Regional Allocation of CO_2 Intensity Reduction Targets Based on Cluster Analysis

To meet China＇s CO2 intensity target of 40%-45% reduction by 2020 based on the 2005 level, a regional allocation method based on cluster analysis is developed. Thirty Chinese provinces are classified into six groups based on economy, emissions, and reduction potential indicators. Under the equity principle, the two most developed groups axe assigned the highest reduction targets （55% and 65%, respectively）. However, their reduction potent!al is limited. Under the efficiency principle, the two groups with the highest reduction potential take the highest targets （48% and 61%, respectively）, but their economy is relatively backward. When equity and efficiency are equally weighted, the 5th group with a prominent reduction potential takes the highest target （54%）, and the 2nd and the 3rd groups with large industry scales take the second highest target （49%）. However, under all the three allocation schemes, the targets are not greater than 40% for the 4th and the 6th groups, which have a relatively low economic ability, emissions, and reduction potential. Due to inconsistency between economic and reduction potential, corresponding market mechanisms and policy instruments should be established to ensure equity and efficiency of regional target allocation.

Ultrasound Speckle Reduction Based on Histogram Curve Matching and Region Growing

The quality of ultrasound scanning images is usually damaged by speckle noise.This paper proposes a method based on local statistics extracted from a histogram to reduce ultrasound speckle through a region growing algorithm.Unlike single statistical moment-based speckle reduction algorithms,this method adaptively smooths the speckle regions while preserving the margin and tissue structure to achieve high detectability.The criterion of a speckle region is defined by the similarity value obtained by matching the histogram of the current processing window and the reference window derived from the speckle region in advance.Then,according to the similarity value and tissue characteristics,the entire image is divided into several levels of speckle-content regions,and adaptive smoothing is performed based on these classification characteristics and the corresponding window size determined by the proposed region growing technique.Tests conducted from phantoms and in vivo images have shown very promising results after a quantitative and qualitative comparison with existing work.

Does empowering women benefit poverty reduction?Evidence from a multi-component program in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China

Ending poverty is a top priority of the international development agenda,and governments worldwide have attached great importance to poverty alleviation measures.However,poverty reduction policies have mostly focused on men,which has widened the gap in productivity and income between men and women and increased gender inequality.This paper aims to determine the impacts of a multi-component program on women's empowerment and poverty reduction,and explore the role empowered women play in poverty reduction.The dataset used in this study was collected in nine poor counties of Ulanqab City in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China at the end of 2014,yielding a sample of 900 households.Recall questions were used to reconstruct the baseline data and build a panel dataset.Smaller groups of rural households were further identified to better target the women in the beneficiary group.To control the selection bias,propensity score matching,inverse probability weighting,and the difference-in-differences matching method were used to analyze the effect of the program and undertake robust checks.The results show that the program has positive effects on women's empowerment and poverty reduction simultaneously.Empowering women also has positive effects on poverty reduction,and the women who were the beneficiaries have contributed to increasing the incomes and living standards of households.Training,microfinance,and associations are common means or strategies to empower women to address poverty.This paper provides new empirical evidence that women can benefit from a gender-focus program through portfolio intervention such as training,cooperatives,and credit.Empowered women further improve the livelihoods of poor households and help lift them out of poverty.The results suggest that researchers and policymakers need to pay more attention to poverty issues from the perspective of gender.

Heuristic Reduction Algorithm Based on Pairwise Positive Region

To guarantee the optimal reduct set, a heuristic reduction algorithm is proposed, which considers the distinguishing information between the members of each pair decision classes. Firstly the pairwise positive region is defined, based on which the pairwise significance measure is calculated between the members of each pair classes. Finally the weighted pairwise significance of attribute is used as the attribute reduction criterion, which indicates the necessity of attributes very well. By introducing the noise tolerance factor, the new algorithm can tolerate noise to some extent. Experimental results show the advantages of our novel heuristic reduction algorithm over the traditional attribute dependency based algorithm.

Assessment of Selective Reduction Strategies over Northeastern Regions of Ohio Using a Photochemical Grid Model—A Case Study

This study is primarily focused on Cleveland-Akron-Lorain nonattainment area in northeastern Ohio. The base year 2002 considered in this study witnessed one of the worst cases of ozone pollution in this region with ozone values exceeding previous 8-hour ozone standards of 84 ppb. The photochemical modeling system CAMx was applied to compute relative reduction factors, which were used subsequently to scale the base year (2002) values at the ozone monitoring sites to estimate the ozone design values for the year 2009 in Cleveland area for different emissions reduction scenarios. The results disclose that the largest change in the 2009 ozone design values consequent to applying auxiliary emission control strategies is between 1 and 1.5 ppb, which still left certain counties in northeastern Ohio unable to demonstrate attainment. The results are important in the development of emission control strategies in today’s context with instillation of even more stringent ozone standards and potential future increases in ozone concentrations due to climate change.

Interactive Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Model for Bijie Experimental Region under the Guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development

Bijie Experimental Region takes the ecological construction as the guarantee and takes population control as the key,to promote development-oriented poverty reduction and explore benign interaction between development-oriented poverty reduction and ecological construction and population control.Development-oriented poverty reduction model includes combination of raising crops and livestock,coordinated development of multiple wealth sources,transferring labor,and partner assistance;ecological construction model includes"Five sons passed imperial examinations",desertification control,agricultural circular economy,and project promotion;population control models includes human-land linkage,combination of favorable policies and propaganda and education,and combination of ambition arousing and education promotion.

Effects of Greenbelts in Different Variety under Solar Thermal Radiation on Temperature Reduction

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of greenbelts in different varieties on temperature drop under solar thermal radiation. [Method] In residential regions, effects of temperature reduction by five varieties of greenbelts （megaphanerophyte, dungarunga, shrub, herbaceous plant and bare land） and changing rules with days under the same solar thermal radiation were researched. [Result] Greenbelts＇ temperature changed with intensity of solar thermal radiation, among which greenbelt of megaphanerophyte absorbed, transfered and reflected thermal radiation through crown canopy. Temperature of underlying surface was reduced accordingly, where correlation between underlying surface＇s temperature and solar thermal radiation （R） was 0.156 and the temperature declined by 1.9 ℃. In contrast, correlation of temperature of underlying surface （of lawn） with solar thermal radiation （R） was as high as 0.820, but the temperature only declined by 0.6℃. [Conclusion] The established linear relationship between crown＇s temperature and air temperature actually provides references for temperature measurement of greenbelts at scale.

Soil respiration response to precipitation reduction in a grassland and a Mongolian pine plantation in semi-arid northeast China

Climate change is predicted to alter global precipitation regimes.However,the response of soil carbon and nitrogen cycles and soil microorganisms to precipitation reduction is poorly understood but is dependent on ecosystem type.To evaluate the impacts of reduced precipitation on soil respiration,soil inorganic nitrogen(i.e.,NH4^+–N and NO3^-–N),nitrogen mineralization,and soil microbial community composition,a precipitation manipulation experiment was initiated in a Mongolian pine plantation and a naturally restored grassland in semi-arid northeast China.Precipitation reduction led to decreases of soil respiration rates by 14 and 8%in 2014 and 2015 in the Mongolian pine plantation but no changes in the grassland.Soil inorganic nitrogen,ammonification and nitrification rate,and soil phospholipids fatty acids were not significantly changed by reduced precipitation but significantly differed between the two ecosystems and among growing seasons.Our results suggest that the impacts of precipitation reduction on soil respiration were different between the Mongolian pine plantation and the grassland,and that ecosystem type and growing season had more pronounced impacts on soil carbon and nitrogen cycles.

Dynamic self-adaptive ANP algorithm and its application to electric field simulation of aluminum reduction cell

Region partition(RP) is the key technique to the finite element parallel computing(FEPC),and its performance has a decisive influence on the entire process of analysis and computation.The performance evaluation index of RP method for the three-dimensional finite element model(FEM) has been given.By taking the electric field of aluminum reduction cell(ARC) as the research object,the performance of two classical RP methods,which are Al-NASRA and NGUYEN partition(ANP) algorithm and the multi-level partition(MLP) method,has been analyzed and compared.The comparison results indicate a sound performance of ANP algorithm,but to large-scale models,the computing time of ANP algorithm increases notably.This is because the ANP algorithm determines only one node based on the minimum weight and just adds the elements connected to the node into the sub-region during each iteration.To obtain the satisfied speed and the precision,an improved dynamic self-adaptive ANP(DSA-ANP) algorithm has been proposed.With consideration of model scale,complexity and sub-RP stage,the improved algorithm adaptively determines the number of nodes and selects those nodes with small enough weight,and then dynamically adds these connected elements.The proposed algorithm has been applied to the finite element analysis(FEA) of the electric field simulation of ARC.Compared with the traditional ANP algorithm,the computational efficiency of the proposed algorithm has been shortened approximately from 260 s to 13 s.This proves the superiority of the improved algorithm on computing time performance.

Modeling and control of dynamic soft reduction in continuous slab casting

The centerline segregation in continuous casting steel is known to be formed by the interdendritic enriched liquid flow at the solidification end in strand.At present,several methods,such as thermal soft reduction, electromagnetic stirring and dynamic soft reduction,are available to reduce the center segregation and to improve the internal quality.Although some methods could alleviate center segregation to some extent,they can also give rise to new problems.For instance,thermal soft reduction can lead to surface cracking during casting of some steels and electromagnetic stirring can result in white band.Dynamic soft reduction is an effective technology for the improvement of strand quality in continuous slab casting.In this paper,the key parameters of dynamic soft reduction technology,such as soft reduction region,the total reduction amount,for low carbon steel have been studied based on experimental and theoretical analysis.The soft reduction region was related to the segregation of chemical composition,slab bulging of narrow side and avoiding internal crack of slab.The total reduction amount was composed of natural thermal shrinkage and actual reduction amount depending on critical strain.For low carbon steel with slab dimension of(950 - 1 950) mm×170 mm,the solid fraction range in soft reduction region was recommended from 0.4 to 0.8,the total reduction amount was 2.0 -2.8 mm,and the optimized reduction rate was 0.4 - 1.2 mm/min,respectively.Furthermore,a dynamic soft reduction system in continuous slab casting, Visual Cast-Dynamic,has been developed by multithreading method.It demonstrated that the dynamic soft reduction model in this study was correct with the ability of online control.

绿色技术创新对城市碳减排影响的区域差异和收敛性——来自地级市层面的经验证据

运用我国299个城市的面板数据构建空间杜宾模型,实证研究绿色技术创新对城市碳排放影响的区域差异性和收敛性。结果表明:我国绿色技术创新可以降低碳排放水平,且存在空间关联效应。横向来看,不同区域的绿色技术创新对碳排放的影响具有明显的区域差异性,东部、长三角、珠三角等经济发达地区的影响效应更强,中西部、京津冀等地区相对较弱。纵向来看,2015年以来绿色技术创新对碳排放影响的区域差异持续收敛,根源在于区域经济发展差距的缩小。未来持续推进绿色技术创新、缩小区域发展差距是实现“双碳”目标的必由之路。

“双减”背景下数据驱动的区域精准教学探究——以跨学科项目课程“爱护水资源”为例

“双减”政策要求教学活动更精细、作业设计更精简、学生评价更精准,而数据驱动的区域精准教学能支持师生开展精细化、个性化的学习实践,提升学习效果,为有效落实“双减”政策提供有力支撑。基于此,文章首先分析了“双减”政策与区域精准教学的适切性,并剖析了“双减”背景下数据驱动的区域精准教学要求。在此基础上,文章构建了“双减”背景下数据驱动的区域精准教学模式,包含课前资源均衡化、课中管理科学化、课后评价精准化三个环节,提供基础服务、拓展服务和创新服务。随后,文章以跨学科项目课程“爱护水资源”为例,对该模式的有效性进行了验证,结果表明:该模式能有效提升学生的学习成效,增强了学生的学习能力,学生对本次学习活动的兴趣浓厚且态度积极。文章构建的“双减”背景下数据驱动的区域精准教学模式为“双减”政策在教育实践层面的落地提供了可行路径,有助于切实减轻学生的学业负担,提高教学质量,促进技术与教学的深度融合,推动教育公平和教育优质均衡发展。

基于CRITIC-TOPSIS的中国区域碳减排能力评价及空间分析

气候变化是全人类的共同挑战,中国在气候治理行动中,期望在最短时间内完成碳排放强度全球最大降幅。实现碳达峰碳中和,需统筹处理好整体和局部的关系,有效评价区域碳减排能力。基于CRITIC-TOPSIS法对2015—2019年中国区域碳减排能力进行测度评价,结合GIS技术对碳减排能力空间特征开展分析。结果表明:指标权重随社会变化不断发生动态变化;碳减排能力区域差异显著,呈现明显的东部高,中西部低的现象;区域碳减排能力发展水平空间自相关性显著,其中高值聚类显著性更强,空间分布出现“俱乐部趋同”现象。最后,对目前区域碳减排能力存在的问题提出了相应的对策建议。

高寒区隧道洞口段覆雪波纹钢棚洞减载方法研究

高寒区隧道洞口段易受上方覆雪及落石影响,采用现有大跨径波纹钢棚洞会产生较大变形和失稳,影响边疆公路运行安全。为此,依托某线路隧道洞口段波纹钢防雪棚洞项目,从拱效应及加筋桥减载原理出发,运用有限元软件构建了EPS板、EPS板+加筋雪、EPS板+加筋冰等10种减载方案的三维波纹钢棚洞模型,研究不同减载方案对棚洞应力、棚洞变形和覆雪压力的影响,对比分析棚洞受力变形特征及减载效果,筛选出最优减载方案。结果表明:施加减载材料后,棚洞上方覆雪压力均不同程度分散到棚洞两侧,减小了棚洞结构的受力;随着覆雪高度增加,减载效果更显著,其中30 cmEPS板+加筋冰组合式方案的减载效果最佳,棚顶应力减少32.72%,棚顶位移减小22.63%;针对波纹钢棚洞的减载问题,建议隧道洞口30 m范围内采用30 cmEPS板+加筋雪方案,距隧道口30 m以外范围可采用30 cmEPS板+加筋冰方案。

考虑减排潜力的中国省域碳排放权分配研究——基于改进的ZSG-DEA模型

在2030年中国实现碳达峰的目标背景下,本文针对碳排放权合理分配的问题,采用改进的ZSG-DEA模型考虑各省(区、市)的减排潜力,探寻兼顾公平和效率的碳排放权省域分配方案。研究结果表明:(1)我国各区域减排潜力各不相同,东部地区减排潜力较大,西部地区减排潜力组内差距较大,且低减排潜力组有50%集中在西部地区,中部地区整体减排潜力不足,东北地区集中于中、低减排潜力组;(2)改进的ZSG-DEA模型计算出减排系数更加合理,缩减了减排压力差距,能通过缩小省(区、市)之间的不公平程度来降低政策实施难度;(3)综合减排潜力和减排系数两个方面发现,仍有部分省(区、市)如河南等处于低潜力高减排的状态,面临凭借自身条件难以有效降碳的困境,也有部分地区在碳减排方面“仍有余力”。基于上述结论,本文提出以下建议:各区域应发挥自身优势助力碳减排,在安排省(区、市)碳排放额度时要注重不同省(区、市)的减排潜力,同时加强减排责任意识,推动区域之间的合作。

东北黑土地区稻田甲烷排放时空演变及排放潜力分析

稻田甲烷排放是农业源甲烷排放的主要来源。东北黑土地区是我国最大的粮食生产基地,农业温室气体减排是实现黑土地永续利用的关键议题之一。运用稻田甲烷排放模型(CH4MOD)核算并分析了2009—2018年东北黑土地区稻田甲烷排放的时空演变特征,结合GOSAT卫星遥感数据探究了水稻生产与区域甲烷排放的时空动态联系,进一步量化了稻田甲烷对区域甲烷排放的贡献程度及不同情景下的排放潜力。结果表明,受水稻生产面积扩张和排放强度提高的影响,东北黑土地区稻田甲烷排放总量从2009年的39.05万t增加到2018年的79.53万t。东北黑土地区区域甲烷排放在季节变化和栅格单元上表现出与稻田甲烷排放较为一致的时空动态,大规模的稻田耕作可能会增加水稻生产与区域甲烷排放直接相关的可能性。随着水稻持续扩种稳产,2018年东北黑土地区水稻生产贡献了区域甲烷排放总量的15.04%,其中黑龙江省的贡献率高达31.06%。在基准发展情景下,预计2035年东北黑土地区稻田CH_4排放量较2018年增加19.5%;在粮食供给保障情景下,维持当前稻田耕作面积,水稻生产集约化程度提高,预计其稻田CH_4排放量较2018年减少0.88%;在此基础上,采取促进秸秆还田、增施有机肥、实施节水间歇灌溉等稻田管理措施将使稻田CH_4排放量增加17.8%—63.6%。以满足膳食需求和供给保障为导向,优化水稻种植结构、控制稻田耕作面积,推动技术进步、品种改良以提升单产水平,采取化肥和有机肥搭配施用、节水间歇灌溉等途径能够缓解稻田甲烷排放。研究综合运用自上而下的遥感数据和自下而上的模型运算,刻画了水稻生产与区域甲烷排放的时空联系,进一步评估了稻田甲烷的排放潜力及减排措施的减排效果,为促进东北黑土地区农业甲烷减排和生产布局优化提供了理论依据和决策参考。

京津冀地区柴油移动燃烧源污染减排潜力预测

包含柴油车辆和柴油机械的柴油移动燃烧源是现阶段中国进一步持续改善空气质量的重点源。为探究京津冀地区柴油移动燃烧源的污染排放以及减排潜力,在估算2018年京津冀地区柴油车辆和柴油机械污染排放现状的基础上,设置基准情景和5种政策情景,预测2019—2030年不同情景下柴油燃烧源的污染排放趋势,对比分析不同地区、不同源的污染物减排潜力和不同减排措施对不同类型柴油燃烧源的减排效果。结果表明,京津冀地区2018年柴油燃烧源的CO、HC、NO_(x)和PM排放量分别为51.25、22.89、106.52和5.42万t。综合情景下,2030年CO、HC、NO_(x)和PM污染物排放量可分别比基准年减少52.03%、38.58%、71.88%和52.07%。淘汰高排放情景在短时间内的减排效果较好,而长期效果不佳,提升排放标准情景和推广新能源情景的减排潜力会逐年增加,对污染物有较好的减排作用,运输公转铁情景的减排潜力也较好,2030年能有效减少35.13%~45.81%的污染排放。综合情景下柴油车辆和柴油机械的最大减排潜力分别为91.55%和44.69%。此外,CO和NO_(x)的减排潜力主要来源于柴油车辆,而柴油机械对HC和PM的减排效果明显。与其他2个地区相比,天津市的污染减排效果较好,最大减排潜力为80.80%。分类型来看,柴油货车对污染物的减排贡献较大,尤其是重型货车。与工程机械相比,农业机械的污染减排贡献更大,尤其是联合收割机、农用水泵以及三轮车的减排贡献突出。研究结果可为制定柴油移动源的污染控制政策提供科学支持。

基于改进重要度的约简算法在区域配电网故障诊断中的应用

配电网发生故障后,保护装置拒动或误动使得大量不完备信息涌入调度中心,这些缺失、冗余、错误的信息将可能导致诊断结果的不准确甚至严重错误。在原有经典依赖度算法基础上,提出一种基于改进的重要度约简算法,对信息不完备、冗余、错误的决策表进行约简。约简后的决策表决策属性与原始决策表一致,而条件属性较原始决策表减少。最后结合区域配电网算例,对配电网发生故障后的不一致决策表进行重要度的计算,采用基于改进重要度的约简算法对原始决策表进行约简,得到去除冗余属性后的决策表,解决不一致决策表因信息缺失造成决策属性误判的问题,验证算法正确性。

碳减排与南北经济差距——基于量化空间模型的分析

中国于2020年联合国大会明确提出争取分别在2030年和2060年前实现碳达峰和碳中和。与此同时,中国发展经济和改善民生的任务艰巨,面临着区域经济发展分化态势明显的新情况和新问题。本文在Caliendo等(2018)构建的具有投入产出联系、人口流动的多地区、多部门一般均衡模型基础上引入二氧化碳排放,探究了碳减排对区域经济差异(包括八大经济区、南北地区经济差距)的影响,以及全国碳交易市场建立在其中的调节作用。研究结果显示,按照目前的生产率增长速度,①若不存在全国性碳交易市场,碳减排会抑制发达地区的经济发展,从而缩小南北经济差距;②碳排放交易市场的建立在通过碳价格一体化实现碳从低效率地区向高效率地区转移,从而提高碳资源配置效率的同时,也会加剧地区间的收入差距问题,南北经济差距增大。因此,在碳减排目标实现的过程中,需要同时结合中央财政转移支付手段以解决区域发展不平衡问题,缩小此过程中伴随增大的南北经济差距。

从减租减息到“五四”指示:过渡阶段的减租清算斗争——以晋绥边区崞县为中心的考察

减租清算是中共土地政策实现由减租减息向“耕者有其田”转变的必由之路,主要内容是民众以“算账”方式从被清算者手中取得一定数量的生产生活资料。随着清算果实分配,晋绥边区崞县某些区村各阶层间的地权关系发生微妙变化,呈现出“中间不动,两头平”的趋势。诚然,中共在减租清算过程中不得不面对因群众思想觉悟低下、封建敌对势力干扰及干部思想和工作作风不良而造成的诸多困境,但在行之有效的政策举措应对之下,崞县的减租清算斗争仍取得明显成效,民众在某种程度上实现经济和政治双重翻身,极大刺激了其生产和参军热情。而中共组织队伍则在这种斗争中得到淬炼,为此后土改政策贯彻执行累积了宝贵经验。