Partitioning and purification of extracellular β-1,3-1,4-glucanase in aqueous two-phase systems

The partition behaviors of β-1,3-1,4-glucanase, α-amylase and neutral proteases from clarified and whole fermentation broths of Bacillus subtilis ZJF-1A5 were investigated. An aqueous two-phase system （polyethylene glycol （PEG）/MgSO4） was examined with regard to the effects of PEG molecular weight （MW） and concentration, MgSO4 concentration, pH and NaC1 concentration on enzyme partition and extraction. The MW and concentration of PEG were found to have significant effects on enzyme partition and extraction with low MW PEG showing the greatest benefit in the partition and extraction of β-glucanase with the PEG/MgSO4 system. MgSO4 concentration influenced the partition and extraction of β-glucanase significantly, pH had little effect on β-glucanase or proteases partition but affected a-amylase partition when pH was over 7.0. The addition of NaCl had little effect on the partition behavior of β-glucanase but had very significant effects on the partitioning of α-amylase and on the neutral proteases. The partition behaviors of β-glucanase, α-amylase and proteases in whole broth were also investigated and results were similar to those obtained with clarified fermentation broth. A two-step process for purifying β-glucanase was developed, which achieved β-glucanase recovery of 65.3% and specific activity of 14027 U/mg, 6.6 times improvement over the whole broth.

Cloning and Expression of Extremely Heat-Resistant Endo-β-1,4-Glucanase Gene from Thermotoga maritima in Bacillus subtilis

Gene encoding endo-β-1,4-glucanase(TM1525)is derived from Thermotoga maritima(T.maritima),which has an open reading frame of 825 bp and encodes a 274 amino acid endo-β-1,4-glucanase.This enzyme has the same high temperature resistance as thermophilic bacteria,which is an ideal property for industrial applications.By molecular biological means,TM1525 was cloned into pHT43 vector and introduced into Bacillus subtilis(B.subtilis)WB800N by electroporation.The results showed that the WB800N expression system was successfully constructed,and extracellular expression of the recombinant gene was achieved.Cellulose hydrolyzed activity of the protein was exhibited.

Enhancement of the thermostability of β-1,3-1,4-glucanase by directed evolution

In order to improve the thermostability of β- 1,3-1,4-glucanase, evolutionary molecular engineering was used to evolve the β-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Bacillus subtilis ZJF-1A5. The process involves random mutation by error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling followed by screening on the filter-based assay. Two mutants, EGsl and EGs2, were found to have four and five amino acid substitutions, respectively. These substitutions resulted in an increase in melting temperature from Tm=62.5℃ for the wild-type enzyme to Tm=65.5℃ for the mutant EGsl and 67.5℃ for the mutant EGs2. However, the two mutated enzymes had opposite approaches to produce reducing sugar from lichenin with either much higher （28%） for the former or much lower （21.6%） for the latter in comparison with their parental enzymes. The results demonstrate that directed evolution is an effective approach to improve the thermostability of a mesophilic enzyme.

The plasmodesmata-associated β-1,3-glucanase gene GhPdBG regulates fiber development in cotton

Trichomes are specialized structures that originate from epidermal cells of organs in higher plants.The cotton fiber is a unique single-celled trichome that elongates from the seed coat epidermis.Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)fibers and trichomes are models for cell differentiation.In an attempt to elucidate the intercellular factors that regulate fiber and trichome cell development,we identified a plasmodesmal β-1,3-glucanase gene(designated GhPdBG)controlling the opening and closing of plasmodesmata in cotton fibers.Structural and evolutionary analysis showed haplotypic variation in the promoter region of the GhPdBG gene among 352 cotton accessions,but high conservation in the coding region.GhPdBG was expressed predominantly in cotton fibers and localized to plasmodesmata(PD).Expression patterns of PdBG that corresponded to PD permeability were apparent during fiber development in G.hirsutum and G.barbadense.The PdBG-mediated opening-closure of PD appears to be involved in fiber development and may account for the contrasting fiber traits of these two species.Ectopic expression of GhPdBG revealed that it functions in regulating fiber and trichome length and/or density by modulating plasmodesmatal permeability.This finding suggests that plasmodesmal targeting of GhPdBG,as a switch of intercellular channels,regulates single-celled fiber and trichome development in cotton.

油菜(Brassica napus)β-1,4-木糖基转移酶基因BnIRX14克隆、序列分析及亚细胞定位

糖基转移酶(Glycosyltransferase,GTs)广泛参与植物次生物质的代谢及生物和非生物胁迫,β-1,4-木糖基转移酶属于糖基转移酶GT43家族成员。为了探究油菜β-1,4-木糖基转移酶对油菜次生物质的代谢和逆境调控,利用5′RACE和3′RACE方法从甘蓝型油菜中扩增获得油菜β-1,4-木糖基转移酶基因BnIRX14全长cDNA,该cDNA具有1566 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码522个氨基酸,分子质量约58.92 ku,由8315个原子组成,分子式为C_(2631)H_(4168)N_(742)O_(753)S_(21),具有多个磷酸化位点和糖基化修饰位点,属非分泌性单次跨膜蛋白。结构域分析表明,BnIRX14具有GTs家族保守的DxD保守结构域和UGT糖基转移酶PSPG特征结构域,属于糖基转移酶GT43家族成员。BiFC亚细胞定位初步显示BnIRX14定位于细胞质中,蛋白互作预测表明BnIRX14与各类糖合成和转运蛋白高度互作。结构域预测和互作分析初步表明,BnIRX14属于油菜糖基转移酶GT43家族成员,可能通过与糖合成和转运相关蛋白互作参与油菜木糖的合成代谢进而参与生长发育及逆境响应。

Improving the Heat Resistance ofβ-1,4 Glucanase by Introducing Disulfide Bonds

Each possible pair of residues inβ-1,4 glucanase for disulfide formation was assessed using online websites,and four pairs L28C-S256C,Q41C-P278C,S122C-N163C and A184C-A215C were selected.Accordingly,four recombinant plasmids pET28a(+)EccslH28,pET28a(+)EccslH41,pET28a(+)EccslH122 and pET28a(+)EccslH184 were prepared and transformed into E.coli to express the recombinant enzymes.Then analysis on enzymatic properties showed that T50 of the recombinant enzymes was increased from 10 min for EccslHt2 to 90 min for EccslH28 and 40 min for EccslH41 at 70℃,while their optimum pH value and pH stability were not affected,which proved that the introduction of disulfide bond improved the thermal stability ofβ-1,4 glucanase.

多聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶1调控β-1,4-甘露糖基转移酶介导甲状腺癌细胞增殖机制

目的探讨多聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶1(PARP1)调控β-1,4-甘露糖基转移酶(ALG1)对甲状腺癌(TC)细胞增殖/凋亡的影响及其潜在机制。方法采用慢病毒表达载体(pLV)构建pLV-EGFP空载与pLV-ALG1过表达8305C细胞系,采用蛋白质免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测细胞蛋白水平表达,使用Kaplan-Meier数据库分析TC患者总生存期(OS);采用细胞计数试剂盒(CCK)-8和集落形成实验检测细胞增殖情况,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况。从TCGA数据库中筛选出TC患者中与PARP1表达呈显著相关的前1000个差异基因,富集相关信号通路,比较这些通路的差异表达状况,并在过表达细胞系中进行相应验证。结果PARP1在TC细胞系中表达显著增加,且与患者OS呈负相关(P<0.05)。PARP1抑制剂(NMS-P118)显著抑制8305C细胞的增殖,促进细胞凋亡(P<0.05)。TCGA数据库筛选并富集分析发现,N-糖基化修饰信号通路显著富集,NMS-P118显著抑制了β-1,4-甘露糖基转移酶(ALG1)的表达水平(P<0.05),但对p38的影响不明显(P>0.05)。生物素标记的甘露糖结合凝集素(MBL)检测发现NMS-P118显著下调了8305C细胞的甘露糖修饰水平(P<0.05)。Kaplan-Meier数据库分析发现TC中ALG1高表达的患者OS具有降低倾向(P<0.05)。过表达ALG1可逆转NMS-P118对8305C细胞增殖的抑制,减少细胞凋亡(P<0.05)。结论PARP1可通过促进糖基转移酶ALG1的表达介导TC的增殖并抑制其凋亡,PARP1可能是治疗TC的重要新靶点。

毕赤酵母中内切β-1,4葡聚糖酶的表达及共培养制备低分子质量黄原胶

低分子质量黄原胶具有抑菌、益生及抗氧化等多种生物活性,因此通过水解制备低分子质量黄原胶具有广阔应用前景。该研究将来源于绵羊瘤胃元基因组的内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶首次在毕赤酵母中表达,其在pH 7.0和75℃下发挥最佳作用,并有较高的pH和温度稳定性。此后,建立了毕赤酵母和野油菜黄单胞菌的共培养体系并对发酵条件进行优化,其中野油菜黄单胞菌生成的黄原胶可以被毕赤酵母分泌的内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶直接降解产生低分子质量黄原胶。摇瓶水平下,共培养体系中总糖最高为11.4 g/L,水解产物中重均分子质量为2500 Da的低分子质量黄原胶达到93.79%。该研究为功能性低分子质量黄原胶的工业化生产提供了一个潜在的策略。

三七内切-β-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因PnCel1的表达及功能分析

内切-β-1,4-葡聚糖酶(endo-1,4-β-glucanases,EGases)广泛参与植物细胞壁的编辑,在组织伸长、果实成熟和脱落等过程中起重要作用。该研究采用RT-PCR方法,从三七(Panax notoginseng)中克隆了1个EGases基因(PnCel1),并对其进行表达和功能分析。结果显示:(1)外源茉莉酸甲酯、水杨酸、赤霉素、脱落酸和乙烯利处理显著诱导PnCel1的表达,而根腐病菌茄腐镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)以及交链格孢(Alternaria alternata)、木贼镰刀菌(Fusarium equiseti)侵染三七后显著抑制PnCel1的表达。(2)亚细胞定位分析表明,PnCel1-GFP融合蛋白定位于洋葱表皮细胞的细胞壁中。(3)采用染色体步移技术克隆出PnCel1的启动子序列[(-1)~(-828)bp],进而成功构建PnCel1启动子驱动的β-葡萄糖醛酸酶植物表达载体(pBI121-PPnCel1-GUS)并转入烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.),经PCR筛选鉴定获得阳性转基因烟草7株。(4)GUS活性检测结果表明,5种植物激素能诱导PnCel1的启动子活性,但茄腐镰刀菌等4种病原菌侵染明显降低了PnCel1启动子的转录活性,且PnCel1启动子受三七WRKY转录因子PnWRKY5/9/12/15/27的负调控。(5)PnCel1过表达转基因烟草与野生型烟草相比,对茄腐镰刀菌的易感性增加,木质素含量降低,表明PnCel1可能参与改变细胞壁的结构。研究表明,植物激素能上调三七根中PnCel1的表达,而病原菌侵染降低了PnCel1的表达水平,并抑制PPnCel1的活性,推测三七PnCel1可能通过改变细胞壁结构而增加三七对根腐病菌的易感性。

桑天牛内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶活性分析及其基因CDs区的克隆与表达

【目的】研究陕南地区桑天牛内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因,为构建高效分解纤维素的工程菌奠定基础。【方法】用质量分数为1%的羟甲基纤维素钠（CMC-Na）测定桑天牛幼虫内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶活性,Trizol法提取桑天牛肠道总mRNA,扩增其内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因,用DNAStar和NCBI上的BLAST进行序列分析。根据测序得到的基因序列设计1对引物,扩增桑天牛内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因CDs区,构建原核表达载体pET-APEG,并在大肠杆菌中表达。【结果】桑天牛内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶最适pH为4.4~5.6,pH值为5.0时酶活性最高;最适温度为30~50℃,50℃时酶活最高;酶液在37℃稳定性好,而在60℃的水浴中处理30 min,酶活性急剧下降。桑天牛内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因CDs区长度为978 bp,编码325个氨基酸残基;BLAST结果显示,该基因序列与黄星天牛属于GHF5的纤维素酶基因序列相似性达85%,氨基酸序列相似性达90%,与已报道的桑天牛Ag-EaseⅢ的序列相似性达98%,氨基酸序列相似性达99%;构建原核表达载体pET-APEG在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中进行表达,SDS-PAGE检测结果表明,诱导表达沉淀在约55 ku处有1条特异蛋白条带,与预测蛋白的分子量相符。【结论】陕南地区桑天牛β-1,4-葡聚糖酶为内切葡聚糖酶,属于GHF5家族,其可以在大肠杆菌中表达。

Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of Rosa rugosa β-1,3-Glucanase Gene (RrGlu)

In order to reveal which role the callose played in R. rugosa pollination incompatibility, the full-length cDNA sequence of β-1,3-glucanase gene was cloned for the first time from the stylus of Rosa rugosa “Tanghong” with RT-PCR and RACE methods and named as RrGlu. The full-length cDNA is 1380 bp with an open reading frame of 1041 bp, encoding 346 amino acids. The derived protein has a molecular weight of 37.85 kD, a calculated pI of 9.12, a pfam00332 conserved domain at position 36 - 345, and belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 17. The derived protein is a hydrophilic protein secreted into the vacuole. There is a signal peptide cleavage site at position 34 - 35, a transmembrane domain at position 13 - 32, six Ser phosphorylation sites, three Thr phosphorylation sites, three Tyr phosphorylation sites, one N-glycosylation site, and five O-glycosylation sites. There are 31.50% α-helixes, 30.92% random coil, 25.14% extended peptide chain, and 12.43% β-corner structure. This protein and the Glu protein from eight other species, including Prunus persica, share a sequence homology of greater than 72%;all of the proteins contain a pfam00332 conserved domain and a β-1,3-glucanase active center sequence (LIVM)-X-(LIVMFYW)3-(STAG)-E-(ST)-G-W-P-(ST)-X-G. Furthermore, their phylogenetic relationships are consistent with their traditional classifications. These results were meaningful to reveal the molecular mechanism of R. rugosa pollination incompatibility and improve the theory and techniques of breeding ornamental R. rugosa.

β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶Ⅱ、Ⅴ表达的亚细胞结构定位研究

目的 :研究 β1,4-半乳糖基转移酶II和V(β1,4-galactosyltransferaseⅡandⅤ ,β -1,4-GalT -ⅡandⅤ )蛋白表达的亚细胞结构定位。方法 :构建 β -1,4-GalT -Ⅱ和Ⅴ融合绿色荧光蛋白 (greenfluorescenceprotein ,GFP)表达质粒 ,分别将构建的质粒转染到PC12细胞和肝癌 772 1细胞中 ,荧光显微镜下观察 β -1,4-GalT -Ⅱ和Ⅴ在其中表达的亚细胞结构定位。 结果 :β -1,4-GalT -Ⅱ和Ⅴ主要表达在这两种细胞细胞核旁的高尔基复合体。结论 :β -1,4-GalT -Ⅱ和Ⅴ主要分布在高尔基复合体上 。

A food-grade industrial arming yeast expressing β-1,3-1,4-glucanase with enhanced thermal stability

The aim of this work was to construct a novel food-grade industrial arming yeast displaying β-1,3-1,4-glucanase and to evaluate the thermal stability of the glucanase for practical application. For this purpose, a bi-directional vector containing galactokinase （GALl） and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 （PGK1） promoters in different orientations was constructed. The β-1,3-1,4-glucanase gene from Bacillus subtilis was fused to α-agglutinin and ex- pressed under the control of the GALl promoter, α-galactosidase induced by the constitutive PGK1 promoter was used as a food-grade selection marker. The feasibility of the α-galactosidase marker was confirmed by the growth of transformants harboring the constructed vector on a medium containing melibiose as a sole carbon source, and by the clear halo around the transformants in Congo-red plates owing to the expression of β-1,3-1,4-glucanase. The analysis of β-1,3-1,4-glucanase activity in cell pellets and in the supernatant of the recombinant yeast strain revealed that β-1,3-1,4-glucanase was successfully displayed on the cell surface of the yeast. The displayed β-1,3-1,4-glucanase activity in the recombinant yeast cells increased immediately after the addition of galactose and reached 45.1 U/ml after 32-h induction. The thermal stability of β-1,3-1,4-glucanase displayed in the recombinant yeast cells was en- hanced compared with the free enzyme. These results suggest that the constructed food-grade yeast has the potential to improve the brewing properties of beer.

正、反义β-1,4半乳糖基转移酶Ⅱ和Ⅴ地高辛标记RNA探针的制备和应用

目的 :为了探讨 β1,4半乳糖基转移酶 -Ⅱ和V(β1,4-galactosyltransferaseⅠ ,β -1,4-GalT -ⅡandⅤ )表达定位 ,本实验通过分子生物学手段 ,制备了正、反义 β -1,4-GalT -Ⅱ和Ⅴ地高辛标记的RNA原位杂交探针。 方法 :设计引物 ,提取小鼠脑总RNA ,通过RT -PCR方法 ,得到 β -1,4-GalT -Ⅱ和Ⅴ基因序列 ,将其克隆到 pGEM -T载体。根据其多克隆酶切位点和Sp6及T7位置 ,分别酶切后作为转录模板 ,通过Sp6及T7RNA聚合酶 ,得到正、反义 β -1,4-GalT -Ⅱ和V地高辛标记的RNA原位杂交探针。检测标记探针的效价后 ,最后通过原位杂交分析标记探针的特异性和杂交效果。结果 :本实验得到了高效价的正、反义 β -1,4-GalT -Ⅱ和Ⅴ地高辛标记的RNA原位杂交探针 ,并表现出很好的杂交效果。结论 :正、反义 β -1,4-GalT -Ⅱ和VRNA原位杂交探针的制备 ,为进一步研究 β -1,4-GalT -Ⅱ和Ⅴ在组织中的表达 。

产β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶特基拉芽孢杆菌Bacillus tequilensis CGX5-1发酵培养基的优化

采用响应面优化法对一株野生特基拉芽孢杆菌的发酵培养基进行优化,最终培养基各组分为:大麦粉68.4 g/L,玉米粉40 g/L,豆饼粉61.1 g/L,KH2PO41 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.1 g/L,CaCl20.1 g/L。用优化培养基在37℃摇瓶发酵52 h,β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶酶活达到191.96 U/mL,是优化前产酶水平的1.91倍。

半合成β-1,4-葡聚糖硫酸钠的抗凝血特性(英文)

目的研究半合成-β1,4-葡聚糖硫酸钠(Na-MCS)的抗凝血效果和作用机制。方法采用凝固分析法、以肝素为阳性对照进行抗凝血效果的评价,再通过发色底物法对凝血因子进行抑制分析,揭示Na-MCS的抗凝血作用机制。结果0.6μg.mL-1Na-MCS即可显著延长APTT和TT,但在更高浓度下对PT影响仍不大,使正常人血浆的APTT延长1倍的Na-MCS剂量为0.7μg.mL-1,低于活性为150 u.mg-1的肝素。结论在一定浓度范围内,Na-MCS的抗凝血活性与肝素相当,Na-MCS通过抗凝血酶AT-III的调节作用来抑制凝血因子IIa和Xa的活性,从而产生抗凝血作用。

解淀粉芽孢杆菌β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的高效表达

目的:克隆解淀粉芽孢杆菌β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因(bglA)使其在解淀粉芽孢杆菌CICIM B4081中高效表达,并对重组酶进行酶学性质研究。方法:以解淀粉芽孢杆菌(CICIM B4801)染色体DNA为模板,经过PCR扩增得到了大小约为0.8kb的β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因(bglA),构建了重组表达质粒pQ-bglA,通过电转化的方法将其转化入解淀粉芽孢杆菌(CICIM B4801)中。结果:得到了能高效表达β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的重组解淀粉芽孢杆菌。在250mL摇瓶条件下,重组菌分解地衣多糖的胞外最高酶活达到了1 515.7U/mL,重组酶的最适作用温度为55℃,最适反应pH值为6.5。结论:重组菌的β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的酶活为原始菌株的11.84倍,实现了bglA基因在解淀粉芽孢杆菌中的高效表达。

一株产生内切β-1,4-木聚糖酶的菌株的分离、鉴定及其酶学特性研究

内切β-1,4-木聚糖酶作为饲料添加剂可明显改善麦类的营养价值,显著提高畜禽生长速度和饲料转化率;用在纸浆漂白中可减少漂白剂的用量并提高纸张质量。利用透明圈法从长期排放食堂锅炉污水口污泥中筛选分离到一株产内切β-1,4-木聚糖酶的细菌菌株,该菌株菌体呈长杆状、革兰氏染色可变、兼性厌氧、产芽孢(次端生、孢囊膨大),鞭毛周生,命名为A3。据部分片断长度的16SrDNA序列同源性分析和生理生化试验结果,发现分离菌株与浸麻芽孢杆菌(Bacillusmacerans)最为相近。A3菌株所产内切β-1,4-木聚糖酶的最适反应温度为60℃,最适反应pH为5.0～7.0,pH7.0条件下该酶在50℃下稳定,40℃条件下该酶在pH4.0～10环境中相对稳定。

细菌产β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的结构、功能及应用的研究进展

细菌所产的β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶(EC3.2.1.73)能有效降解谷物中的β-葡聚糖,但它在结构上不同于植物所产酶,它属于糖苷水解酶16家族,具有一个环状的β-三明治结构。本文将就细菌所产的β-葡聚糖酶的结构和功能进行详尽的阐述,并对酶活测定方法及其应用前景进行了探讨。关键词β-葡聚糖;β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶;结构;

泡盛曲霉液体发酵产β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的条件优化

从土壤样品中筛选得到一株高产β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的真菌,经鉴定为泡盛曲霉(Aspergillus awamori),命名为Aspergillus awamori CAU33。依次采用单因素试验和响应面分析法优化了其液体发酵产β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的条件,得到该菌株产酶的最适条件为:玉米芯质量浓度55 g/L、大豆蛋白胨质量浓度25 g/L、曲拉通X-114质量浓度23 g/L、初始pH 4.5、培养温度35℃、培养时间6 d。在此条件下β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶活力达到8 447 U/m L,为优化前的17.6倍。