Klebsiella as an α-tocopherol source facilitating Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation in rice straw silage

Silage serves as the indispensable diet of ruminants,the increasing mechanism of α-tocopherol during silage making is unclear.Rice straw lacks chlorophyll after harvesting the grain,this can eliminate the impact of tocopherols formed by the breakdown of chlorophyll.Here,we explored the α-tocopherol source,its influencing factor,and its relationship with dominant lactic acid bacteria in rice straw silage treated without or with different additives(sodium benzoate,Lactobacillus plantarum,cell wall degrading enzymes,the combination of L.plantarum and cell wall degrading enzymes)and vacuum times(5,8,11,and 14 s)after ensiling for 42 d.We found that the pathogenic Klebsiella was traced as the source of increasedα-tocopherol in rice straw silage.The residue air in the silo,pH value,and additive variety had impacts on Klebsiella activity,which was strongly active at levels of residue air in the silo and pH that were high.As an acidic niche creator,L.plantarum was more effective than sodium benzoate in restraining Klebsiella.Despite having a low acidity tolerance,Klebsiella was still present in rice straw silage treated with L.plantarum.The relationship between Klebsiella and L.plantarum was that Klebsiella could affordα-tocopherol to the multiplication of L.plantarum and residue capsular polysaccharide protected Klebsiella from escaping the extinction in rice straw silage.

Synthesis of d,l-α-Tocopherol Catalyzed by Heteropoly Acids

,d,l-a-Tocopherol (vitamin E) isfound to be synthesized by condensingtrimethylhydroquinone with isophytol catalyzed by heteropoly acids (HPA) H3:PW12O40 andH3PMo12O40 at room temperature. These HPA are efficient catalysts for the synthesis of d l-a-Tocopherol and can easily be separated from the reaction mixture and roused,

Protective Effects of α-Tocopherol against Brain Tissue Damage Induced by Intracerebral Hemorrhage in SD Rats

Lipid peroxidation mediated by oxygen radical is one of the main mechanisms underlying secondary brain injury. Among all vitamin E compounds, α-tocopherol shows the most prominent antioxidative effects. It plays an important role in cell aging and injury. However, there has been no report regarding the effects of α-tocopherol on changes in brain tissue morphology after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), cerebral edema, or the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins. We use SD rats to carry out the related studies;based on the atlas of SD rats, the caudate nucleus was positioned using a stereotaxic apparatus, and 50 μl autologous tail artery blood was injected to caudate nucleus in the ICH and α-tocopherol groups to establish ICH model. Rats in the sham surgery group received the same volume of saline in the caudate nucleus. Rats in the α-tocopherol group received intraperitoneal injections of α-tocopherol at 600 mg/kg every day. Rats in the ICH group and sham surgery group received the same amount of saline at the same times as those in the α-tocopherol group. We observed some interesting results: comparisons of brain tissue sections of rats from different groups showed that brain tissue damage and functional neurological deficits among rats from the α-tocopherol group were less pronounced than in the ICH group. Wet weight/ dry weight measurement showed that rats from the α-tocopherol group exhibited less cerebral edema than those in the ICH group. Rats from the α-tocopherol group showed less Bax expression and more Bcl-2 expression than those in the ICH group.

Reduced expression of α-tocopherol-associated protein is associated with tumor cell proliferation and the-increased risk of prostate cancer recurrence

Aim： To examine the impact and prognostic significance of α-tocopherol associated protein （TAP） expression in a series of prostate cancer patients. Methods： Tissues from 87 patients underwent radical prostatectomy were examined for TAP expression by immunohistochemistry. The relationships of the staining results, the clinic pathological characteristics and the recurrence times were analyzed. Results： Compared with the adjacent areas of normal and benign glands, immunoreactivity of TAP was reduced in areas of prostate cancer. A lower TAP-positive cell number per mm^2 of the largest cancer area （defined as TAP-PN） was associated with higher clinical stage （r = -0.248, P = 0.0322）. Inverse associations were found among the TAP-PN and positive lymph nodes （r = -0.231, P = 0.0325）, preoperative prostatespecific antigen （PSA） levels （r = -0.423, P = 0.0043）, tumor size （r = -0.315, P = 0.0210） and elevated tumor cell proliferation, which was indicated by the staining of Ki-67 （r = -0.308, P = 0.0026）. TAP-PN was a significant predictor of recurrence univariately （P = 0.0006）, as well as multivariately, adjusted for known markers including preoperative PSA, clinical stage, Gleason score, surgical margin, extra-prostatic extension, seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node metastasis （P = 0.0012）. Conclusion： Reduced expression of TAP was associated with the cell proliferation status of prostate cancer, adverse pathological parameters and the increased risk of recurrence.

Maternal reproductive health: Expression patterns of antioxidant enzyme selenoproteins of post-implantation embryos conceived by ethanol-treated murine mothers supplemented with α-tocopherol

Objective:To investigate if the protective effect ofα-tocopherol against the impact of ethanol on brain morphogenesis involved the activity of the selenoproteins phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx;GPx4) and selenoprotein P (SelPP) that have roles against oxidative stress.Methods:Forty female mice were randomly assigned into natural control (CON), positive control (ETOH), low-, medium-, and high-α-tocopherol-supplemented-ethanol groups (LTOC, MTOC, HTOC, respectively). CON received drinking water without ethanol while ETOH, LTOC, MTOC and HTOC groups received 20% ethanol in drinking water. The supplemented groups were given respective dosages ofα-tocopherol, 0.410, 0.819, and 1.640 mg/g body weight, at day 14 before mating onwards to the day 9 of gestation. At 10.5 ED of gestation (1100 h), the pregnant females were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the embryos were harvested. Total RNA were extracted, cDNA synthesis and qRT- PCR analyses were carried out.Results: The level of expression of PHGPx in the positive control was significantly lower than that of the natural control. Among the threeα-tocopherol-supplemented groups, only the medium dose- group was significantly higher than the positive control. The level of expression of SelPP in the positive control was significantly lower than those of the natural control, the low- and medium- dose -tocopherol supplemented groups. In the high dose-α-tocopherol supplemented group, the level of expression was not significantly different from the positive control but significantly lower than the natural control.Conclusions: The activity of the selenoproteins PHGPx and SelPP are involved in the internetwork of antioxidative enzymes with vitamin E when given up to a medium dose only and is one of the possible pathways of shielding embryonic development against the impact of ethanol on brain morphogenesis. This study strengthens the impact of dietaryα-tocopherol and Selenium supplement during the critical period of pregnancy.

Photooxidation of α-Tocopherol in Micelles. A New Singlet Oxygen Oxidation Product

Methylene blue sensitized singlet oxygen oxidation of dl-α-tocopherol in dodecylsulfate (SDS) or cetyl trimethyl ammonium brondde (CTAB) ndcelles led to the formation, besidesα-tocopherol quinone and its epoxide, of a hitherto unknown spiro compound 6-hydroxy-2,6,8,9-tetramethyl-2-phytyl- 1-oxaspiro [4, 5] dec -8 - en - 7, 10-dione.

Influence of Glutaraldehyde on the Properties and Release Kinetic of α-Tocopherol from Chitosan-based Film

A crosslinked chitosan film with α-tocopherol was produced by a solution casting method. The appearance, mechanical properties, morphology, barrier properties and release kinetics of the α-tocopherol were evaluated. The addition of glutaraldehyde and α-tocopherol decreased the lightness and greenness and increased the yellowness of the chitosan-based film. Moreover, it also affected the compatibility of the film due to a decrease in the opacity values. The elongation at break(EB) and tensile strength(TS) values of the film decreased when the glutaraldehyde and α-tocopherol were added. In contrast, the Young’s modulus(YM) values increased. SEM micrographs showed coarse spots and pores on the surface and cross-section of the film when compared with the chitosan film. Based on the results, it was indicated that the chitosan structure was disconnected by the α-tocopherol, and the glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent generated a link between the chitosan network, which could be the cause of the reduced flexibility and the increased surface roughness of the film. However, the glutaraldehyde and α-tocopherol did not result in a significant difference in water vapour permeability(WVP) values. The glutaraldehyde influenced the release kinetics of the α-tocopherol as seen by the decrease of the diffusion coefficient values that were calculated using the Fickian diffusion model.

The changes of Trp-deficient linusorb during the oxidation and the influence of γ-tocopherol on their oxidative stability

Linusorbs(LOs),particularly the Methionine(Met)-containing yet Tryptophan(Trp)-free LO(CLB and CLP),play a significant role in shaping the quality and sensory attributes of flaxseed oil.To investigate the stability of these LOs and their oxidized forms during accelerated oxidation,the polar fractions of crude flaxseed oil were selectively removed using silica absorption and then reintroduced separately into the oil matrix along with LOs andγ-tocopherol(γ-T).Through comprehensive analysis of oxidative stability indexes,LOs content changes,oxidation kinetics,and the correlation between LOs and oxidative stability indexes,we observed that the LOs fraction alone exhibited a moderate antioxidant effect on the peroxide value(PV)but a weaker effect on the panisidine value(p-AV)of flaxseed oil.However,upon addition ofγ-T,we observed a weak synergistic effect betweenγ-T and LOs in suppressing PV,while a stronger effect in suppressing p-AV.Additionally,a comparison of the oxidation kinetics of different LOs indicated thatγ-T preferentially protected the oxidation of CLP over CLB.Similar protective trends ofγ-T towards the methionine sulfoxide(MetO)and methionine sulfoxide(MetO2)form of LOs were also observed,albeit to a lesser extent.Correlation analysis revealed that changes in Metcontaining LOs,particularly CLP,showed a high correlation with PV in the tested matrices,while MetOcontaining LOs better depicted changes in p-AV.Importantly,CLP demonstrated higher susceptibility to the influence of antioxidants,making it more suitable for evaluating the peroxide value in flaxseed oil samples.

Alpha-tocopherol supplementation on chromium toxicity: a study on rat liver and kidney cell membrane

Membrane damage is one of the important consequence of chromium, an environmental toxicant, to produce cytotoxicity. α-tocopherol, a membrane protectant can be used to reduce the chromium-induced membrane damage. In the present study, the impact of chromium in presence and absence of α-tocopherol was studied on plasma membrane of liver and kidney in male Wistar rats (80—100 g body weight). Significant increase in membrane cholesterol level as well as significant decrease in membrane phospholipid level in chromium exposed ( 0.8 mg /100 g body weight/d, i.p., for 4 weeks) animals suggest structural alteration of both liver and kidney plasma memebrane. The alkaline phosphatase, total ATPase and Na +-K +-ATPase activities of plasma membrane were significantly decreased in both liver and kidney after chromium treatment. However, α-tocopherol (30 mg/100 g diet) supplementation can restrict the changes in these membrane-bound enzyme activities. Thus, the usefulness of dietary supplementation of α-tocopherol to restrain the chromium-induced membrane damage is suggested.

Vitamin E Processed Using Methylation of Non-α-Tocopherol

Vitamin E is a group of naturally-occurring compounds often chemically elucidated as a series of homologues mainly consisting of α-, β-, γ- and δ-tocopherols. All of those compounds show the biological function of tocopherol while α-tocopherol exhibits the strongest. To improve its biological function, non-α-tocopherol can be successfully converted into α-tocopherol by methylation. A novel process was developed to efficiently convert non-α-tocopherol (in this case γ-tocopherol) into α-tocopherol by methylolation-reduction. The conversion was confirmed by NMR-H(nuclear magnetic resonance-H) spectroscopy on the final product and the reactants. The NMR-H analysis of the material and specific product contents shows that the non-α-tocopherol methylation of mixture of all four tocopherols proceeds as expected with no intermediate materials remaining in the product.

Influence of a-tocopherol on nickel induced alteration of serum lipid profile in male albino rats

We studied the effect of the simultaneous treatment withα-tocopherol(100 mg / kg;im) and nickel sulfate (20 mg/kg,ip) on nickel-induced changes in serum lipid profiles.Nickel-treated rats showed a significant increase in serum LDL cholesterol,total cholesterol,triglycerides,and a significant decrease in serum HDL cholesterol. Simultaneous administration ofα-tocopherol with nickel sulfate improved LDL-cholesterol and HDLcholesterol level when compared with rats receiving nickel sulfate alone.The results indicate thatα-tocopherol is beneficial in preventing nickel-induced lipid profile alterations.

Neuroprotective effects of low-concentration alpha-tocopherol Confocal laser microscopy observations

BACKGROUND： Alpha-tocopherol （ α-tocopherol） can effectively relieve neuronal damage induced by oxygen-centered free radicals. However, the effective dose remains controversial. OBJECTIVE： To evaluate the protective effects of low-concentration α-tocopherol on neuronal membranes. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Contrast observation and in vitro study, performed at Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital between April and September 2006. MATERIALS： Fetal cortical neurons were derived from two 14-day pregnant SD rats, and α-tocopherol was provided by Sigma, USA. METHODS： The neurons were randomly assigned to six groups： （1） normal： neurons were cultured under normal conditions; （2） oxidative damage： oxidative free radicals was damaged using the Fenton reaction; （3） α-tocopherol： neurons were cultured in different concentrations of -tocopherol 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/L for 2 hours, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Neuronal membrane damage was observed using a confocal laser microscope, and malonaldehyde production was detected using the thiobarbituric acid method. RESULTS： At normal, biological concentrations （10 mg/L）, α-tocopherol induced no change in the damaged neurons （P 〉 0.05）. However, at a concentration of 80 mg/L, the number of damaged neurons was significantly reduced, compared with the damage group （P 〈 0.05）. Malonaldehyde levels following 80 mg/L α-tocopherol treatment were less than the oxygen free radical damage group （P 〈 0.05）, but greater than the control group （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： A concentration of 80 mg/L α-tocopherol can effectively protect the neuronal cell membrane from oxidative damage

A Methodological Approach to Study Almond Oil Stability in Relation to <i>α</i>-Tocopherol Supplementation

The objectives of the present study were to identify a suitable parameter to assess the oil oxidation and to study the possibilities of delaying the oxidation of moderately oxidized unrefined almond oil by adding supplementary amounts of α-tocopherol. Three oil samples, with initial peroxide values of 13.3, 19.5 (moderately oxidized oils), and 28.9 (oxidized oil), were supplemented with 100, 250 and 500 ppm of α-tocopherol and subjected to the oxidation at 50°C for 9 days. The level of oxidation was determined by measuring peroxide value (PV), conjugated dienes (CD) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Chemometric analysis indicated that, under the conditions of the present study, PV was the most suitable indicator of oil oxidation. The results have shown that the α-tocopherol could have an anti- oxidant or pro-oxidant effects, depending on its concentration and initial level of oil oxidation. Results also show that α-tocopherol addition at all the concentrations tested resulted in pro-oxidation of the moderately oxidized oils;hence additional supplementation with α-tocopherol could not be recommended to delay oxidation of unrefined almond oil.

Effect of Polysaccharide Species on Storage Stability of Alginate Capsules Containing <i>α</i>-Tocopherol

Alginate capsules containing α-tocopherol were prepared adding polysaccharide species such as κ-carrageenan, gellan gum, pectin, curdlan and ghatti gum. The effects of polysaccharide species and the diameters of α-tocopherol on storage stability of the capsules were investigated and characterized in detail. As the contact angle of α-tocopherol to the capsule shell strongly affected storage stability, the contact angle was measured on the model sheet made of calcium alginate with polysaccharide species. The leakage ratio decreased with the contact angle and increased with the diameter of α-tocopherol. The capsules made of calcium alginate with gellan gum showed the largest contact angle and the highest storage stability. The capsules made of calcium alginate with curdlan, ghatti gum and pectin were harder than other capsules and showed higher storage stability. All the capsules showed the almost similar swelling ratio in the acidic solution with pH 4, but showed the different swelling ratios according to the polysaccharide species in the alkali solution with pH 9. The tablets were prepared with the wet and the dried capsules. The tablets prepared with the dried capsules showed higher storage stability.

6个少数民族初乳和成熟乳中的α-生育酚含量及组成

文章建立了基于手性色谱法的母乳RRR-α-生育酚(RRR-alpha-Tocopherol,RRR-α-TOH)检测方法并进行方法学验证,测定我国壮族、苗族、白族、蒙古族、维吾尔族和回族6个少数民族初乳和成熟乳(n=112)中α-生育酚(alpha-Tocopherol,α-TOH)及其立体异构体RRR-α-TOH含量,并对其与乳母哺乳期膳食摄入情况相关性进行研究。结果表明,α-TOH和RRR-α-TOH含量随泌乳期延长显著降低(P<0.05)。壮族、苗族和白族初乳中α-TOH和RRR-α-TOH含量均显著高于蒙古族、维吾尔族和回族(P<0.001),壮族和苗族成熟乳中α-TOH和RRR-α-TOH含量均显著高于白族、蒙古族、维吾尔族和回族(P<0.001),且少数民族母乳中RRR-α-TOH含量占α-TOH比例均高于80%,母乳中α-TOH含量与乳母哺乳期膳食摄入情况无显著相关性。

维生素E对半滑舌鳎垂体α-生育酚转移蛋白基因表达的影响

生育酚转移蛋白(α-tocopherol transfer protein,α-TTP)是一种可以结合维生素E的蛋白,在协助机体转运和调控维生素E含量等方面起到重要作用。维生素E能够影响鱼类垂体中生长和繁殖相关激素的分泌,这是否与α-TTP有关,值得进一步探讨。本实验旨在探究维生素E对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)垂体α-TTP基因表达的影响。在基础饲料中分别添加维生素E(DL-α-生育酚乙酸酯)0、200、400、800和1600 mg/kg,对半滑舌鳎成鱼(464.0±2.6)g进行持续60 d的养殖实验;另外,在L-15培养基中添加0、18和54μmol/L的维生素E,对半滑舌鳎垂体细胞进行为期3 d的体外原代培养实验。分别取垂体组织和垂体原代细胞,克隆α-TTP基因,并通过实时荧光定量PCR分析α-TTP基因相对表达量。结果显示,α-TTP基因全长3964 bp,编码293个氨基酸;α-TTP基因在半滑舌鳎各组织均有表达,其中,在脾脏中表达最高,其次是肾脏,在胃中表达量最低;α-TTP基因表达量随着饲料中维生素E含量的增加而呈先升高后下降的变化趋势,400 mg/kg组显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);随着细胞培养液中维生素E浓度的升高,α-TTP基因相对表达量显著增加。综上所述,本研究首次报道维生素E能够影响垂体中α-TTP基因的表达,饲料中添加400 mg/kg的维生素E能够显著促进半滑舌鳎垂体α-TTP基因的表达。本研究为探讨α-TTP在介导维生素E影响鱼类生长与繁殖方面的潜在机制提供新思路。

维生素E抗氧化作用及其在动物生产上的应用研究进展

维生素E为α、β、γ、δ-生育酚以及α、β、γ、δ-生育三烯酚等脂溶性维生素的总称,是一种在动物机体中无法合成或供给不足的营养成分,必须通过饲粮供给。其中α-生育酚活性最高,是维生素E在动物体内发挥作用的主要形式。维生素E具有抗氧化、抗癌、抗炎等生物活性,特别是在清除机体自由基、阻断脂质氧化等方面尤为突出,在动物生产中可提高生长性能、改善产品质量和提高机体免疫能力等。文章综述了维生素E的抗氧化作用机制及其在动物生产中的应用,旨在为维生素E作为饲粮抗氧化剂在动物生产中的应用提供理论参考。

明胶与葡聚糖复合膜的制备及其对冷藏扇贝品质的影响

为抑制脂质氧化和微生物繁殖,延长扇贝货架期,以肉桂醛和α-生育酚为抗菌和抗氧化剂,制备抗菌、抗氧化明胶-葡聚糖复合膜。扫描电镜证实明胶和葡聚糖兼容性较好,添加活性物质导致复合膜产生粗糙、不均匀和多孔的微观结构。X射线衍射和红外光谱显示活性物质增强复合膜的结晶度和疏水性。随着活性物质添加量增加,复合膜的厚度、不透明度、抗氧化能力和抗菌能力显著增加,而水蒸气透过性、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率显著降低。相比于未包装和空白复合膜,1.5%活性复合膜显著提升冷藏扇贝贝柱的化学和微生物稳定性,延长其货架期6d。因此,添加双功能活性成分的明胶-葡聚糖复合膜可以作为一种有效包装材料,用于水产品冷藏品质的控制。

香茅醛-α-生育酚/明胶-葡聚糖复合膜对扇贝冷藏保鲜效果的影响

以明胶、葡聚糖和不同浓度(0%、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%,质量分数)活性物质(香茅醛和α-生育酚)制备复合膜,采用扫描电子显微镜、热重分析和红外光谱表征复合膜,探究不同添加量活性物质对复合膜理化、抗菌、抗氧化及扇贝保鲜性能的影响。结果表明,明胶和葡聚糖兼容性好,添加活性物质导致复合膜的表面粗糙、横截面多孔、疏水性增强,但未影响其热稳定性。复合膜活性物质含量的升高增加了其厚度、不透明度、抗菌和抗氧化能力,但降低了其水蒸气透过率和机械强度。含1.5%活性物质的复合膜显著增强扇贝贝柱冷藏期间的化学和微生物稳定性,延长其货架期至少6d(依据菌落总数结果)。因此,香茅醛-α-生育酚/明胶-葡聚糖复合膜在水产品保鲜领域具有良好的应用前景。

温度和添加剂对象草青贮发酵品质、α-生育酚和β-胡萝卜素的影响

为提高青贮饲料的发酵品质,降低α-生育酚和β-胡萝卜素的损失,研究了温度(45,30和15℃)和添加剂(无添加:CK;纤维素酶:E;植物乳杆菌:LP)对象草青贮饲料的影响。试验结果表明,在所有温度水平,象草青贮饲料的发酵品质良好,但30℃时产生了少量丁酸,发酵品质略有下降;添加LP和E降低了pH(P<0.05),增加了乳酸含量和乳酸乙酸比(P<0.05),提高了发酵品质。象草青贮饲料贮藏在45和15℃时的α-生育酚含量显著高于30℃(P<0.05),β-胡萝卜素含量显著低于30℃(P<0.05)。LP和E添加组在所有温度水平的α-生育酚和β-胡萝卜素含量均较低(P<0.05)。E组在45℃的α-生育酚含量显著高于LP组,E组在30和15℃的β-胡萝卜素含量显著高于LP组。