Relationship of nocturnal concentrations of melatonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid and total antioxidants in peripheral blood with insomnia after stroke： study protocol for a prospective non-randomized controlled trial

Melatonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid（GABA） have been shown to regulate sleep. The nocturnal concentrations of melatonin, GABA and total antioxidants may relate to insomnia in stroke patients. In this prospective single-center non-randomized controlled clinical trial performed in the China Rehabilitation Research Center, we analyzed the relationship of nocturnal concentrations of melatonin, GABA and total antioxidants with insomnia after stroke. Patients during rehabilitation of stroke were recruited and assigned to the insomnia group or non-insomnia group. Simultaneously, persons without stroke or insomnia served as normal controls. Each group contained 25 cases. The primary outcome was nocturnal concentrations of melatonin, GABA and total antioxidants in peripheral blood. The secondary outcomes were Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Severity Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire（Chinese version）, and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale. The relationship of nocturnal concentrations of melatonin, GABA and total antioxidants with insomnia after stroke was analyzed and showed that they were lower in the insomnia group than in the non-insomnia group. The severity of stroke was higher in the insomnia group than in the non-insomnia group. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the nocturnal concentrations of melatonin and GABA were associated with insomnia after stroke. This trial was registered at Clinical Trials.gov, identifier： NCT03202121.

On-line near-infrared spectroscopy optimizing and monitoring biotransformation process of γ-aminobutyric acid

Near-infrared spectroscopy （NIRS） with its fast and nondestructive advantages can be qualified for the real-time quantitative analysis. This paper demonstrates that NIRS combined with partial least squares （PLS） regression can be used as a rapid analytical method to simultaneously quantify L-glutamic acid （L- GIu） and γ-aminobutyric acid （GABA） in a biotransformation process and to guide the optimization of production conditions when the merits of NIRS are combined with response surface methodology. The high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） reference analysis was performed by the o-phthaldialdehyde pre-column derivatization. NIRS measurements of two batches of 141 samples were firstly analyzed by PLS with several spectral pre-processing methods. Compared with those of the HPLC reference analysis, the resulting determination coefficients （R2）, root mean square error of prediction （RMSEP） and residual predictive deviation （RPD） of the external validation for the L-GIu concentration were 99.5%, 1.62 g/L, and 11.3, respectively. For the GABA concentration, R2, RMSEP, and RPD were 99.8%, 4.00 g/L, and 16.4, respectively. This NIRS model was then used to optimize the biotransformation process through a Box- Behnken experimental design. Under the optimal conditions without pH adjustment, 200 gjL L-GIu could be catalyzed by 7148 U/L glutamate decarboxylase （GAD） to GABA, reaching 99% conversion at the fifth hour. NIRS analysis provided timely information on the conversion from L-GIu to GABA. The results suggest that the NIRS model can not only be used for the routine profiling of enzymatic conversion, providing a simple and effective method of monitoring the biotransformation process of GABA, but also be considered to be an optimal tool to guide the optimization of production conditions.

Effect of Propofol on Glutamate and γ-aminobutyric Acid Release from Rat Hippocampal Synaptosomes

To investigate the effect of propofol on the release of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid （GABA） from rat hippocampal synatosomes, synaptosomes was made from hippocampus and incubated with artificial cerebrospinal fluid （aCSF）. With the experiment of Ca^2＋-dependent release of glutamate and GABA, dihydrokainic acid （DHK） and nipectic acid were added into aCSF. For the observation of Ca^2＋-independent release of glutamate and GABA, no DHK, nipectic acid and Ca^2＋ were added from aCSF. The release of glutamate and GABA were evoked by 20 μmol/L veratridine or 30 mmol/L KCh The concentration of glutamate and GABA in aCSF was measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. 30, 100 arid 300 μmol/L propofol significantly inhibited veratridine-evoked Ca^2＋-dependent release of glutamate and GABA （P〈0. 01 or P〈0. 05）, However, propofol showed no effect on elevated KCl-evoked Ca^2＋-dependent release of glutamate and GABA （P〉0, 05）, Veratridine or elevated KCI evoked Ca^2＋-independent release of glutamate and GABA was not affected significantly by propofol （P〉0.05）. Propofol could inhibit Ca^2＋- dependent release of glutamate and GABA, However, it has no effect on the Ca^2＋-independent release of glutamate and GABA,

Effect of the pineal gland on 5-hydroxytryptamine and γ-aminobutyric acid secretion in the hippocampus of male rats during the summer and winter

Objective:The present study aimed to investigate the effect of seasonal variation on neurotransmitter release in the hippocampus of normal rats and rats with pineal excision.Methods:Two time points,the summer and winter solstice,which are the longest and shortest days of the year,respectively,were selected.Male Spraguee Dawley rats that underwent a sham operation without pineal excision were included as a control group.The concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)andγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)were determined by radioimmunoassays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays,respectively.Results:In the winter,the 5-HT and GABA levels in normal rats exhibited a significant difference compared with those in the operation group(P<.01).A difference was also noted in GABA levels between the normal group and the sham operation group(P<.05).The concentrations of 5-HT and GABA in the hippocampal tissues of the normal group exhibited a seasonal rhythm consisting of elevation during the summer and reduction during the winter(P<.01),while the GABA levels in the sham operation group exhibited a significant difference,with elevation during the summer and reduction during the winter(P<.01).In the operation group,GABA showed the same trend(P<.01).Conclusion:The seasonal rhythm of neurotransmitter secretion by the hippocampus(5-HT and GABA)consisted of elevation during the summer and reduction during the winter.During the winter,the pineal gland exhibited a reverse regulatory effect on the secretion of 5-HT and GABA in the hippocampus,and it exhibited seasonal selectivity with regard to the regulation of 5-HT.

Expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor α_2 subunit in the dorsal root ganglion of rats with sciatic nerve injury

The γ-aminobutyric acid neurotransmitter in the spinal cord dorsal horn plays an important role in pain modulation through primary afferent-mediated presynaptic inhibition. The weakening of γ-aminobutyric acid-mediated presynaptic inhibition may be an important cause of neuropathic pain. γ-aminobutyric acid-mediated presynaptic inhibition is related to the current strength of γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor activation. In view of this, the whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used here to record the change in muscimol activated current of dorsal root ganglion neurons in a chronic constriction injury model. Results found that damage in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons following application of muscimol caused concentration-dependent activation of current, and compared with the sham group, its current strength and γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor protein expression decreased. Immunofluorescence revealed that γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor α2 subunit protein expression decreased and was most obvious at 12 and 15 days after modeling. Our experimental findings confirmed that the y-aminobutyric acid type A receptor α2 subunit in the chronic constriction injury model rat dorsal root ganglion was downregulated, which may be one of the reasons for the reduction of injury in dorsal root ganglion neurons following muscimol-activated currents.

Incorporation ofγ-aminobutyric acid and cesium cations to formamidinium lead halide perovskites for highly efficient solar cells

The stability issue has become one of the main challenges for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Formamidinium(FA)-based perovskites have shown great promise owing to their improved thermal and moisture stability.However,these perovskites are suffering from phase transition and separation.Here,a method of incorporating of γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) and cesium cations into FAPbl_(3) is developed to improve the phase stability.It is demonstrated that the crystallinity of α-FAPbl_(3) phase is greatly improved and the phase transition temperature is significantly dropped.The resultant solar cell therefore obtains a champion power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 23.71%,which is one of the highest efficiencies for methylammonium-free PSCs.Furthermore,it shows an impressively enhanced stability under illumination,exhibiting the great potential of FA-based perovskites for efficient and stable solar cells.

Γ-Aminobutyric acid promotes methionine-choline deficient diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis（NASH） is one of the most common liver diseases and a major cause of liver fibrosis worldwide.r-Aminobutyric acid（GABA） is one of the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.Recently,it has been reported that GABAergic signaling pathways are found in various non-neuronal tissues including the immune system and play a functional role.In the present study,we investigated whether administration of GABA has effects on NASH through its immunomodulatory effects.To test this hypothesis,C57BL/6 mice were fed a methionine-choline-deficient（MCD） diet for 8 weeks.After four weeks into MCD feeding,mice were provided with plain water（control） or water containing 2 mg/mL of GABA for the subsequent 4 weeks.Using this MCD diet-induced NASH model,we found that mice receiving GABA showed more severe steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis than control mice.This increased liver damage was confirmed by higher levels of serum alanine transaminase（ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase（AST） compared to the control group.In accordance with increased liver steatohepatitis,NASH-related and inflammatory gene expression（collagen al,tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1,TNF-α） in the liver was markedly increased in GABA-treated mice.Furthermore,GABA directly enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS activated RAW macrophage cells and increased TIB-73 hepatocyte death.Such effects were abolished when GABA was treated with bicuculline,a competitive antagonist of GABA receptors.These results suggest that oral administration of GABA may be involved in changes of the liver immune milieu and conferred detrimental effects on NASH progression.

Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors on muscarinic receptor-mediated free calcium ion levels in the facial nucleus following facial nerve injury

Muscarinic receptors and nicotine receptors can increase free calcium ion levels in the facial nucleus via different channels following facial nerve injury. In addition, γ-aminobutyric acid A （GABAA） receptors have been shown to negatively regulate free calcium ion levels in the facial nucleus by inhibiting nicotine receptors. The present study investigated the influence of GABAA, γ-aminobutyric acid B （GABAB） and C （GABAc） receptors on muscarinic receptors in rats with facial nerve injury by confocal laser microscopy. GABAA and GABAB receptors exhibited significant dose-dependent inhibitory effects on increased muscarinic receptor-mediated free calcium ion levels following facial nerve injury. Results showed that GABAA and GABAB receptors negatively regulate muscarinic receptor effects and interplay with cholinergic receptors to regulate free calcium ion levels for facial neural regeneration.

Silencing gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor alpha 1 subunit expression and outward potassium current in developing cortical neurons

We used RNA interference （RNAi） to disrupt synthesis of the cortical neuronal y-aminobutyric acid A receptor （GABAAR） al in rats during development, and measured outward K＋ currents during neuronal electrical activity using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. Three pairs of small interfering RNA （siRNA） for GABAAR al subunit were designed using OligoEngine RNAi software. This siRNA was found to effectively inhibited GABAAR al mRNA expression in cortical neuronal culture in vitro, but did not significantly affect neuronal survival. Outward K^currents were decreased, indicating that GABAAR al subunits in developing neurons participate in neuronal function by regulating outward K＋ current.

Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Activity of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Derivatives

Under physiological conditions, γ-aminobutyric acid poorly crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is likely that a non-toxic derivative of γ-aminobutyric acid which enters the brain easily will have useful anticonvulsant activity. 16 derivatives of γ-aminobutyric acid with an imine link to a lipophilic carrier were prepared and tested for anticonvulsant activity; six compounds show anticonvulsant activity.

Connections between 5-HT-containing terminals and 5-HT_(2A) recep tor and γ-aminobutyric acid or glycine co-existed neurons in the rat medullary dorsal horn

Objective: To investigatetheconnectionsbetweenserotonin(5-HT)-containingterminalsand5-HT 2A receptor(5-HT 2A R)/γ-aminobutyricacid(GABA)or5-HT 2A R/glycineco-existedneuronsin theratmedullarydorsalhorn(MDH).Meth ods:Immunofluorescencehistochemicaltriple-stainingfor5-HT,5-HT 2A R,GABAor glycine.Results:5-HT-im-munoreactivefibersandterminalswerechieflylocatedinthesuperficiallaminae(laminaeⅠandⅡ)of theMDH.Neurons exhibiting5-HT 2A R-,GABA-or glycine-immunoreactivitiesweremainlyobservedin the superficiallaminae.Some5-HT 2A R-immunopositiveneuronsalsoexhibitedGABA-or glycine-immunoreactivities.5-HT-containingterminalsmade closecontactswith5-HT 2A R/GABAor5-HT 2A R/glycineco-existedneurons.Conclusion:5-HT 2A R/GABAor5-HT 2A R/glycineco-existinsomeof theneuronsinthesuperficiallaminaeof theMDH.5-HT-immunoreactiveterminalsformclose connectionswith5-HT 2A R/GABAor5-HT 2A R/glycineco-existedneurons.

Electroacupuncture (EA) Speeds Up the Regulation of Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis Dysfunction in Acute Surgical Trauma Rats: Mediated by Hypothalamic Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)_AReceptors

Hypothalamic Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) directly activates the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA axis) during the surgical trauma induced stress response. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been demonstrated to have stress relieving effects in breast surgery, colorectal surgery, prostatectomy and craniotomy. This study was aimed to investigate the hypothesis that EA could regulate hypothalamic CRF in surgical trauma rats. In experiment one, Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats were divided into intact, model (10% partial hepatectomy), sham EA and EA group. Rats from the Sham EA and EA group were stimulated at ST36-Zusanli and SP6-Sanyiniiao acupoints twice, 24 hours before the surgery and immediately after the surgery. Expressions of hypothalamic CRF and CRFR, GABA receptors, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and Corticosterone (CORT) were observed at 2, 4, 8 and 24 h after the surgery by radioimmunoassay (RIA), western blot, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. In the experiment two, SD male rats were divided into the intact, model, model + vehicle, model + L-838,417 EA and EA + L838,417 group. It was found that hypothalamus CRF, serum ACTH and CORT levels were increased in model group compared with the intact group, and those in the EA group decreased in comparison with the model group. Compared with the model group, hypothalamus-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor Aα3 mRNA and protein expressions of the EA group raised strikingly. In conclusion, EA alleviated surgical stress response by improving the GABA synthesis in hypothalamus, thus enhancing GABA receptors’ inhibitory regulation of the HPA axis dysfunction in rats with acute surgical trauma.

BABA诱导香蕉果实抗病性与贮藏期活性氧积累的关系

【目的】研究β-氨基丁酸(BABA)对采后香蕉果实抗病性的诱导作用和贮藏期果皮活性氧含量、抗病相关酶及基因表达量的变化,为探索抗病保鲜新技术提供理论依据。【方法】香蕉果实经5 g·L-1 BABA溶液低压渗透处理,或预先用3.14 mg·L-1的二苯基碘(活性氧合成酶NADPH氧化酶的专一性抑制剂,diphenylene iodonium,DPI)低压渗透,再做BABA溶液低压渗透处理。处理后0、3、6、12、24、48、72 h分别接种2?105个/mL炭疽病菌孢子于果皮上,并测定接种果实在(20±2)℃、85%—95%湿度(RH)下贮藏5—16 d的病斑直径;测定处理24 h后接种果实在(20±2)℃、RH 85%—95%下贮藏期间的超氧阴离子()含量,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(GUN)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和几丁质酶(CHI)活性及其基因表达。【结果】处理果实贮藏5 d后,经BABA处理24 h后接种炭疽病菌孢子的果实病斑直径比对照果实的明显减小,表明BABA处理需要适当的诱导时间才能产生效果;该BABA处理果实在贮藏期间的产生速率和活性氧合成酶MaNOX表达在贮藏5—12 d均明显高于对照;CAT活性和MaCAT表达量分别于贮藏5 d和1—5 d明显高于对照;APX活性和MaAPX表达量分别在5—8 d、14 d和1—5 d明显高于对照;CHI活性和MaCHI表达量分别在5—12 d和1—5 d高于对照,GUN活性和MaGLU表达量均于8—14 d高于对照,PAL活性和MaPAL1表达量均在12—14 d高于对照;其它时间点差异不大。二苯基碘(活性氧合成酶抑制剂,DPI,3.14 mg·L-1)结合BABA(5 g·L-1)处理香蕉果实抑制了上述BABA处理的效果。【结论】活性氧参与了BABA诱导香蕉抗病性的过程,BABA处理启动了香蕉活性氧的保护机制,包括活性氧水平提高、清除酶活性协同增强和抗病相关蛋白应答等,从而增强了香蕉果实的抗病性。

High-level production of𝛾γ-aminobutyric acid via efficient co-expression of the key genes of glutamate decarboxylase system in Escherichia coli

Biosynthesis of the functional factor𝛾γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)in bacteria involves two key proteins an intra-cellular glutamate decarboxylase(GadB)and a membrane-bound antiporter(GadC).Efficient co-expression of suitable GadB and GadC candidates is crucial for improving GABA productivity.In this study,gadBΔC11 of Lacti-plantibacillus plantarum and gadCΔC41 of Escherichia coli were inserted into the designed double promoter(P T7lac and P BAD)expression system.Then,E.coli Lemo21(DE3)was chosen as the host to minimize the toxic effects of GadCΔC41 overexpression.Furthermore,a green and high-efficiency GABA synthesis system using dormant engineered Lemo21(DE3)cells as biocatalysts was developed.The total GABA yield reached 829.08 g/L with a 98.7%conversion ratio within 13 h,when engineered E.coli Lemo21(DE3)cells were concentrated to an OD 600 of 20 and reused for three cycles in a 3 M L-glutamate solution at 37℃,which represented the highest GABA productivity ever reported.Overall,expanding the active pH ranges of GadB and GadC toward physiological pH and employing a tunable expression host for membrane-bound GadC production is a promising strategy for high-level GABA biosynthesis in E.coli.

Effect of Xylazine Anesthesia on Glu and GABA Amino Acid Neurotransmitters in Rat

Neurotransmitters of the central nervous system were the important way to study the mechanism of anesthesia. The effect of different doses of xylazine anesthetic on the glutamate(Glu) and γ-aminobutyric-acid(GABA) were investigated and the mechanism of xylazine anesthetic on the central nervous system were explored in this study. A total of 88 rats were randomly divided into three groups, including normal saline control group, group with low dose of xylazine and group with high dose of xylazine.Cerebrum, cerebellum, hippocampus, thalamus and brainstem were collected. The results showed that the concentration of Glu in the hippocampus, thalamus and brainstem decreased first and then increased, but it increased first and then decreased in the cerebrum and cerebellum during the period of anesthesia. The concentration of GABA in the cerebrum, thalamus, brainstem and hippocampus increased first and then decreased. The results showed that xylazine inhibited Glu and promoted GABA with different dose dependence. The results and methods could provide guides for the clinical use of xylazine.

MODULATION OF γ－AMINOBUTYRIC ACID （GABA） RELEASE FROM RAT CEREBRAL CORTICAL GABA NEURONS BY PRESYNAPTIC GABA_A RECEPTOR

Presynaptic modulation Of [3H] GABA release was examined using rat cerebral cortical slices. In vitro addition of muscimol, a GABAA receptor agonist, resulted in a significant suppression of the release of [3H] GABA evoked evoked by high potassium stimulation in a dose dependent manner, whereas beclofen, a GABAB receptor agonist, had no significant effect on the release. Furthermore, it was found that the suppressive effect of muscimol could be antagonized invariably by bicuculline, a GABAA receptor antagonist. These results suggest that the release of [3H] GABA from rat cerebral conical GABA neurous may be modulated by presynaptic GABAA autoreceptor.

Limbic Encephalitis Associated with Anti-y-aminobutyric Acid B Receptor Antibodies： A Case Series from China

Background： Autoimmune encephalitis associated with antibodies against γ-aminobutyric acid B receptor （GABABR） in patients with limbic encephalitis （LE） was first described in 2010. We present a series of klan Chinese patients tbr further clinical refinement. Methods： Serum and cerebrospinal fluid （CSF） samples from patients referred to the program of encephalitis and paraneoplastic syndrome of Peking Union Medical College Hospital were tested with indirect immunofluorescence. Clinical information of patients with anti-GABABR antibody positivity was retrospectively reviewed, and descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results： All eighteen anti-GABABR antibody-positive cases had limbic syndromes, and electroencephalogram （EEG） or neuroimaging evidence fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of LE. Four patients had additional antibodies against Hu in serum and one had anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibody in both sera and CSF. Seventeen （17/18） patients presented with new-onset refractory seizure or status epileptics. Twelve （12/18） patients had memory deficits, 11 （11/18） patients had personality change, 7 （7/18） patients had disturbance of consciousness, and 3 （3/18） patients showed cerebellar dysfunction. One patient with LE had progressive motor and sensory polyneuropathy. Lung cancer was detected in 6 （6/18） patients. Ten （10/18） patients showed abnormality in bilateral or unilateral mediotemporal region on magnetic resonance imaging. Ten （10/18） patients had temporal lobe epileptic activity with or without general slowing on EEG. Seventeen patients received immunotherapy and 15 of them showed neurological improvement. Four patients with lung cancer died within 1-12 months due to neoplastic complications. Conclusions： Our study demonstrates that most Han Chinese patients with anti-GABABR antibody-associated LE have prominent refractory epilepsy and show neurological improvement on immunotherapy. Patients with underlying lung tumor have a relatively poor prognosis. Testing for anti-GABABR antibodies is necessary for patients with possible LE or new-onset epilepsy with unknown etiology.

The IBI1 Receptor ofβ-Aminobutyric Acid Interacts with VOZ Transcription Factors to Regulate Abscisic Acid Signaling and Callose-Associated Defense

Extemal and internal signals can prime the plant immune system for a faster and/or stronger response to pathogen attack.β-aminobutyric acid(BABA)is an endogenous stress metabolite that induces broad-spectrum disease resistance in plants.BABA perception in Arabidopsis is mediated by the aspartyl tRNA synthetase IBI1,which activates priming of multiple immune responses,including callose-associated cell wall defenses that are under control by abscisic acid(ABA).However,the immediate signaling components after BABA perception by IBI1,as well as the regulatory role of ABA therein,remain unknown.Here,we have studied the early signaling events controlling IBI1-dependent BABA-induced resistance(BABAIR),using untargeted transcriptome and protein interaction analyses.Transcriptome analysis revealed that IBI1-dependent expression of BABA-IR against the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis is associated with suppression of ABA-inducible abiotic stress genes.Protein interaction studies identified the VOZ1 and VOZ2 transcription factors(TFs)as IBI1-interacting partners,which are transcrip-tionally induced by ABA but suppress pathogen-induced expression of ABA-dependent genes.Furthermore,we show that VOZ TFs require nuclear localization for their contribution to BABA-IR by mediating augmented expression of callose-associated defense.Collectively,our study indicates that the IBI1-VOZ signaling module channels pathogen-induced ABA signaling toward cell wall defense while simultaneously suppressing abiotic stress-responsive genes.

Gastrointestinal microbiome and cholelithiasis:Prospect in the nervous system

Dan and colleagues recently published research suggesting that the gastrointestinal microbiome(microorganisms and metabolites)in cholelithiasis.They reviewed gallbladder stones,choledocholithiasis,and asymptomatic gallstones.Finally,their discussion was on the gastrointestinal.We focused on complementing the effect of the S1 protein and neuroinflammatory changes caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.Our contribution was about to involve the microbiota and the nervous system.They can have similar functions because they have similar pathways and advantages,bearing in mindγ-aminobutyric acid in schizophrenia and serotonin in Parkinson's disease.Therefore in the next few years,more research should be encouraged on the microbiota consequences for development,and mobility.

Effect of ultrasound and microwave pretreatment on sprouting,GABA,bioactive compounds,and other physicochemical properties of sorghum

Aim of this study is to see how ultrasound(US)and microwave(MW)pretreatments affectγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)and physicochemical parameters of sorghum sprouts.Before sprouting,the sorghum was treated with the US at different time intervals(10,15,20 min)and MW at various power levels(10%,30%,50%).Sample treated by the US for 15 min showed the highest sprouting percentage of 97.33%.Both treatments induced stress in grain resulting in GABA accumulation substantially from the control where US for 15 min and MW at 10%power level had the highest of 87.14 and 66.97μg/g,respectively.US treatment for 20 min showed the highest total phenolic content(TPC)of 21.26 mg GAE/100 g,while on 10 min of treatment,it showed the highest antioxidant activity of 84.53%DPPH inhibition.The water absorption capacity and oil absorption capacity were the highest of 0.86 g/g and 0.98 g/g in the MW-treated sample at 10%output power respectively.In conclusion,the ultrasound treatment successfully accelerated the sprouting rate and GABA content while retaining total phenolic content,making it beneficial for developing functional foods.