Isochrone Fitting of Galactic Globular Clusters—Ⅵ.High-latitude Clusters NGC 5024 (M53),NGC 5053,NGC 5272 (M3),NGC 5466,and NGC7099 (M30)

We fit various color–magnitude diagrams(CMDs) of the high-latitude Galactic globular clusters NGC 5024(M53),NGC 5053,NGC 5272(M3),NGC 5466,and NGC 7099(M30) by isochrones from the Dartmouth Stellar Evolution Database and Bag of Stellar Tracks and Isochrones for α–enrichment [α/Fe] = +0.4.For the CMDs,we use data sets from Hubble Space Telescope,Gaia,and other sources utilizing,at least,25 photometric filters for each cluster.We obtain the following characteristics with their statistical uncertainties for NGC 5024,NGC 5053,NGC 5272,NGC 5466,and NGC 7099,respectively:metallicities [Fe/H] =-1.93 ± 0.02,-2.08 ± 0.03,-1.60 ± 0.02,-1.95 ± 0.02,and-2.07 ± 0.04 dex with their systematic uncertainty 0.1 dex;ages 13.00 ± 0.11,12.70 ± 0.11,11.63 ± 0.07,12.15 ± 0.11,and 12.80 ± 0.17 Gyr with their systematic uncertainty 0.8 Gyr;distances(systematic uncertainty added) 18.22 ± 0.06 ± 0.60,16.99 ± 0.06 ± 0.56,10.08 ± 0.04 ± 0.33,15.59 ±0.03 ± 0.51,and 8.29 ± 0.03 ± 0.27 kpc;reddenings E(B-V) = 0.023 ± 0.004,0.017 ± 0.004,0.023 ± 0.004,0.023 ± 0.003,and 0.045 ± 0.002 mag with their systematic uncertainty 0.01 mag;extinctions AV= 0.08 ± 0.01,0.06 ± 0.01,0.08 ± 0.01,0.08 ± 0.01,and 0.16 ± 0.01 mag with their systematic uncertainty 0.03 mag,which suggest the total Galactic extinction AV= 0.08 across the whole Galactic dust to extragalactic objects at the North Galactic Pole.The horizontal branch morphology difference of these clusters is explained by their different metallicity,age,mass-loss efficiency,and loss of low-mass members in the evolution of the core-collapse cluster NGC 7099 and loose clusters NGC 5053 and NGC 5466.

A Fermi-LAT Study of Globular Cluster Dynamical Evolution in the Milky Way:Millisecond Pulsars as the Probe

Using archival Fermi-LAT data with a time span of~12 yr,we study the population of Millisecond Pulsars(MSPs)in Globular Clusters(GlCs)and investigate their dependence on cluster dynamical evolution in the Milky Way.We show that theγ-ray luminosity(L_(γ))and emissivity(i.e.,ε_(γ)=L_(γ)/M,with M the cluster mass)are good indicators of the population and abundance of MSPs in GlCs,and they are highly dependent on the dynamical evolution history of the host clusters.Specifically speaking,the dynamically older GlCs with more compact structures are more likely to have larger L_(γ)andε_(γ),and these trends can be summarized as strong correlations with cluster stellar encounter rateΓand the specific encounter rate(Λ=Γ/M),with L_(γ)∝Γ^(0.7±0.11)andε_(γ)∝Λ^(0.73±0.13)for dynamically normal GlCs.However,as GlCs evolve into deep core collapse,these trends are found to be reversed,implying that strong encounters may have lead to the disruption of Low-Mass X-ray Binaries and ejection of MSPs from core-collapsed systems.Besides,the GlCs are found to exhibit largerε_(γ)with increasing stellar mass function slope(ε_(γ)∝10^((0.52±0.1)α)),decreasing tidal radius(ε_(γ)∝R_(t)^(-10±0.22))and distances from the Galactic Center(GC,ε_(γ)∝R_(gc)^(-1.13±0.21)).These correlations indicate that,as GlCs losing kinetic energy and spiral in toward the GC,tidal stripping and mass segregation have a preference in leading to the loss of normal stars from GlCs,while MSPs are more likely to concentrate to cluster center and be deposited into the GC.Moreover,we gaugeε_(γ)of GlCs is~10-1000 times larger than the Galactic bulge,the latter is thought to reside thousands of unresolved MSPs and may be responsible for the GC 7-ray excess,which supports that GlCs are generous contributors to the population of MSPs in the GC.

Development of Multilayer Models of Globular Star Clusters and Study of Their Evolution

Usually, models of globular star clusters are created by analyzing their luminosity and other observation parameters. The goal of this work is to create stable models of globular clusters based on the laws of mechanics. It is necessary to set the coordinates, velocities and masses of the stars so that as a result of their gravitational interaction the globular cluster is not destroyed. This is not an easy task, and it has been solved in this paper. Using an exact solution of the axisymmetric gravitational interaction of N-bodies, single-layer spherical structures were created. They are combined into multilayer models of globular clusters. An algorithm and a program for their creation is described. As a result of solving the problem of gravitational interaction of N bodies, evolution of 5-, 10-, and 15-layer structures was studied. During the inter-body interaction, there proceeds a transition from the initial specially organized structure to a structure with bodies, uniformly distributed in space. The number of inter-body collisions decreases, and the globular cluster model passes into the stable form of its existence. The collisions of bodies and the acquisition of rotational motion and thermal energy by them are considered. As a result of the passage to scaled dimensions, the results were recalculated to the conditions of globular star clusters. The periods of rotation and the temperatures of merged stars are calculated. Attention is paid to a decreased central-body mass in the analyzed models of globular star clusters.

A Possible γ-Ray Pulsation from PSR J1740-5340B in the Globular Cluster NGC 6397

Recently, a new radio millisecond pulsar(MSP) J1740-5340B, hosted in the globular cluster(GC) NGC 6397,was reported with a 5.78 ms spin period in an eclipsing binary system with a 1.97 days orbital period. Based on a modified radio ephemeris updated by tool tempo2, we analyze the ~15 yr γ-ray data obtained from the Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and detect PSR J1740-5340B's γ-ray pulsation at a confidence level of ~4σ with a weighted H-test value of ~26. By performing a phase-resolved analysis, the γ-ray luminosity in on-pulse interval of PSR J1740-5340B is L_(γ)~ 3.8 × 10^(33) erg s^(-1) using NGC 6397's distance of 2.48 kpc. And γ-rays from the on-pulse part of PSR J1740-5340B contribute ~90% of the total observed γ-ray emissions from NGC 6397. No significant γ-ray pulsation of another MSP J1740-5340A in the GC is detected.Considering that the previous four cases of MSPs in GCs, more data in γ-ray, X-ray, and radio are encouraged to finally confirm the γ-ray emissions from MSP J1740-5340B, especially starving for a precise ephemeris.

Static globularization and grain morphology evolution ofαandβphases during annealing of hot-rolled TC21 titanium alloy

A lamellar-structure TC21 titanium alloy was hot-rolled and subsequently annealed at 820,880 and 940℃ for 1 and 6 h,and the effects of annealing parameters on static globularization and morphology evolution of bothαandβphases were studied.The results show thatαglobularization process is sluggish due to the limited boundary splitting at 820℃.With increasing temperature to 880℃,the accelerated boundary splitting and termination migration promote theαglobularization.At 820 and 880℃,the static recovery(SRV)and recrystallization(SRX)induce the grain refinement of interlamellarβphase.However,the excessively high temperature of 940℃ results in the coarsening ofαgrains due to the assistance of Ostwald ripening,and produces coarseβgrains mainly due to the absence of SRX in interlamellarβphases.Conclusively,880℃ is an appropriate annealing temperature to produce a homogeneous microstructure in which globularizedαand refinedβgrains distribute homogeneously.

Dynamic globularization kinetics during hot working of TA15 titanium alloy with colony microstructure

The dynamic globularization kinetics of TA15（Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V） titanium alloy with a colony α microstructure during deformation at temperature range of 860-940 ℃ and strain rate range of 0.01-10 s-1 was quantitatively studied through isothermal compression tests.It is found that the dynamic globularization kinetics and the kinetics rate of TA15 are sensitive to deformation parameters.The dynamic globularized fraction increases with increasing strain,temperature but decreasing strain rate.The variation of globularized fraction with strain approximately follows an Avrami type equation.Using the Avrami type equation,the initiation and completion strains for dynamic globularization of TA15 were predicted to be 0.34-0.59 and 3.40-6.80.The kinetics rate of dynamic globularization increases with strain at first,then decreases.The peak value of kinetics rate,which corresponds to 20%-33% globularization fraction,increases with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate.

Hot deformation behavior and globularization mechanism of Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B alloy with lamellar microstructure

Hot deformation behavior and globularization mechanism of Ti6A14V0.1B alloy with lamellar micro structure were quantitatively studied through isothermal compression tests with the temperature range of 850950 ℃and strain rate range of 0.011.00 s1. The results show that the peak flow stress and steady stress are sensitive to the strain rate and temperature. The value of deformation activation energy is 890.49 kJmo11 in （a＋β） region. Dynamic recrystallization is the major deformation mecha nism. Flow softening is dominated by dynamic recrystallization at 850950 ℃. TiB particles promote the recrystallization of laths. Globularization processes consist of four steps： for mation of subgrain after dynamic recovery in a plates; subgrain boundary migration caused by interracial instability; interfacial migration promoting phase wedge into a phase; disintegrating of a laths by diffusion processes; and grain boundary sliding. Globularization mechanisms during hot deformation processes of the Ti6A14V0.1B alloy with lamellar structure are continuous dynamic recrystallization.

Hot tensile deformation behavior and globularization mechanism of bimodal microstructured Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy

The hot deformation behavior,microstructure evolution and fracture characteristics of bimodal microstructured Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy were investigated by isothermal tensile tests.Results reveal that flow softening is caused by dynamic globularization of the bimodal microstructure,which also results in a relatively high stress exponent and thermal activation energy.The corresponding SEM,EBSD and TEM observations indicate that the dynamic globularization at750and800℃is accomplished by the formation ofα/αsub-grain boundary and penetration of theβphase.However,dynamic recrystallization(DRX)is the main globularization mechanism at850℃,which was proved by the generation of fine grains with a necklace-like character due to the transformation of low-angle boundaries(LABs)into high-angle boundaries(HABs).With an increase in the deformation temperature or a decrease in the strain rate,the fracture mechanism changes from microvoid coalescence to intergranular fracture.

Dynamic globularization prediction during cogging process of large size TC11 titanium alloy billet with lamellar structure

The flow behavior and dynamic globularization of TC11 titanium alloy during subtransus deformation are investigated through hot compression tests. A constitutive model is established based on physical-based hardening model and phenomenological softening model. And based on the recrystallization mechanisms of globularization, the Avrami type kinetics model is established for prediction of globularization fraction and globularized grain size under large strain subtransus deformation of TC11 alloy. As the preliminary application of the previous results, the cogging process of large size TC11 alloy billet is simulated. Based on subroutine development of the DEFORM software, the coupled simulation of one fire cogging process is developed. It shows that the predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental results in forging load and microstructure characteristic, which validates the reliability of the developed FEM subroutine models.

Quantitative analysis of globularization and modeling of TC17 alloy with basketweave microstructure

The globularization behavior and mechanism of TC17 alloy with basketweave microstructure were investigated, and the models of dynamic and static globularization kinetics were established. The quantitative and metallographic results show that the globularization of α phase is sensitive to the parameters of deformation and heat treatment. By EBSD analysis, the formation and evolution mechanisms of intra-α boundaries are related to discontinuous dynamic recrystallization and continuous dynamic recrystallization, which can form α grains with high and low misorientations between neighbour grains after the heat treatment, respectively. Based on the globularization behavior and mechanism, two modified JMAK models are developed to predict the dynamic and static globularization kinetics, and the mean absolute relative errors(MARE) of 10.67% and 13.80% indicate the accuracy of the dynamic and static globularization kinetics models. The results of this work can provide guidance for controlling microstructure of titanium alloy.

Effect of predeformation on globularization of Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr during annealing

The microstructure evolution during annealing of Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr alloy was investigated. The results show that for the alloy compressed at 810 °C and 1.0 s^-1, deformation amount（height reduction） 20% and 50% and annealed at 810 °C, thermal grooving by penetration of β phase is sufficient during the first 20 min annealing, resulting in a sharp increase in globularization fraction. The globularization fraction continuously increases with the increase of annealing time, and a height reduction of 50% leads to a near globular microstructure after annealing for 4 h. For the alloy with deformation amount of 50% by compressing at 810 °C, 0.01 s^-1, and then annealed at 810 °C, thermal grooving is limited during the first 20 min of annealing and large quantities of high-angle grain boundaries（HABs） remain. With long time annealing, the chain-like α grains are developed due to the HABs, termination migration and Ostwald ripening. The present results suggest that a higher strain rate and a larger height reduction are necessary before annealing to achieve a globular microstructure of Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr.

The Analyses of Globular Cluster Pulsars and Their Detection Efficiency

Up to 2022 November,267 pulsars had been discovered in 36 globular clusters(GCs).In this paper,we present our studies on the distribution of GC pulsar parameters and the detection efficiency.The power law relation between average dispersion measure(■)and dispersion measure difference(ΔDM)of known pulsars in GCs is lgΔDM∝1.52lg■.The sensitivity could be the key to finding more pulsars.As a result,several years after the construction of a large radio telescope facility,the number of known GC pulsars will likely be increased accordingly.We suggest that currently GCs in the southern hemisphere could have higher possibilities for finding new pulsars.

Classifying Globular Clusters and Applying them to Estimate the mass of the Milky Way

We combine the kinematics of 159 globular clusters(GCs) provided by the Gaia Early Data Release 3(EDR3) with other observational data to classify the GCs,and to estimate the mass of the Milky Way(MW).We use the agemetallicity relation,integrals of motion,action space and the GC orbits to identify the GCs as either formed in situ(Bulge and Disk) or ex situ(via accretion).We find that 45.3% have formed in situ,while 38.4% may be related to known merger events:Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus,the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy,the Helmi streams,the Sequoia galaxy and the Kraken galaxy.We also further identify three new sub-structures associated with the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus.The remaining 16.3% of GCs are unrelated to the known mergers and thought to be from small accretion events.We select 46 GCs which have radii 8.0 <r<37.3 kpc and obtain the anisotropy parameter β=0.315_(-0.049)^(+0.055),which is lower than the recent result using the sample of GCs in Gaia Data Release 2,but still in agreement with it by considering the error bar.By using the same sample,we obtain the MW mass inside the outermost GC as M(<37.3 kpc)=0.423_(-0.02)^(+0.02)×10^(12)M_(⊙),and the corresponding M_(200)=1.11_(-0.18)^(+0.25)×10^(12)M_(⊙).The estimated mass is consistent with the results in many recent studies.We also find that the estimated β and mass depend on the selected sample of GCs.However,it is difficult to determine whether a GC fully traces the potential of the MW.

石球阵列对轨道交通振动表面波隔振性能研究

本文针对轨道交通运营时带来的持续性振动对周边居民身体健康和敏感构建物结构安全的影响进行探讨。基于周期理论,提出一种石球阵列隔振结构来减轻轨道交通运营引起的环境振动危害。通过求解频散曲线图,研究石球阵列参数对带隙的影响,并剖析了隔振机理;其次,通过求解传输透射谱,研究了有限数量石球阵列隔振性质。研究发现,石球排距和尺寸大小对表面波能带影响较大,针对低频表面波隔振,石球排距建议取1.0~1.2 m,石球尺寸建议大于0.4 m;石球的排布方式对高频能带影响较大,对低频能带影响较小;相比正方形排布方式,三角形排布方式可以降低振动波泄漏,隔振效果更好。传输谱透射分析发现,石球阵列低频隔振时隔振机理为局域共振机理,高频隔振时机理为Bragg散射机理;组合石球隔振方式可以拓宽衰减域,隔振效果更好。相关研究可为轨道交通隔振提供参考。

不同结构人工乳脂肪球膜对婴配乳理化性质和脂肪消化特性的影响

将不同结构的人工乳脂肪球膜作为乳化剂和营养强化剂加入到婴配乳中,并以富含天然乳脂肪球膜(milk fat globule membrane,MFGM)成分的MFGM-10为对照,并通过模拟婴幼儿体外消化模型对比了其在胃和小肠消化阶段的粒径分布、电位变化和游离脂肪酸释放量等关键指标,以探究不同结构人工MFGM对婴配乳理化性质和脂肪消化特性的影响。结果表明,添加单层人工MFGM的婴配乳具有较小的平均粒径和较大的ζ-电位绝对值,同时具有较高的乳化活性指数和乳化稳定性指数,说明单层人工MFGM在改善婴配乳理化性质和提高乳液稳定性方面效果最佳。在消化结束后,各组释放游离脂肪酸总量的顺序为对照组1 560μmol/mL>双层组1 415μmol/mL>单层组1 361μmol/mL>空白组1 048μmol/mL,说明添加人工MFGM能够达到与天然MFGM相似的脂肪消化效果。该研究为人工MFGM代替天然MFGM在婴配乳中的应用提供一定理论依据。

球状Au@TiO_(2)的制备及其光催化降解结晶紫性能

利用溶胶凝胶法成功地制备出一种新型的核壳材料——Au@TiO_(2).经过水热晶化,该材料可膨胀至300 nm,壳层TiO_(2)晶化为锐钛矿相,但核心球状Au的形貌保持不变.采用粉末X射线衍射技术(PXRD)、ZETA电位、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、热重分析(TG)、光致发光(PL)、光电流(i-t)以及光催化降解技术,对样品的结构和性能进行了系统、详细的检测和分析.经过晶化处理的Au@TiO_(2),其在可见光波段的光降解结晶紫性能比未晶化时有着显著的提升,1 mg·mL^(−1)Au@c-TiO_(2)可以在可见光照射1 h后实现对0.3 g·L^(−1)结晶紫全降解.通过综合分析实验结果和时域有限差分(FDTD),探究了催化反应的机理.该研究为复合材料兼顾形貌稳定和晶化提供了新思路,为其在环境修复领域提供新的应用.

球状星团成员星的空间相关性分析

以球状星团NGC(New General Catalogue)104、NGC 5139、NGC 6121为实验样区,选取了视差等10个恒星参数,通过引入地学中的空间分析理论和相应的分析框架为定量描述球状星团成员星的空间分布特征提出了一种基于地学的研究范式.通过计算全局和局部莫兰(Moran)指数得到球状星团成员星各恒星参数的空间分布特征.研究结果表明:球状星团NGC 104、NGC 5139、NGC 6121成员星的各恒星参数在总体上呈现出空间正相关特性,表现出空间集聚特征,但不同恒星参数之间存在差异;局部空间分布也呈现聚集特征,而不同的成员星呈现出不同的空间分布特性和趋势.总体而言,用地学空间相关分析系统地定量化描述球状星团成员星空间分布特征,能够为球状星团的研究提供新的思路.

白桫椤GGB途径快速繁殖与不完全组织培养

[目的]优化白桫椤的组织培养技术,可缩短植株繁育周期,进一步提高繁育效率。[方法]本研究以白桫椤的孢子为外植体,研究不同基本培养基对孢子萌发的影响;探讨不同植物生长调节剂对绿色球状体(GGB)诱导和增殖的影响;通过不完全组织培养法,筛选孢子体转化的最佳基质和培养方式。[结果]诱导孢子萌发最佳基质为1/10 MS,萌发率69.55%,10 d可见孢子萌发,在1/2 MS培养基下孢子萌发存在抑制情况;GGB诱导培养基以1/2 MS+NAA 0.2 mg·L^(–1)较适宜,诱导率为92.22%;GGB增殖培养基以1/2 MS+NAA 0.1~0.5 mg·L^(–1)+IBA 0~0.1 mg·L^(–1)较适宜,60 d增殖系数可达6.14;活性炭也有利于GGB增殖,其中1/2 MS+NAA 0.1 mg·L^(–1)+活性炭1.0 g·L^(–1)增殖效果最好,60 d增殖系数可达7.84;因孢子体难以在组培过程中直接获得,通过将GGB团移栽至瓶外基质中能成功诱导出孢子体,最适基质为泥炭∶珍珠岩∶椰糠(2∶1∶1),移栽90 d转化率为43.33%;Knauss不完全组织培养法在白桫椤离体繁殖中的具有可行性,在基质为泥炭∶珍珠岩(1∶1)时,32 d即能成功诱导出孢子体,孢子体转化率高达86.67%。[结论]通过GGB途径可以实现白桫椤的快速增殖,不完全组织培养法能有效提高幼孢子体的转化率,为白桫椤规模化生产育苗提供技术支撑。

A binary study of color-magnitude diagrams of 12 globular clusters

Binary stars are common in star clusters and galaxies, but the detailed ef- fects of binary evolution are not taken into account in some color-magnitude diagram （CMD） studies. This paper studies the CMDs of twelve globular clusters via binary- star stellar populations. The observational CMDs of the star clusters are compared to those of binary-star populations, and then the stellar metallicities, ages, distances and reddenings of these star clusters are obtained. The paper also tests the different effects of binary and single stars on CMD studies. It is shown that binaries can better fit the observational CMDs of the sample globular clusters compared to single stars. This suggests that the effects of binary evolution should be considered when modeling the CMDs and stellar populations of star clusters and galaxies.

Globular adiponectin induces differentiation and fusion of skeletal muscle cells

The growing interest in skeletal muscle regeneration is associated with the opening of new therapeutic strategies for muscle injury after trauma, as well as several muscular degenerative pathologies, including dystrophies, muscu- lar atrophy, and cachexia. Studies focused on the ability of extracellular factors to promote myogenesis are therefore highly promising. We now report that an adipocyte-derived factor, globular adiponectin （gAd）, is able to induce mus- cle gene expression and cell differentiation, gAd, besides its well-known ability to regulate several metabolic func- tions in muscle, including glucose uptake and consumption and fatty acid catabolism, is able to block cell cycle entry of myoblasts, to induce the expression of specific skeletal muscle markers such as myosin heavy chain or caveolin-3, as well as to provoke cell fusion into multinucleated syncytia and, finally, muscle fibre formation, gAd exerts its pro- differentiative activity through redox-dependent activation of p38, Akt and 5＇-AMP-activated protein kinase path- ways. Interestingly, differentiating myoblasts are autocrine for adiponectin, and the mimicking of pro-inflammatory settings or exposure to oxidative stress strongly increases the production of the hormone from differentiating cells. These data suggest a novel function of adiponectin, directly coordinating the myogenic differentiation program and serving an autocrine function during skeletal myogenesis.