Long noncoding RNAs HAND2-AS1 ultrasound microbubbles suppress hepatocellular carcinoma progression by regulating the miR-873-5p/tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 axis

BACKGROUND Increasing data indicated that long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)were directly or indirectly involved in the occurrence and development of tumors,including hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Recent studies had found that the expression of lncRNA HAND2-AS1 was downregulated in HCC tissues,but its role in HCC progression is unclear.Ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction mediated gene transfection is a new method to overexpress genes.AIM To study the role of ultrasound microbubbles(UTMBs)mediated HAND2-AS1 in the progression of HCC,in order to provide a new reference for the treatment of HCC.METHODS In vitro,we transfected HAND2-AS1 siRNA into HepG2 cells by UTMBs,and detected cell proliferation,apoptosis,invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)by cell counting kit-8 assay,flow cytometry,Transwell invasion assay and Western blotting,respectively.In addition,we transfected miR-837-5p mimic into UTMBs treated cells and observed the changes of cell behavior.Next,the UTMBs treated HepG2 cells were transfected together with miR-837-5p mimic and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2(TIMP2)overexpression vector,and we detected cell proliferation,apoptosis,invasion and EMT.In vivo,we established a mouse model of subcutaneous transplantation of HepG2 cells and observed the effect of HAND2-AS1 silencing on tumor formation ability.RESULTS We found that UTMBs carrying HAND2-AS1 restricted cell proliferation,invasion,and EMT,encouraged apoptosis,and HAND2-AS1 silencing eliminated the effect of UTMBs.Additionally,miR-873-5p targets the gene HAND2-AS1,which also targets the 3’UTR of TIMP2.And miR-873-5p mimic counteracted the impact of HAND2-AS1.Further,miR-873-5p mimic solely or in combination with pcDNA-TIMP2 had been transformed into HepG2 cells exposed to UTMBs.We discovered that TIMP2 reversed the effect of miR-873-5p mimic caused by the blocked signalling cascade for matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)2/MMP9.In vivo results showed that HAND2-AS1 silencing significantly inhibited tumor formation in mice.CONCLUSION LncRNA HAND2-AS1 promotes TIMP2 expression by targeting miR-873-5p to inhibit HepG2 cell growth and delay HCC progression.

β-内酰胺酶抑制剂联合不同β-内酰胺类抗生素对耐多药结核分枝杆菌临床菌株体外活性研究

目的体外评估5种β-内酰胺类抗生素和不同β-内酰胺酶抑制剂组合对耐多药结核分枝杆菌(MDR-TB)活性的影响,以期发现针对耐多药结核病最有效的β-内酰胺类抗生素和β-内酰胺酶抑制剂组合。方法选取2021年河南省耐药监测项目收集的MDR-TB菌株,使用最小抑菌浓度(MIC)法测定5种β-内酰胺类抗生素或联合β-内酰胺酶抑制剂对临床MDR-TB的MIC值,并采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和DNA测序法分析菌株的bla C突变情况。结果共纳入105株MDR-TB,MIC检测结果显示,多尼培南对MDR-TB抗菌活性最高,其MIC 50值为16μg/mL。与β-内酰胺酶抑制剂联合后,大部分β-内酰胺类抗生素的MIC值明显下降。共有13.33%(14株)的菌株存在bla C基因的突变,主要为3种核苷酸替代突变,分别为AGT333AGG、AAC638ACC、ATC786ATT。BlaC蛋白Ser111Arg和Asn213Thr与同义单核苷酸突变相比,增强了克拉维酸/舒巴坦与美罗培南对MDR-TB的协同作用。结论多尼培南和舒巴坦组合对MDR-TB具有最强的抗菌活性。而BlaC蛋白Ser111Arg和Asn213Thr的替代突变使MDR-TB对美罗培南的敏感性在克拉维酸/舒巴坦协同时增强。

β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的稳定性与降解反应特性

β-内酰胺酶抑制剂与广谱β-内酰胺抗生素的联合使用是一种有效解决细菌耐药的策略之一。目前上市的β-内酰胺酶抑制剂按其化学结构主要包括氧青霉烯类(克拉维酸)、青霉烷砜类(舒巴坦和他唑巴坦)和二氮杂二环辛烷类化合物(阿维巴坦),本文对临床常见的β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的稳定性与降解反应特性进行综述,并结合当前药典标准中的有关物质检查项,探讨上述β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的杂质谱控制策略。

β-内酰胺酶抑制剂关键中间体的微通道技术合成

为了优化二氮杂双环辛烷(DBO)类新型β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的关键中间体(2S,5R)-6-苄氧基-7-氧代-1,6-二氮杂双环[3.2.1]辛烷-2-羧酸(Ⅰ)的合成工艺,采用微通道技术,通过对反应溶剂、温度、停留时间和碱的优化,以加快反应速率,提高反应产率。结果表明:采用连续流微通道技术,以(2S,5R)-6-苄氧基-7-氧代-1,6-二氮杂双环[3.2.1]辛烷-2-羧酸苄酯(Ⅱ)为原料,在氢氧化锂的丙酮水溶液中,温度45℃,反应时间20 min,水解制备得到DBO类新型β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的关键中间体(Ⅰ),经氢谱、碳谱、高分辨质谱鉴定,产物与目标化合物一致,目标产物的收率可达95%。该微通道合成方法显著加快反应速率的同时提高了反应收率,对DBO类新型β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的工业化生产具有应用前景。

Detection of Beta-Lactamase and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase of Pathogens Isolated from Pig and Chicken and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

The antibacterial activity of beta-lactam antibiotics or their combinations with inhibitor sulbactum against non-lactamase- producing strains, lactamase-producing and ESBLs-producing isolates was evaluated with twofold dilution method after pathogens isolated from pigs and chickens were detected, respectively, for beta-lactamase and extended-spectrum beta- lactamases （ESBLs）, The results revealed that most of 43 clinically isolated strains could produce beta-lactamase and 3 strains of shigella isolated from chicken samples produced ESBLs. All of 30 lactamase-producing strains isolated and only one of 16 non-lactamase-producing strains were resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin. MICs of ampicillin against lactamaseproducing isolates decreased 10-40 and 10-20 times respectively, when it was conbined with sulbactam at ration of 1：2 and 1：4. All clinical isolates were susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins. The MICs of third-generation cephalosporins against lactamase-producing isolates did not change when they were conbined with sulbactam. MICs of ceftiofur and ceftriaxone against ESBLs-producing isolates decreased 2-4 times when they were conbined with sulbactam.

β-内酰胺类抗生素/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂点评标准的建立及应用分析

目的建立β-内酰胺类抗生素/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂的点评标准,结合临床应用情况,分析其应用效果,促进临床合理使用β-内酰胺类抗生素/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂。方法参照相关指南及专家共识,制订β-内酰胺类抗生素/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂的药物利用评价(DUE)标准。通过建立的DUE标准,采用回顾性研究方法,评价2019年7—12月南华大学附属第二医院使用头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的894例病例的用药合理性。结果894例病例中,适应证合理率为93.62%,给药剂量合理率为90.49%,用药疗程合理率为89.37%,微生物送检合理率为75.84%。结论建立的头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦DUE标准能够作为临床合理用药的重要参考,该院头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦使用基本合理。

枸杞槲皮素对金黄色葡萄球菌产β-内酰胺酶的抑制作用

【目的】探讨枸杞槲皮素对金黄色葡萄球菌产生的β-内酰胺酶的抑制作用机制,为临床研发β-内酰胺酶抑制剂提供基础依据。【方法】通过青霉素抑菌圈边缘试验筛选产β-内酰胺酶阳性菌株,通过药敏纸片法检测阳性菌株在32、64、128μg/mL枸杞槲皮素作用下对青霉素的敏感性变化;借助多功能酶标仪检测在32、64、128、256μg/mL枸杞槲皮素处理下青霉素含量的变化,并以此来评估枸杞槲皮素对β-内酰胺酶合成及在64、128、256μg/mL枸杞槲皮素作用下对β-内酰胺酶活性的影响。通过AutoDockTools 1.5.6软件对枸杞槲皮素与BlaZ蛋白进行分子对接,采用Discovery Studio 2019 Client软件对分子对接结果进行可视化分析。【结果】从36株金黄色葡萄球菌中共筛选出23株产β-内酰胺酶阳性菌株。药敏纸片结果表明,随着枸杞槲皮素浓度的升高,阳性菌株对青霉素的敏感性增加。多功能酶标仪检测结果表明,枸杞槲皮素可以抑制β-内酰胺酶的合成,并显著抑制β-内酰胺酶的活性(P<0.05)。分子对接结果表明,枸杞槲皮素通过与BlaZ蛋白Ω-loop区域内的保守残基Asn161以氢键结合,影响BlaZ蛋白与β-内酰胺类抗生素的结合。【结论】枸杞槲皮素可以减少β-内酰胺酶的合成,还可通过降低β-内酰胺酶的活性增强青霉素的抑菌作用,具有作为β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的潜在活性,为后续开发新型β-内酰胺酶抑制剂提供了参考依据。

Synthesis of 1-aryl-3-(3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-5-yl) ureas as TNF-αinhibitors

A new series of compounds, 1-aryl-3-（3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-5-yl） ureas, have been synthesized and their structures were confirmed by FAB-MS and IH NMR. The preliminary pharmacological screening showed that these compounds inhibited TNF-α production in lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-stimulated THP-1 cells.

Relation between Baseline Lipid Levels and Effectiveness of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors in Patients with Hyperlipidemia

Objective To evaluate whether the effects of HMG - CoA reductase inhibitors on patients with hyperlipidemia are closely related to baseline lipid levels. Methods The data analyzed originated from 3 separate multicenter clinical trials with similar designs during 1994 to 1999. 166 patients with mean age 58. 9±9. 2 years were involved in Simvastatin Clinical Trial with simvastatin 10 mg once daily for 8 weeks. 146 patients with mean age 57. 9±8. 7years were involved in Lovastatin Clinical Trial with lovastatin 20 mg once daily for 8 weeks. 105 patients with mean age 57. 8±9. 3 years were involved in Atorvastatin Clinical Trial with atorvastatin 10 mg once daily for 6 weeks. Baseline total cholesterol (TC) was more than 5. 98 mmol. L - 1, and baseline triglyceride (TG) was less than 4. 52 mmo. L - 1. The patients were grouped by baseline lipid levels. Results The higher the baseline TC, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL - C) and TG levels were, the more effective the simvastatin, lovastatin, or atorvastatin was in reducing serum TC, LDL - C, and TG, respectively. A positive linear correlation was found between baseline values and effects of simvastatin, lovastatin, or atorvastatin in reducing serum TC, LDL - C, and TG, respectively. Conclusion The changes of reduction on serum lipid with HMG - CoA reductase inhibitors in patients with hyperlipidemia were influenced by baseline lipid levels.

左炔诺孕酮联合miRNA-21-5p抑制剂对子宫内膜癌细胞增殖、转移的作用及机制

目的利用左炔诺孕酮(LNG)和miRNA-21-5p抑制剂(inhibitor)联合靶向多发性肿瘤抑制基因磷酸酶基因(PTEN)评估对子宫内膜癌细胞增殖、转移的作用。方法将实验用人子宫内膜癌细胞分为Control组、LNG处理组、LNG处理+miR-21 NC组和LNG处理+miR-21 inhibitor组;免疫组化检测LNG治疗前后子宫内膜癌患者内膜组织中PTEN表达;CCK8和流式细胞仪筛选LNG最佳作用浓度和时间;实时荧光定量(qRT)-聚合酶链反应(PCR)法检测miR-21-5p inhibitor处理后miR-21-5p mRNA表达水平;LNG联合miR-21-5p inhibitor处理后CCK8检测增殖,流式检测凋亡,Transwell检测侵袭,划线检测迁移,Western印迹检测细胞中PTEN、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)、p-PI3K、丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(AKT)和p-AKT蛋白表达水平。结果与治疗前比,LNG治疗后子宫内膜组织中PTEN表达水平显著升高(P=0.000)。筛选出LNG最佳浓度为100μmol/L,时间为24 h。miR-21-5p inhibitor处理后miR-21-5p表达显著降低(P<0.05)。与Control组相比,LNG组处理后细胞凋亡及PTEN表达显著升高,细胞迁移、侵袭能力及细胞活力显著下降(P<0.05),miR-21-5p、p-AKT/AKT、p-PI3K/PI3K表达也明显下降(P<0.05);与LNG组相比,LNG+miR-21-5p inhibitor组细胞活力、细胞凋亡、迁移、侵袭能力、miR-21-5p表达、p-AKT/AKT、p-PI3K/PI3K明显下降,PTEN表达则明显升高(P<0.05)。结论LNG联合miR-21-5p inhibitor具有协同抑制子宫内膜癌细胞增殖、转移的作用,此过程与靶向上调PTEN并抑制PI3K/AKT通路活化相关。

The new K_V3.4 inhibitor BDS-I[1–8] as a potential pharmacological opportunity in Alzheimer’s disease therapy

Alzheimer's disease(AD)is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and the first cause of dementia in the elderly,with no treatment able to prevent or to block disease progression.AD is characterized by memory impairment and cognitive dysfunction,followed in the late phases of the disease by severe neurodegeneration and neuronal death.The amyloid-β(Aβ)peptide,generated upon the processing of the amyloid precursor protein,is considered the main initiator of AD pathology.Indeed,Aβpeptides,which aggregate and accumulate to form extracellular plaques and intraneuronal deposits.

A novel thioredoxin reductase inhibitor inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in HL-60 and K562 cells

Human thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) system is associated with cancer cell growth and anti-apoptosis process. Effects of 1,2-bis(1,2-benzisoselenazolone-3(2H)-ketone)ethane (BBSKE),a novel TrxR inhibitor,were investigated on human leu-kemia cell lines HL-60 and K562. BBSKE treatment induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in both cell lines. Apoptosis induced by BBSKE is through Bcl-2/Bax and caspase-3 pathways. Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma-bearing mice were used to inves-tigate the anti-tumor effect of BBSKE in vivo. Tumor-bearing mice treated with BBSKE showed an increase of life span with a comparable effect to cyclophosphamide (CTX). These results suggest a potential usage of BBSKE as a therapeutic agent against non-solid tumors.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Novel Ethyl 5-(4-(2-Phenylacetamido)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate as an Acrosin Inhibitor

The title compound （ethyl5-（4-（2-phenylacetamido）phenyl）-lH-pyrazole-3-carboxylate, C20H19N3O3） was synthesized by the reaction of Claisen condensation, cyclization, reduction and acylation. The structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction, MS, NMR and IR. It belongs to the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a = 22.723（9）, b = 9.324（4）, c = 18.890（8） A, β = 114.259（6）°, V = 3649（3） A^3, Dc = 1.272 Mg·m^3, Z = 8, Mr = 349.38, p = 0.087 mm^-1, F（000） = 1472, the final R = 0.0615 and wR = 0.1643. The biological test shows that the title compound has a moderate acrosin inhibition activity.

A new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor from Peperomia pellucida(L.) Kunth

Objective:To isolate,identify,and evaluate a new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor from Peperomia pellucida(L.)Kunth herbs.Methods:A dried sample of Peperomia pellucida herb was successively macerated with n-hexane and ethyl acetate.The ethyl acetate extract solution was evaporated to obtain the crude extract.Vacuum liquid column chromatography and thin layer chromatography were performed to obtain two pure compounds.Then,both compounds were elucidated and identified using the spectroscopic method.Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity studies of both compounds were determined using angiotensin-converting enzyme kit WST-1 with spectrophotometer microplate reader 96-well at 450 nm wavelength.Results:Two bioactive compounds were successfully isolated from Peperomia pellucida herb,including a new compound of 2,3,5-trimethoxy-9-(12,14,15-trimethoxybenzyl)-1 H-indene and pellucidin A.Both compounds demonstrated angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity,with IC50 values of 72 μM(27.95 μg/mL)and 1 1μM(4.4 μg/mL),respectively.Conclusions:In the present study,two active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were successfully isolated and purified from Peperomia pellucida which is used as an antihypertensive in traditional medicine,and support its use as an angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibiting drug.

β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂非临床研究技术指南

内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂在临床上被广泛应用于治疗耐药菌所致感染,由于早期β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的抑酶谱较窄,抑酶谱更广泛的酶抑制剂在不断研发之中。与一般抗菌药物临床前研究不同,β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂的临床前研究需明确β-内酰胺类药物或酶抑制剂本身的抗菌谱与抗菌活性,尤其是明确酶抑制剂是否具有抗菌活性。需要确定合适的β-内酰胺类药物与酶抑制剂复方制剂,以及适用的不同酶型的目标病原菌。本文主要介绍新型β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂临床前研究方法。临床前研究阶段的β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂研究包括体外研究和体内研究两部分,前者主要为体外药效学研究和体外药动学/药效学(pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic,PK/PD)研究,常用研究方法包括β-内酰胺类药物和β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂最低抑菌浓度测定、最低杀菌浓度测定、抗生素后效应测定及时间杀菌曲线。后者主要为动物药动学研究、感染动物药效学研究和感染动物药动学/药效学研究。在动物药动学/药效学研究中,需考虑β-内酰胺类药物与酶抑制剂的相互影响。这些研究方法的应用旨在阐明β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂两组分药效学特点、药动学相似与否、PK/PD指数及其临床前PK/PD靶值,为进入临床试验阶段目标适应症及剂量选择提供依据。

回顾性分析头孢菌素皮试原则用于头孢菌素类+β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的适用性

目的分析头孢菌素皮试原则对头孢菌素类+β-内酰胺酶抑制剂(CBI)的适用性。方法收集广州市番禺区中心医院2019年1月至2021年7月使用CBI患者的病历资料,回顾性分析患者年龄、性别、既往过敏史、CBI皮试情况和结果、过敏情况。根据研究目的对患者进行分组,分别比较3大组别(①皮试阴性组和未皮试组;②既往有过敏史组和既往无过敏史组;③既往青霉素、头孢过敏史组和既往非青霉素、头孢过敏史组)使用CBI后过敏反应发生率的差异。结果纳入病例7771例,共用5种CBI,皮试率81.09%(6302/7771)。皮试阳性率0.11%(7/6302),既往青霉素皮试阳性或过敏患者皮试阳性率85.71%(6/7)。过敏20例(17例为速发型过敏反应,3例为迟发型过敏反应),主要症状均为皮疹和瘙痒,停药及对症处理后好转,后期改用其他种类抗菌药物,均未发生过敏反应;过敏患者中既往有过敏史患者8例(含青霉素、头孢过敏5例);皮试阴性组过敏率0.25%(16/6295),未皮试组过敏率0.27%(4/1469),2组过敏率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。既往有过敏史组过敏率均比既往无过敏史组高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而既往青霉素、头孢过敏史组和既往非青霉素、头孢过敏史组过敏发生率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论常规皮试对CBI过敏反应无明显的预测价值,但对既往有过敏史患者有参考价值。既往有过敏史的患者,使用CBI发生过敏的风险比既往无过敏史的患者高,其他过敏原导致过敏的风险并不亚于青霉素类或头孢菌素类。头孢菌素皮试原则总体适用于CBI,但最适皮试液浓度及过敏原风险评估标准仍需进一步研究。

β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂临床应用分析

目的分析β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂在兰州大学第二医院的临床应用情况,为合理用药提供参考。方法通过兰州大学第二医院信息管理系统调取2017—2020年β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂的使用信息,包括药物名称、规格、销售总量及销售总金额。结果2017—2020年,大部分β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂用药频度总体呈下降趋势,限定日费用均逐渐下降。医院大部分β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂的使用较合理,而注射用头孢哌酮钠他唑巴坦钠(1.125 g/支)及注射用哌拉西林钠舒巴坦钠(1.5 g/支)的销售金额排序与用药频度排序的比值(B/A值)在一定时期内均偏离1。结论医院需进一步加强β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂合理使用与规范化管理。

Effect of protease inhibitor from Agaricus bisporus on glucose uptake and oxidative stress in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Objective:To explore the effect of the protease inhibitor from Agaricus bisporus(J.E.Lange)Imbach(AbPI)on glucose uptake and oxidative stress in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes.Methods:Adipocytes were differentiated and stained with OilRed-O staining to confirm adipogenesis.The toxic/protective effect of AbPI on the adipocytes was determined by MTT assay,intracellular reactive oxygen species generation through flow cytometry,and morphologically through confocal microscopy using propidium iodide,4,6-diamino-2-phenylindol dihydrochloride,and 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate dyes.The uptake of fluorescent glucose analog,2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose by adipocytes was also studied through confocal microscopy.Results:MTT assay showed that the cell survival rate was(28.00±3.00)%,(92.33±2.60)%,and(71.34±2.10)%in the presence of 2 mM H2O2,AbPI alone,and AbPI and H2O2 both,respectively,in comparison to the control.Oil-Red-O staining indicated that Ab PI enhanced adipogenesis.AbPI stimulated the glucose uptake by adipocytes similar to the drug rosiglitazone,and showed insulinsensitizing effect in the presence of insulin,but failed to stimulate the uptake in the absence of insulin.Intracellular reactive oxygen species generation was reduced in differentiating adipocytes upon Ab PI treatment.Confocal microscopy showed that the damaged cell population rose to 3.50%,117.84%,and 261.50%in the presence of Ab PI alone,AbPI with H2O2,and H2O2 alone,respectively.Conclusions:The protease inhibitor enhances glucose uptake by adipocytes and exhibits a cytoprotective effect on them.

The New Molecular Entity Evolocumab, One Kind of PCSK9 Inhibitor, Reduce Plasma Small Size LDL-Cholesterol Levels by Using a New Standardized Method of Measuring LDL Size

Aims: There has been no evidence on the effects of evolocumab, protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor, on small size LDL. We observationally investigated the efficacy and side effects of evolocumab on the LDL subfraction particle diameter using PAGE system for lipoprotein analysis. Methods: We defined 30 patients with high-risk hyperlipidemia. As for analysis of LDL subfraction profile, we used polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis three methods: 1) 3% nondenatured poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis method (3%PAGE), 2) 2% - 16% nondenatured poly-acrylamide gradient gel electro-phoresis method (2% - 16% GGE) and 3) 2.7% - 5% GGE. Evolocumab 140 mg/day administered together with statin significantly improved serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-dense lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and LDL-C after four-week treatment. Results: TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C levels were improved by, respectively, 33%, 20%, 10%, and 54%. The mean LDL size significantly increased from 25.6 ± 0.4 nm to 26.4 ± 0.8 nm. The small dense LDL-cholesterol (sdLDL-C), large buoyant LDL-cholesterol (lbLDL-C), and mid-band lipoprotein-cholesterol were reduced, respectively. Therefore, the preliminary study on this paper can be the first step into a new insight on the world of lipid metabolism. Conclusion: Short-term administration of evolocumab addedons to statin therapy, significantly reduced small size LDL levels.

Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Sulfenimine Cephalosporin Analogues as β-Lactamase Inhibitors

A series of sulfenimine cephalosporin derivatives（6a--6t） was designed, synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against class A β-lactamase（TEM-1） derived from E. coli, and class C β-lactamase （cephalosporinase） derived from wild Bacillus subtilis in cell-free systems. Most of the tested compounds showed enhanced inhibitory activity against class C β-lactamase（cephalosporinase） compared with tazobactam. The most promising compounds 6c and 6o in combination with cefradine（IC50=1.80 and 1.59 gmol/L, respectively） were fur- ther investigated against a series of clinical isolated β-lactamase-producing bacterial strains. The results reveal that compounds 6c and 60 in combination with cefradine show two to four times more activity than cefradine alone against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus（MSSA） and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The data suggest that the sulfenimine moiety may be beneficial to the activity and selectivity of inhibitors.