Determination of Ten Kinds of Alpha-2 Agonists Residues in Animal Derived Food by UHPLC-Triple Quadrupole/Composite Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry

[Objectives]The paper was to establish an ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/linear ion trap complex mass spectrometry for the determination of 10 kinds ofα2-receptor agonists in animal derived food.[Methods]The samples were extracted with sodium carbonate buffer solution and ethyl acetate,and analyzed by mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography separation.[Results]Ten kinds ofα2-receptor agonists showed a good linear relationship in the range of 1-100μg/mL,with the average recovery of over 69%and the relative standard deviation less than 8.32%.The detection limit of 10 kinds of α_(2)-receptor agonists was up to 1μg/kg.[Conclusions]The method has good selectivity and strong anti-interference ability,and can meet the requirements of 10 kinds ofα2-receptor agonists residues in animal derived food.

基于Markov模型的胰高血糖素样肽1受体激动剂联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病药物经济学评价

目的 对胰高血糖素样肽1受体激动剂(GLP-1RA)联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病(T2DM)进行经济学评价。方法 从我国卫生体系角度出发,基于7项GLP-1RA联合二甲双胍治疗T2DM的随机对照试验(RCT),构建二甲双胍单药或联合GLP-1RA治疗T2DM的Markov模型,模拟治疗期间T2DM无并发症、T2DM伴并发症以及死亡3种状态的动态变化。模型以质量调整生命年(QALYs)为健康产出指标、以3倍我国2023年人均国内生产总值(GDP)为意愿支付(WTP)阈值。模型循环周期设定为1年,共计模拟20年,采用Markov模型进行队列模拟,以增量成本-效用比(ICUR)为评价指标,从而获得每种治疗策略的长期成本、效用及其经济性。通过对成本、效用及贴现的敏感性分析,检验研究结果的稳定性。结果 与二甲双胍单药治疗相比,5种GLP-1RA类药物(利拉鲁肽、度拉糖肽、艾塞那肽、聚乙二醇洛塞那肽、司美格鲁肽)联合二甲双胍治疗方案的ICUR均小于3倍我国2023年人均GDP,增加的成本可接受。敏感性分析中各参数在设定的范围内变化,或将模拟时间延长至30年或50年,对研究结论无显著影响;概率敏感性分析结果表明,WTP阈值为3倍我国2023年人均GDP值(268 074元)时,二甲双胍联合司美格鲁肽0.5 mg方案具有成本-效用优势的概率最高,约为99.7%。结论 对于T2DM患者,相比于二甲双胍单药治疗,利拉鲁肽、度拉糖肽、艾塞那肽、聚乙二醇洛塞那肽、司美格鲁肽以说明书推荐剂量联合二甲双胍治疗方案均属于优势方案,具有经济性。

Reconsidering the role of depression and common psychiatric disorders as partners in the type 2 diabetes epidemic

Common psychiatric disorders(CPDs)and depression contribute significantly to the global epidemic of type 2 diabetes(T2D).We postulated a possible pathophysiological mechanism that through Bridge-Symptoms present in depression and CPDs,promotes the establishment of emotional eating,activation of the reward system,onset of overweight and obesity and,ultimately the increased risk of developing T2D.The plausibility of the proposed pathophysiological mechanism is supported by the mechanism of action of drugs such as naltrexonebupropion currently approved for the treatment of both obesity/overweight with T2D and as separate active pharmaceutical ingredients in drug addiction,but also from initial evidence that is emerging regarding glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists that appear to be effective in the treatment of drug addiction.We hope that our hypothesis may be useful in interpreting the higher prevalence of CPDs and depression in patients with T2D compared with the general population and may help refine the integrated psychiatric-diabetic therapy approach to improve the treatment and or remission of T2D.

A Retrospective Analysis of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists in Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complicated by Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Background: The objective of this study was to compare and analyze the variations in clinical indices before and after treatment of type 2 mellitus (T2DM) combined with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that were treated with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs). Methods: The electronic medical record system was utilized to search for a total of 16 patients with type 2 diabetes complicated by NAFLD who were hospitalized at the First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University from October 2022 to April 2023 and treated with GLP-1RA for the first time. The clinical indices were compared before and after 12 weeks of treatment with GLP-1RA. Results: The liver-spleen CT ratio (L/S), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in all patients treated with GLP-1RA after 12 weeks were significantly different (P 0.05). The patients were categorized into two groups based on the types of GLP-1RAs. The changes in L/S, TC, TG, and LDL-C in the long-acting group after treatment were statistically significant (P Conclusions: GLP-1RAs can improve liver function, regulate lipid metabolism, and reduce the severity of fatty liver in patients with T2DM complicated by NAFLD, which demonstrates the importance of clinical applications.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes:Emerging evidence of benefit of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors agonists and incretin-based therapies

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a global epidemic,affecting more than half of the people living with type 2 diabetes(T2D).The relationship between NAFLD and T2D is bidirectional and the presence of one perpetuates the other,which significantly increases the hepatic as well as extrahepatic complications.Until recently,there was no approved pharmacological treatment for NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitits(NASH).However,there is evidence that drugs used for diabetes may have beneficial effects on NAFLD.Insulin sensitizers acting through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR)modulation act on multiple levels of NAFLD pathogenesis.Pioglitazone(PPARγ agonist)and saroglitazar(PPARα/γagonist)are particularly beneficial and recommended by several authoritative bodies for treating NAFLD in T2D,although data on biopsyproven NASH are lacking with the latter.Initial data on elafibanor(PPARα/δ agonist)and Lanifibranor(pan PPAR agonist)are promising.On the other hand,incretin therapies based on glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)receptor agonists(GLP-1RA)and dual-and triple-hormone receptor co-agonists reported impressive weight loss and may have anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties.GLP-1 RAs have shown beneficial effects on NAFLD/NASH and more studies on potential direct effects on liver function by dual-and triple-agonists are required.Furthermore,the long-term safety of these therapies in NAFLD needs to be established.Collaborative efforts among healthcare providers such as primary care doctors,hepatologists,and endocrinologists are warranted for selecting patients for the best possible management of NAFLD in T2D.

小青龙汤对β_(2)肾上腺素能受体减敏哮喘小鼠RhoGDI_(2)/GRK_(2)/β-arrestin信号传导的影响

目的探讨小青龙汤对β_(2)肾上腺素能受体(β_(2)-AR)减敏哮喘小鼠的可能作用机制。方法30只SPF级雌性BALB/c小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、小青龙汤组(中药组)、地塞米松组及小青龙汤加地塞米松组(中药加地塞米松组),每组6只。除空白对照组外,其余各组小鼠通过用卵蛋白(OVA)致敏激发及沙丁胺醇反复刺激来进行造模。造模后自激发第1天起,小青龙汤组每天灌服小青龙汤0.76 g/100 g,地塞米松组每天以腹腔注射地塞米松0.07 mg/100 g,小青龙汤加地塞米松组每天灌服小青龙汤及腹腔注射地塞米松,剂量同前,连续7 d。末次给予OVA激发后24 h,采用EMK动物肺功能测量系统监测各组小鼠的气道阻力,苏木素-伊红(HE)染色法观察小鼠肺组织病理情况,逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)分别检测肺组织中β_(2)-AR、Rho鸟苷酸解离抑制因子2(RhoGDI_(2))、β-AR激酶(GRK_(2))、β-抑制蛋白(β-arrestin)的mRNA表达,Western blot测定肺组织中β_(2)-AR、RhoGDI_(2)、GRK_(2)、β-arrestin含量。结果病理组织学观察发现β_(2)-AR减敏哮喘小鼠气道炎症浸润,各级支气管管壁显著增厚,管道狭窄,且较空白组的病理表现明显加重,经给药后均有不同减轻,以小青龙汤加地塞米松组最优;小鼠气道阻力测定显示随着乙酰甲胆碱(Mch)给药浓度的增加,模型组气道阻力较空白组逐渐增加,给药后各组均有下降趋势,以中药加地塞米松组下降最为明显(P<0.05);肺组织中β_(2)-ARmRNA及β_(2)-AR的表达明显下降,经药物干预后两者均有不同程度的上升,其中肺组织中β_(2)-ARmRNA的表达以小青龙汤加地塞米松组最优,而小青龙汤与地塞米松组之间差异无统计学意义;经造模后与空白组相比,小鼠肺组织中RhoGDI_(2)、GRK_(2)、β-arrestin及它们的mRNA的表达均有不同程度的增强(P<0.05),经药物干预后与模型组相比,小青龙汤组、地塞米松组及小青龙汤加地塞米松组中RhoGDI_(2)、GRK_(2)、β-arrestin及它们的mRNA的表达均下降(P<0.05),且小青龙汤组与地塞米松组之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论小青龙汤对β_(2)-AR减敏哮喘小鼠的作用机制可能通过影响肺组织β_(2)-AR的表达及RhoGDI_(2)/GRK_(2)/β-arrestin信号传导来实现,且效果与地塞米松相当。

β_(2)-AR减敏哮喘小鼠模型的建立及验证

目的:建立β_(2)-AR减敏哮喘小鼠模型并对其进行验证。方法:SPF级雄性BALB/c30只小鼠随机分为空白组、普通哮喘模型组、β_(2)-AR减敏哮喘模型组。建立普通哮喘模型,并在此基础上采用雾化吸入同时腹腔注射沙丁胺醇的方法进行β_(2)-AR减敏哮喘模型的制备,造模21 d末次激发后,测定小鼠气道阻力、ELISA法检测小鼠血清IgE含量,HE染色观察肺组织炎细胞浸润程度,Western blot法检测肺组织中β_(2)-AR含量,RT-PCR检测肺组织中β_(2)-ARmRNA的表达。结果:与空白组相比,随着乙酰甲胆碱(Mch)浓度升高,OVA诱导的各组气道阻力升高,β_(2)-AR减敏哮喘模型组气道阻力增加更加显著(P<0.05);与空白组相比,普通哮喘组及β_(2)-AR减敏哮喘模型组IgE水平上升(P<0.01);病理组织学观察发现β_(2)-AR减敏哮喘小鼠气道炎症浸润,黏液过度分泌及胶原明显沉积,且均较普通哮喘模型组的病理表现显著加重;β_(2)-AR减敏哮喘小鼠模型肺组织中β_(2)-AR含量及β_(2)-ARmRNA的表达水平较空白组及普通哮喘模型组均明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:β_(2)-AR减敏哮喘小鼠模型构建成功,且造模周期短。

达格列净联合胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂对2型糖尿病的疗效研究

目的探讨达格列净联合胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂(GLP-1 RAs)对2型糖尿病患者血液流变学及胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法将2020年11月—2022年10月泉州市中医院收治的102例2型糖尿病患者随机分为2组,每组51例。对照组给予达格列净治疗,研究组采用达格列净联合GLP-1 RAs(利拉鲁肽)的治疗方案。比较2组临床疗效、血糖指标[空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)]、空腹胰岛素(FINS)及胰岛素抵抗[胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-β)]、血脂指标[总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)]、血液流变学指标[红细胞聚集指数(EAI)、红细胞压积(HCT)、红细胞变形指数(EDI)、血浆黏度(PV)]和不良反应。结果研究组总有效率为94.12%,高于对照组的80.39%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组和对照组治疗后FBG、2 hPG、HbAlc、BMI均低于治疗前,且研究组治疗后FBG、2 hPG、HbAlc水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,研究组FINS、HOMA-β水平高于对照组,HOMA-IR水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组和对照组治疗后HDL-C均高于治疗前,TC、TG、LDL-C水平均低于治疗前;研究组治疗后HDL-C水平高于对照组,TC、TG、LDL-C水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,研究组和对照组EAI、HCT、EDI、PV水平均低于治疗前,且研究组EAI、HCT、EDI、PV水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组不良反应总发生率为11.76%,与对照组的9.80%比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论达格列净联合GLP-1 RAs(利拉鲁肽)治疗2型糖尿病的疗效确切,可有效调节患者血糖及血脂水平,缓解胰岛素抵抗,改善血液流变学指标。

司美格鲁肽对2型糖尿病合并超重及肥胖患者的胰腺和肝脏脂肪含量以及胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的探讨司美格鲁肽对2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并超重及肥胖患者的血糖控制、胰腺和肝脏脂肪含量以及胰岛β细胞功能的影响。方法采用单中心、前瞻性、临床病例对照试验的方法,选取2021年10月至2022年10月在金华市中心医院诊断为T2DM合并超重(BMI 25~<28 kg/m2)及肥胖(BMI≥28 kg/m2)的86例患者为研究对象,均接受稳定剂量的二甲双胍单药或联合口服用药至少3个月,糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)为6.5%~8.0%。采用随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和观察组,各43例。对照组继续原方案口服降糖,观察组在原方案的基础上联合司美格鲁肽(起始剂量0.25 mg,4周后增加至0.5 mg并稳定,1次/周,皮下注射)。两组均干预24周。比较两组患者血糖(FPG、餐后2 h血糖和HbA1C)、血脂(TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C)、BMI、腰围、胰岛细胞功能[空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)]。通过非对称回波的最小二乘估算法迭代水脂分离序列测量胰头、胰体和胰尾的胰腺脂肪分数(PFF),计算平均PFF并进行组间比较;测量肝脏右上、右下和左叶的肝脏脂肪分数(HFF),计算平均HFF并进行组间比较。结果对照组39例和观察组40例随访至研究结束。治疗后观察组患者FPG、餐后2 h血糖、HbA1C、BMI、FINS、HOMA-IR、平均PFF和平均HFF均低于对照组,而HOMA-β高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。结论司美格鲁肽应用方便,对T2DM合并超重及肥胖患者能够在常规降糖药的基础上进一步改善胰岛素和胰岛β细胞功能,降低血糖水平、胰腺和肝脏脂肪含量,同时可产生额外的减重获益。

激活CB_(2)受体对MPP+诱导BV2小胶质细胞iNOS和Arg-1表达的影响

目的探讨激活大麻素Ⅱ型受体(CB_(2)受体)对1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子(MPP+)处理的BV2小胶质细胞M1/M2表型转化的影响。方法培养BV2小胶质细胞,将其分为对照组、MPP+组、JWH133(CB_(2)受体激动剂)+MPP+组、AM630(CB_(2)受体抑制剂)+MPP+组、JWH133+AM630+MPP+组。应用免疫印迹法检测各组诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和精氨酸酶-1(Arg-1)蛋白的表达。结果与对照组相比,MPP+组BV2小胶质细胞iNOS蛋白表达明显上升(F=9.825,q=6.346,P<0.01);JWH133预处理抑制MPP+诱导的iNOS蛋白的上调(q=5.714,P<0.01),此抑制作用可被AM630逆转(q=4.154,P<0.05)。与MPP+组相比,JWH133预处理显著上调Arg-1蛋白表达水平(F=5.800,q=5.520,P<0.01),此作用可被AM630所阻断(q=4.155,P<0.05)。结论激活CB 2受体可抑制MPP+处理的BV2小胶质细胞M1极化,并且促进BV2小胶质细胞从M1型转化为M2型。

大气压双频容性耦合Ar/O_(2)等离子体特性研究

文章利用二维流体模型对双频调制大气压Ar/O_(2)放电特性进行了研究,着重讨论高低频电压、低频频率等不同匹配方式对等离子体参数的影响,并且通过对电子加热模式、电子密度、中性粒子密度、正离子能量以及正离子总通量等分析了大气压Ar/O_(2)放电双频调控机制。结果表明,低频源电压的改变使得电子加热模式由α模式转变为DA/α混合模式,且等离子体密度、正离子总通量及离子能量均随着低频电压的升高而增大,发生了解耦现象。与低频源电压不同,高频源电压和低频源频率对电子加热模式不产生影响。此外,高频源电压对等离子体密度及正离子总通量影响较大,对刻蚀工业中易对材料造成损伤的离子能量影响很小;而低频源频率对工业中影响影响较大的离子能量和离子总通量影响较大,对等离子体密度影响较小,实现了等离子体密度和离子能量的独立控制。

EVs-mediated delivery of CB2 receptor agonist for Alzheimer’s disease therapy

Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is a typical neurodegenerative disease that leads to irreversible neuronal degeneration,and effective treatment remains elusive due to the unclear mechanism.We utilized biocompatible mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as carriers loaded with the CB2 target medicine AM1241(EVs-AM1241)to protect against neurodegenerative progression and neuronal function in AD model mice.According to the results,EVs-AM1241 were successfully constructed and exhibited better bioavailability and therapeutic effects than bare AM1241.The Morris water maze(MWM)and fear conditioning tests revealed that the learning and memory of EVs-AM1241-treated model mice were significantly improved.In vivo electrophysiological recording of CA1 neurons indicated enhanced response to an auditory conditioned stimulus following fear learning.Immunostaining and Western blot analysis showed that amyloid plaque deposition and amyloidβ(Aβ)-induced neuronal apoptosis were significantly suppressed by EVs-AM1241.Moreover,EVs-AM1241 increased the number of neurons and restored the neuronal cytoskeleton,indicating that they enhanced neuronal regeneration.RNA sequencing revealed that EVs-AM1241 facilitated Aβphagocytosis,promoted neurogenesis and ultimately improved learning and memory through the calcium-Erk signaling pathway.Our study showed that EVs-AM1241 efficiently reversed neurodegenerative pathology and enhanced neurogenesis in modelmice,indicating that they are very promising particles for treating AD.

Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on glucose excursion and inflammation in overweight or obese type 2 diabetic patients

BACKGROUND Currently,the lack of comparative studies between weekly and daily formulations of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs)for glucose excursion is worth investigation.AIM To investigate the effects of weekly and daily formulations of GLP-1RA on glucose excursion and inflammation in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes.METHODS Seventy patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were treated at our hospital between January 2019 and January 2022 were enrolled in this retrospective analysis.All patients were treated with metformin.We evaluated changes in blood glucose levels and a series of important indicators in patients before and after treatment with either a weekly or daily preparation of GLP-1RA(group A;n=33 and group B;n=37).RESULTS The degree of decrease in the levels of fasting blood glucose,mean blood glucose,mean amplitude of glycemic excursions,total cholesterol,triglycerides,tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-6,and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein after treatment in group A was higher than that in group B(P<0.05),whereas the 2-h postprandial blood glucose levels decreased more so in group B than in group A(P<0.001).However,there were no statistically significant differences in the levels of glycated hemoglobin,standard deviation of blood glucose,coefficient of variation,absolute mean of daily differences,percentage of time with 3.9 mmol/L<glucose<10 mmol/L,and high-and low-density lipoproteins between the two groups(P>0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions was significantly lower in group A than in group B(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The effect of the weekly preparation of GLP-1RA in controlling blood glucose levels in the patients,suppressing inflammation,and reducing adverse reactions was significantly higher than that of the daily preparations,which is worthy of clinical promotion.

Metabolic and cardiovascular benefits with combination therapy of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes

Both GLP-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RA)and SGLT-2 inhibitors(SGLT-2I)are newer classes of anti-diabetic agents that lower HbA1c moderately and decrease body weight and systolic blood pressure(SBP)modestly.Combination therapy with GLP-1RA plus SGLT-2I have shown a greater reduction in HbA1c,body weight,and SBP compared to either agent alone without any significant increase in hypoglycemia or other side effects.Since several agents from each class of these drugs have shown an improvement in cardiovascular(CV)and renal outcomes in their respective cardiovascular outcome trials(CVOT),combination therapy is theoretically expected to have additional CV and renal benefits.In this comprehensive opinion review,we found HbA1c lowering with GLP-1RA plus SGLT-2I to be less than additive compared to the sum of HbA1c lowering with either agent alone,although body weight lowering was nearly additive and the SBP lowering was more than additive.Our additional meta-analysis of CV outcomes with GLP1RA plus SGLT-2I combination therapy from the pooled data of five CVOT found a similar reduction in three-point major adverse cardiovascular events compared to GLP-1RA or SGLT-2I alone,against placebo.Interestingly,a greater benefit in reduction of heart failure hospitalization with GLP-1RA plus SGLT-2I combination therapy was noted in the pooled meta-analysis of two randomized controlled trials.Future adequately powered trials can confirm whether additional CV or renal benefit is truly exerted by GLP-1RA plus SGLT-2I combination therapy.

Global simulation of plasma series resonance effect in radio frequency capacitively coupled Ar/O_(2) plasma

Radio frequency capacitively coupled plasmas(RF CCPs)play a pivotal role in various applications in etching and deposition processes on a microscopic scale in semiconductor manufacturing.In the discharge process,the plasma series resonance(PSR)effect is easily observed in electrically asymmetric and geometrically asymmetric discharges,which could largely influence the power absorption,ionization rate,etc.In this work,the PSR effect arising from geometrically and electrically asymmetric discharge in argon-oxygen mixture gas is mainly investigated by using a plasma equivalent circuit model coupled with a global model.At relatively low pressures,as Ar content(α)increases,the inductance of the bulk is weakened,which leads to a more obvious PSR phenomenon and a higher resonance frequency(ω_(psr)).When the Ar content is fixed,varying the pressure and gap distance could also have different effects on the PSR effect.With the increase of the pressure,the PSR frequency shifts towards the higher order,but in the case of much higher pressure,the PSR oscillation would be strongly damped by frequent electron-neutral collisions.With the increase of the gap distance,the PSR frequency becomes lower.In addition,electrically asymmetric waveforms applied to a geometrically asymmetric chamber may weaken or enhance the asymmetry of the discharge and regulate the PSR effect.In this work,the Ar/O_(2) electronegative mixture gas is introduced in a capacitive discharge to study the PSR effect under geometric asymmetry effect and electrical asymmetry effect,which can provide necessary guidance in laboratory research and current applications.

Glucagon-like-1 receptor agonists and sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors combination—are we exploiting their full potential in a real life setting?

BACKGROUND The sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors(SGLT-2i)and glucagon-like-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RA)are antidiabetic agents effective both in hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)reduction(with a low risk of hypoglycemia)and cardiovascular event prevention.In patients with type 2 diabetes,the add-on value of combination therapy of GLP-1RA and an SGLT-2i seems promising.AIM To investigate whether the efficacy of GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i combination observed in randomized controlled trials translates into therapeutic benefits in the Croatian population during routine clinical practice and follow-up.METHODS We included 200 type 2 diabetes patients with poor glycemic control and analyzed the effects of treatment intensification with(1)GLP-1RA on top of SGLT-2i,(2)SGLT-2i on top of GLP-1RA compared to(3)simultaneous addition of both agents.The primary study endpoint was the proportion of participants with HbA1c<7.0%and/or 5%bodyweight reduction.Secondary outcomes included changes in fasting plasma glucose(FPG),prandial plasma glucose,lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol,estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR),and cardiovascular(CV)incidents assessment over a follow-up period of 12 mo.RESULTS The majority of patients were over 65-years-old,had diabetes duration for more than 10 years.The initial body mass index was 39.41±5.49 kg/m2 and HbA1c 8.32±1.26%.Around half of the patients in all three groups achieved target HbA1c below 7%.A more pronounced decrease in the HbA1c seen with simultaneous SGLT-2i and GLP-1RA therapy was a result of higher baseline HbA1c and not the effect of initiating combination therapy.The number of patients achieving FPG below 7.0 mmol/L was significantly higher in the SGLT-2i group(P=0.021),and 5%weight loss was dominantly achieved in the simultaneous therapy group(P=0.044).A composite outcome(reduction of HbA1c below 7%(53 mmol/mol)with 5%weight loss)was achieved in 32.3%of total patients included in the study.Only 18.2%of patients attained composite outcome defined as HbA1c below 7%(53 mmol/mol)with 5%weight loss and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol<2.5 mmol/L.There were no significant differences between treatment groups.No differences were observed regarding CV incidents or eGFR according to treatment group over a follow-up period.CONCLUSION Combination therapy with GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i is effective in terms of metabolic control,although it remains to be determined whether simultaneous or sequential intensification is better.

Nrf2在脑出血后血肿清除及脑保护中的作用及机制

脑出血(ICH)是一种具有高发病率、高死亡率、高致残率的脑血管病。出血后形成的血肿是脑出血后脑损害的始动因素,早期有效清除血肿成分对于预防及减轻早期脑出血后脑损伤至关重要。目前针对ICH的临床治疗手段相对有限,近期的临床前试验取得了令人兴奋的结果,其中一个引人关注的新靶点是核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)。Nrf2是一种转录因子,可能通过不同通路激活细胞修复机制发挥神经保护作用。它在疾病治疗中的潜力引起了广泛的研究兴趣。本文总结了Nrf2及其激动剂在脑出血后血肿清除及脑保护中的作用及机制。

5种GLP-1RAs治疗二甲双胍控制不佳的2型糖尿病的成本-效用分析

目的评估5种胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂(GLP-1RAs)治疗二甲双胍控制血糖不佳的2型糖尿病(T2DM)的长期经济性。方法提取既往发表的荟萃分析及其纳入的随机对照研究(RCT)中患者的基线数据,使用英国前瞻性糖尿病研究结果模型2.1预测各组患者的生存情况、长期疗效和成本,采用成本-效用分析法比较5种GLP-1RAs(利拉鲁肽、利司那肽、艾塞那肽、度拉糖肽和司美格鲁肽)的经济性;采用敏感性分析和情境分析验证基础分析结果的稳定性。结果共纳入21项RCT,6796名患者。生存曲线表明,司美格鲁肽在降低因心血管疾病死亡风险上、度拉糖肽在降低全因死亡风险上较其他GLP-1RAs具有优势。成本-效用分析结果显示,5种方案的经济性从优到劣排序依次为利司那肽、司美格鲁肽、艾塞那肽、度拉糖肽和利拉鲁肽。单因素敏感性分析和概率敏感性分析表明基础分析结果稳健。情境分析结果显示,司美格鲁肽的价格至少降低54.64%,降至369.21元,其对比利司那肽才具有经济性。结论对于使用二甲双胍治疗后血糖控制不佳的我国T2DM患者,临床可考虑优先选择利司那肽和司美格鲁肽。

胸腺肽α-1辅助吸入糖皮质激素/长效β_(2)受体激动剂对哮喘-慢性阻塞性肺疾病重叠综合征的疗效

目的观察胸腺肽α-1辅助吸入糖皮质激素(inhale corticosteroids,ICS)/长效β_(2)受体激动剂(long actiongβ_(2)-agonist,LABA)治疗对哮喘-慢性阻塞性肺疾病重叠综合征(asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome,ACOS)患者肺功能和免疫功能的影响。方法选取75例ACOS患者,用随机数字表法分为对照组(ICS/LABA治疗)和辅助治疗组(胸腺肽α-1辅助ICS/LABA治疗),比较2组治疗前后急性加重次数、慢性阻塞性肺疾病自我评估(COPD assessment test,CAT)评分、哮喘控制测试(asthma control test,ACT)评分、肺功能[第1秒用力呼气容积(forced expirotovy volume in one second,FEV_(1))、FEV_(1)/用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)值和呼气峰流速(peak expiratory flow,PEF)]、免疫功能(CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)和CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)值)、疗效及不良反应发生情况。结果辅助治疗组的总有效率(97.37%)显著高于对照组(78.38%),P<0.05;辅助治疗组急性加重次数、CAT评分明显低于对照组(P<0.05),ACT评分明显高于对照组(P<0.05);辅助治疗组FEV_(1)、FEV_(1)/FVC值及PEF明显高于对照组(P<0.05);辅助治疗组CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)及CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)值均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);2组不良反应总发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论胸腺肽α-1辅助ICS/LABA治疗ACOS可有效提高患者的免疫功能,促进肺功能恢复,且安全性好。

胰高血糖素样肽1受体激动剂治疗合并超重或肥胖的2型糖尿病的疗效和安全性的Meta分析

目的系统评价胰高血糖素样肽1受体激动剂(GLP-1RA)治疗合并超重或肥胖2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的有效性与安全性。方法计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Ovid、ClinicalTrial.gov、SinoMed、CNKI、WanFang Data和VIP数据库,搜集有关GLP-1RA治疗T2DM合并超重或肥胖患者的随机对照试验(RCT),检索时限均从2005年1月1日至2023年11月1日。由2位研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后,采用R软件进行Meta分析,并采用GRADE系统进行证据质量评价。结果共纳入71个RCT,包括29476例患者。Meta分析结果显示,相比于其他降糖药,GLP-1RA在改善糖化血红蛋白[WMD=-0.55,95%CI(-0.65,-0.45),P<0.001]、减重[WMD=-2.61,95%CI(-3.25,-1.97),P<0.001]方面均具有优势;GLP-1RA对空腹血糖的改善效果呈时间依赖性[16周以内:WMD=0.25,95%CI(-0.17,0.66),P=0.250;16~52周:WMD=-0.06,95%CI(-0.32,0.20),P=0.650;>52~104周:WMD=-1.67,95%CI(-1.91,-1.43),P<0.001];安全性方面,GLP-1RA的总体不良反应发生率较高[RR=1.11,95%CI(1.07,1.15),P<0.001];但低血糖发生率低于胰岛素[RR=0.58,95%CI(0.48,0.71),P<0.001],而与口服降糖药的差异无统计学意义[RR=0.83,95%CI(0.58,1.19),P=0.310]。GRADE系统评价显示,仅低血糖发生率的证据等级为中等,其余结局指标的证据水平均为低级。结论当前证据显示,对于T2DM合并肥胖或超重患者,GLP-1RA尤其是司美格鲁肽相比于安慰剂、胰岛素或口服降糖药,能更有效兼顾降糖和减重,虽总体不良反应较多,但可减少低血糖发生。