode for assessing regular arrangement of collecting venules,subepithelial capillary network,and gastric pits among the five endoscopic modalities investigated in this study.AA-NF-NBI was the most powerful endoscopic mode for analyzing crypt opening and intervening part.

Study of the Effect of Acetic Acid and Phosphate on Copper Corrosion by Immersion Tests

It was reported that hemispheric corrosion occurred in copper tubes in an acetic acid environment. When hemispheric corrosion occurred, corrosion could easily progress if water then flowed into the copper pipe, and countermeasures were needed. Therefore, we studied the copper corrosion caused by acetic acid. The present work investigated the relationship between the corrosion form of copper and acetic acid concentration using phosphorous-deoxidized copper, and reported that hemispherical corrosion was observed at acetic acid concentrations of 0.01 to 1 vol.% (0.002 to 0.2 mol·L-1) in the immersion test. In this study, the effects of acetic acid and phosphate on copper corrosion were examined using oxygen-free copper in immersion tests. The results suggested that different concentrations of phosphate in acetic acid solutions and the presence or absence of acetic acid and phosphate affected the corrosion of copper, resulting in different corrosion forms and corrosion progress.

Chemical components and protective effects of Atractylodes japonica Koidz.ex Kitam against acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer in rats

BACKGROUND Atractylodes japonica Koidz.ex Kitam.(A.japonica,Chinese name:Guan-Cangzhu,Japanese name:Byaku-jutsu),a perennial herb,which is mainly distributed in northeast area of China,it’s often used to treat digestive system diseases such as gastric ulcer(GU).However,the mechanism of its potential protective effects against GU remains unclear.AIM To investigate the protective effects of A.japonica on acetic acid-induced GU rats.METHODS The chemical constituents of A.japonica were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS)analysis.The rat model of GU was simulated by acetic acid method.The pathological changes of gastric tissues were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin stain,the levels of epidermal growth factor(EGF),EGF receptor(EGFR),nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB),interleukin-1β(IL-1β),IL-10,Na^(+)-K^(+)-ATPase(NKA)in serum and gastric tissues were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and the mRNA expressions of EGFR,NF-κBp65,IkappaBalpha(IκBα)and Zonula Occludens-1(ZO-1)in gastric tissues were determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction,and the efficacy was observed.Then,plasma metabolomic analysis was performed by UPLC-MS/MS to screen the specific potential biomarkers,metabolic pathways and to explore the possible mechani-sms.RESULTS 48 chemical constituents were identified.Many of them have strong pharmacological activity,the results also revealed that A.japonica significantly improved the pathological damage of gastric tissues,increased the expression levels of IL-10,IκBαrelated to anti-inflammatory factors,decreased the expression levels of IL-1β,NF-κB,NF-κBp65,related to proinflammatory factors,restored the levels of factors about EGF,EGFR,ZO-1 associated with ulcer healing and the levels of factors about NKA associated with energy metabolism.Metabolomic analysis identified 10 potential differential metabolites and enriched 7 related metabolic pathways.CONCLUSION These findings contribute to the understanding of the potential mechanism of A.japonica to improve acetic acidinduced GU,and will be of great importance for the development and clinical application of natural drugs related to A.japonica.

Depressing effect of phenoxyl acetic acids on flotation of minerals containing Ca^(2+)/Mg^(2+) gangues

Phenoxyl acetic acids were applied to determine their depressing effect on minerals containing Ca2+/Mg2+ gangues. Calcite, mixture of calcite and fluorite, and nickel ore were used in the flotation. And the depression mechanism was studied by the determination of contact angle, zeta potential, adsorptive capacity of collector, and IR analysis as well. It is found that 0.1 mmol/L of phenoxyl acetic acid derived from pyrogallol or gallic acid exhibits strong depressing ability on calcite in almost zero yields at pH value of 9.8, and calcite can be depressed in the flotation of calcite/fluorite mixture for approximate 87% yield of fluorite. The flotation result of practical nickel ore containing serpentine indicates that these two depressants may also show better depression performance to serpentine than traditional depressants such as sodium fluosilicate and carboxylmethyl cellulose. Analysis for the depression mechanism reveals that there exists strong chemical interaction between the depressants and minerals.

Extraction Mechanism of Rare Earths with Sec-Octylphenoxy Acetic Acid by Two-Phase Titration Technique

The compositions of the extracted complexes of La, Gd, Er and Y with sec octyl phenoxy acetic acid in heptane and the related apparent extraction equilibrium constants K M were determined using two phase titration technique. The stoichiometric compounds for La, Gd, Er and Y should be LaA 3·2.5HA, GdA 3·3HA, ErA 3·3.1HA and YA 3·4.3HA respectively. And their p K M are 3.43, 3.46, 3.08 and 2.58 respectively.

Microwave Irradiation Promoted Synthesis of Aryloxy Acetic Acids

Several aryloxy acetic acids were synthesized under microwave irradiation. The factors, which affect the reaction, were investigated and optimized. It was revealed that the best yields(92.7%—97.4%) were obtained when the molar ratio of the reactants was n(ArOH)∶n(NaOH)∶n(ClCH 2CO 2H) =1∶2.5∶1.2 with microwave irradiation power of 640 W for 65—85 s.

Differences of Plasma Levels of Tryptophan, Serotonin, 5-Hydroxyindole Acetic Acid, and Kynurenine between Healthy People and Patients of Major Monopolar Depression at Various Age and Gender

Background: It is not well analyzed whether there are differences in plasma levels of tryptophan (TRP) metabolites between healthy control people (HC) and patients of major monopolar depression (MMD). Methods: Ultra high-speed liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry has been used for the simultaneous determination of plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites in depressive patients. Results: There are no significant differences between plasma levels of TRP between HC and MMD. Plasma levels of TRP of HC are higher in young men, young women, old men, and old women in this order. Serotonin (5-HT) levels are higher in MMD than HC. Plasma levels of 5-HIAA of HC are also higher than those of patients of MMD. Plasma levels of kynurenine (KYN) of healthy old men and old women are higher than those of young men and old women. Plasma levels of KYN are higher in old women and young men of MMD than those of HC. Conclusion: Plasma levels of 5-HT are higher in patients of MMD than those of HC, which may suggest that use of drugs inhibiting the 5-HT transportation may increase plasma levels of 5-HT in MMD.

TREATMENT AND RESOURSE REUSE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER FROM PRODUCTION PROCESS OF PHENYL ACETIC ACID

The effluent from phenyl acetic acid (PhCH2COOH) production process can betreated with NDA-999 macroporous polymeric adsorbent with about 100% removalefficiency of PhCH2COOK benzyl alcohol (PhCH2OH)and benzaldehyde (PhCHO) aswell as the decrease in Total Organic Carbon (TOC)from 4691mg/l to <300mg/L. 3. 7kgPhCH2COOH and 120kg NaCl will be recovered from per m3 wastewater and theadsorbent can be reused after being regenerated by NaOH aqueous solution andmethanol. Good economic, social and environmental results can be achieved with thismethod.

Kinetics of xylose dehydration into furfural in acetic acid

In this paper kinetics of xylose dehydration into furfural using acetic acid as catalyst was studied comprehensively and systematically. The reaction order of both furfural and xylose dehydration was determined and the reaction activation energy was obtained by nonlinear regression. The effect of acetic acid concentration was also investi- gated. Reaction rate constants were gained. Reaction rate constant of xylose dehydration is kl = 4.189 × 10^10[A]^0.1676 axp （-108.5×1000/RT）, reaction rate constant of furfural degradation is k2=1.271×10^10[A]0.1375 exp （-63.413×1000/RT）and reaction rate constant of condensation reaction is k3-3.4051×10^10[A]0.1676 exp （-104.99×1000/RT）, Based on this, the kinetics equation of xylose dehydration into furfural in acetic acid was set up according to theory of Dunlop and Furfural generating rate equation is d[F]/dt=K1[x]0e-k1t-k2[F]-k3[X]0E-k1 1[F]

Effects of acut and chronic doses of methoxy acetic acid on hamster sperm fertilising ability

Aim: To evaluate the effects of acute and chronic doses of methoxy acetic acid (MAA) on in vitro fertilisation byhamster sperm and to correlate the data with the testicular damage. Methods: Adult male hamsters were gavagedwith 3 single doses (0, 80, 160 and 650 mg/kg) and 3 chronic doses (0, 8, 32 and 64 mg/kg daily for 5 weeks) ofMAA in distilled water. After treatment hamsters were killed at weekly intervals and spermatozoa recovered from thedistal cauda epididymides were used to assess the fertilising capacity in vitro. The testes were processed for histologicalexamination. Results; Acute doses showed a significant reduction in sperm fertilising ability from week 3 and 4 af-ter treatment and with the chronic doses, the effects were more extensive and persistent. The results were in correpon-dence with the testicular damages observed. Conclusion: It is evident that both acute and chronic doses of MAAcan impair the sperm function by damaging one or more cell populations in the testis.(Asian J Androl 2001 Sep; 3: 209- 216)

A NOVEL COPOLYMER-BOUND CIS-DICARBONYLRHODIUM COMPLEX FOR THE CARBONYLATION OF METHANOL TO ACETIC ACID AND ACETIC ANHYDRIDE

A series of porous microspheres of linear and ethylene diacrylate (M') cross-linked copolymers of 2-vinylpyridine (V) and methyl acrylate (M) reacted with tetracarbonyldichlorodirhodium to form a series of cis-dicarbonylrhodium chelate complex (MVRh and MVM 'Rh). They are thermally stable yet very reactive in the carbonylation of methanol to acetic acid, and of methanol-acetic acid mixture to acetic acid and acetic anhydride with a selectivity of 100% under relatively mild and anhydrous conditions.

An efficient Biginelli one-pot synthesis of new benzoxazole-substituted dihydropyrimidinones and thiones catalysed by trifluoro acetic acid under solvent-free conditions

An efficient synthesis of benzoxazole-substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones （DHPMs） using trifluoro acetic acid as the catalyst for the first time from an aldehyde, 13-keto ester and benzoxazole-substituted urea/thiourea under solvent-free conditions is described. Compared to the classical Biginelli reaction conditions, this new method consistently has the advantage of excellent yields （80-91%） and short reaction time （40-130 min） at reflux temperature. 2009 M. Adharvana Chad. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

Isolation and characterization of wood components with aqueous acetic acid

A study was conducted on the isolation of poplar （Populusxeurarnaricana （Dode） Guineir cv. I -72/58） wood components with aqueous acetic acid （AcOH） containing small amounts of sulfuric acid. The reaction time, concentration of acetic acid, ratio of liquor to wood, and concentration of acid catalyst were investigated to examine their effects on the fractionation of wood components. The three main separated components were characterized. The results showed that the optimum conditions for fractionation of poplar wood components were： 0.3% H2SO4 in reaction solution, ratio of liquor to wood 6, reflux time 3 h, and 90% AcOH. The residues were mainly composed of a-Cellulose and hemicellulose, The water insoluble precipitate （acetic acid lignin, AcL） had a low weight-average molecular weight range from 341 to 253 （Mw） and a narrow molecular weight distribution from 1.1 to 1.2. The sugar analysis revealed the solubilized products resulted mainly from hemicellulose and exited as monosaccharides.

Effect of naphthalene acetic acid on proliferation and apoptosis of mice hepatocytes

Objective To investigate the effect of naphthalene acetic acid(NAA) on proliferation and apoptosis of mice hepatocytes.Methods Fifty mice were randomly divided into five groups: positive control,normal control,low,middle and high dose of NAA groups.Mice in low,middle and high dose of naphthalene acetic acid groups were fed with 200 mg/kg,1 000 mg/kg and 5 000 mg/kg NAA animal food,respectively.Mice in positive control,normal control groups were fed with usual animal food.After 4 weeks,mice were sacrificed and liver was separated.Three days before scarification,mice in positive control group were given 20 mg/kg ascyclophosphami daily by intraperitoneal injection.The proliferative activity of hepatocytes was detected by MTT assay.The expressions of PCNA protein and Caspase-3 were measured by immunohistochemistry method.Results The proliferative activities of mice hepatocytes in high dose group and normal control group were 0.794±0.019 and 1.055±0.019, respectively.The expressions of PCNA protein and Caspase-3 in high dose group were 11.2% and 37.9%,and those in the normal group were 33.1% and 6.3%, respectively.All differences were significant(P<0.01).Conclusion High dose of NAA acid could significantly inhibit proliferation and increase apoptosis of hepatocytes in mice.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure Analysis of 2-(3,5-Di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(3,4- dimethylphenyl) Acetic Acid Dimethylamine Salt

A new compound 2-（3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl）-2-（3,4-dimethylphenyl） acetic acid dimethylamine salt （[NH2（CH3）2][C24H31O3]） was synthesized and structurally determined. It is of monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a = 14.731（2）, b = 10.1185（10）, c = 17.065（2） A^°, β = 98.293（10）° ,Z = 4, V = 2517.0（6）A^°^3, Dc = 1.091 g/cm^3, F（000） = 904 and Mr= 413.58. The dihedral angle defined by two benzene rings is 98.23°.

Sweet Cherry (<i>Prunus avium</i>L.) Fruit Drop Reduction by Plant Growth Regulators (Naphthalene Acetic Acid NAA and Gibberellic Acid GA₃)

This study was conducted during 2019/2020 on sweet cherry trees (Prunus Avium L.) (Bing and Hardy Giant) cultivar planted at Sergaya-Al_Zabadani area of Rural Damascus, to reduce fruit drop of sweet cherry. The experiment included 4 foliar applications: T1: control, T2: GA3 (100 ppm), T3: NAA (20 ppm), T4: (100 ppm GA3 + 20 ppm NAA). Fruit set and fruit drop percentage, fruiting factor, and yield were recorded. The results showed that treatment with (100 ppm GA3 + 20 ppm NAA) recorded higher fruit set percentage (73.81% and 75.62%), and fruiting factor (48.38% and 50.04%) respectively; In addition to fruit yield (40.19 and 41.21 kg/tree) for both cultivars, compared to the control (9.13, 6.60 kg/tree). Therefore, it can be concluded that GA3 + NAA treatment reduced Sweet cherry fruit drop better than other treatments, where fruit drop percentage didn’t exceed (63.11% and 62.01%) in both cultivars (Bing and Hardy Giant) respectively, compared to the control (80.92% and 80.64%).

Screening of genes of secreting acetic acid from Aspergillus niger H1 to improve phosphate solubilization

A primary cDNA library of Aspergillus niger H1 was constructed using the switching mechanism at the 5′ end of the RNA transcript（SMART） technique. A total of 169 clones exhibited halos when grown on tricalcium phosphate medium, and the H-46 clone displayed a clear halo. The full-length c DNA of the clone H-46 clone was 1 407 bp in length with a complete open reading frame（ORF） of 816 bp, and it encoded a protein that contained 272 amino acids. Multiple alignment analysis revealed a high degree of homology between the ORFs of the H-46 clone and the Bax inhibitor family（BI-1-like） proteins of other fungi. Acetic acid was secreted by Escherichia coli DH5α that express the BI-1-like gene. The level attained was 492.52 mg L^（-1）, which was associated with the release of 0.212 mg m L^（-1） of soluble phosphate at 28 h. These results showed that the heterologous expression of BI-1-like genes in Eschericha coli DH5α increased the secretion of acetic acid by altering the membrane permeability and enhancing the solubility of phosphate（P）.