Tailored multifunctional hydrazine derivatives for efficient printable hole-conductive-free mesoscopic perovskite solar cells via enhancing defect passivation

The low-cost and easy large-scale fabrication advantages of printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells(p-MPSCs)are overshadowed by their limited photovoltaic conversion efficiency(PCE).Here,we introduce the hydrazide derivative of 4-Hydroxybenzoylhydrazine(4-HBH)to improve the PCE of p-MPSCs by inducing enhanced defect passivation.Both carbonyl and hydrazine groups in hydrazide groups present strong interaction with perovskite.The hydroxyl group,as an electron donor group,increases the electron cloud density of the hydrazide group in 4-HBH under the conjugation of the benzene ring,and thus enhances its interaction with perovskite.Additionally,the hydroxy group itself interacts with perovskite and passivates defects synergistically.The hydrazine agents can also reduce I2and suppress the loss of iodine in perovskite films,which inhibits the formation of iodine-related defects.Consequently,p-MPSCs with 4-HBH achieve a high PCE of 19.21%,and present well improved stability.

Heteroatom-Induced Accelerated Kinetics on Nickel Selenide for Highly Efficient Hydrazine-Assisted Water Splitting and Zn-Hydrazine Battery

Hydrazine-assisted water electrolysis is a promising energy conversion technology for highly efficient hydrogen production.Rational design of bifunctional electrocatalysts,which can simultaneously accelerate hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)/hydrazine oxidation reaction(HzOR)kinetics,is the key step.Herein,we demonstrate the development of ultrathin P/Fe co-doped NiSe_(2) nanosheets supported on modified Ni foam(P/Fe-NiSe_(2)) synthesized through a facile electrodeposition process and subsequent heat treatment.Based on electrochemical measurements,characterizations,and density functional theory calculations,a favorable“2+2”reaction mechanism with a two-step HER process and a two-step HzOR step was fully proved and the specific effect of P doping on HzOR kinetics was investigated.P/Fe-NiSe_(2) thus yields an impressive electrocatalytic performance,delivering a high current density of 100 mA cm^(−2) with potentials of−168 and 200 mV for HER and HzOR,respectively.Additionally,P/Fe-NiSe_(2) can work efficiently for hydrazine-assisted water electrolysis and Zn-Hydrazine(Zn-Hz)battery,making it promising for practical application.

Low-content Pt-triggered the optimized d-band center of Rh metallene for energy-saving hydrogen production coupled with hydrazine degradation

Utilizing the hydrazine-assisted water electrolysis for energy-efficient hydrogen production shows a promising application, which relies on the development and design of efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts. Herein, we reported a low-content Pt-doped Rh metallene(Pt-Rhene) for hydrazine-assisted water electrolysis towards energy-saving hydrogen(H_(2)) production, where the ultrathin metallene is constructed to provide enough favorable active sites for catalysis and improve atom utilization.Additionally, the synergistic effect between Rh and Pt can optimize the electronic structure of Rh for improving the intrinsic activity. Therefore, the required overpotential of Pt-Rhene is only 37 mV to reach a current density of-10 mA cm^(-2) in the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER), and the Pt-Rhene exhibits a required overpotential of only 11 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2) in the hydrazine oxidation reaction(HzOR). With the constructed HER-HzOR two-electrode system, the Pt-Rhene electrodes exhibit an extremely low voltage(0.06/0.19/0.28 V) to achieve current densities of 10/50/100 mA cm^(-2) for energy-saving H_(2) production, which greatly reduces the electrolysis energy consumption. Moreover,DFT calculations further demonstrate that the introduction of Pt modulates the electronic structure of Rh and optimizes the d-band center, thus enhancing the adsorption and desorption of reactant/intermediates in the electrocatalytic reaction.

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly Styrene-Co-Poly 2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) Copolymer and an Investigation of Free-Radical Copolymerization Propagation Kinetics by Solvent Effects

A series of homo and copolymers of styrene (ST) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in three different media (bulk, tetrahydrofuran, and benzene) have been investigated by free radical polymerization method. The samples obtained from the synthesis were characterized by Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the synthesis of the polymers is more feasible under neat conditions rather than solvent directed reaction. Moreover, the DSC data shows that the polystyrene obtained is amorphous in nature and therefore displayed only a glass transition signal rather than crystallization and melting peaks. In addition, this study indicates that homolopolymerization of styrene via free radical polymerization tends to be preferable in less polar solvents like THF than in non-polar solvents like benzene. Benzene might destabilize the formation of the reactive radicals leading to the formation of the products. In summary, the homolpolymerization of styrene is more feasible than the homopolymerization 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate under the experimental setup used. Styrene is more reactive than 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate than free radical polymerization reaction due in part of the generation of the benzylic radical intermediate which is more stable leading to the formation of products than alkyl radical which are less stable. Furthermore, polymerization of styrene under neat conditions is preferable in solvent-assisted environments. The choice of solvent for the synthesis of these polymers is crucial and therefore the selection of solvent that leads to the formation of a more stable reaction intermediate is more favorable. It is worth noting that the structure of the proposed copolymer consists of a highly polar and hydrophilic monomer, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and a highly non-polar and hydrophobic monomer, styrene. These functionalities constitute an amphiphilic copolymer with diverse characteristics. A plausible explanation underlying our observations is that the reaction conditions employed in the synthesis of these copolymers might not be the right route required under free radical polymerization.

Isothermal, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies for solid-phase extraction of uranium(VI) via hydrazine-impregnated carbonbased material as efficient adsorbent

The current study describes the application of a new extraction method for efficient uranium adsorption via cost-effective hydrazine-impregnated activated carbon.Various experimental parameters such as time, adsorbent weight, temperature(°C), and uranium concentration were thoroughly investigated. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized via X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed86% uranium extraction under optimized conditions(20% P2O5 at 25 °C, 120 min). The obtained findings fit well with thermodynamic and isothermal(Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms) models and pseudo second-order kinetics. In thermodynamic studies, the negative sign of(DG°) specified the spontaneity of process, the negative sign of(DH°) revealed endothermicity, and the positive sign of(DS°) showed high randomness after adsorption.

Novel nanoporous binary Ag-Ni electrocatalysts for hydrazine oxidation

From an aqueous mixture of Ag（I）-EDTA complex and Ni（II） nitrate, silver and nickel particles were co-deposited on the surface of titanium substrates by the hydrothermal method using hydrazine hydrate as a reduction agent. The prepared titanium-supported nano-scale Ag and Ag-Ni particles （nano Ag/Ti, nano Ag86Ni14/Ti, nano Ag77Ni23/Ti, and nano Ag74Ni26/Ti） exhibit nanoporous 3D network textures. Their electrocatalytic activity towards hydrazine oxidation in alkaline solutions was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The results show that the four samples present a low onset potential of ca. -0.60 V vs. SCE and considerably high and stable anodic current densities for hydrazine oxidation. Among them, the nano Ag86Ni14/Ti electrode exhibits the highest anodic current density towards hydrazine oxidation, showing an increment of electro-active sites on the nano Ag86Ni14/Ti due to the addition of Ni to Ag particles.

Synthesis of Ni nanowires via a hydrazine reduction route in aqueous ethanol solutions assisted by external magnetic fields

One-dimensional Ni nanostructures were synthesized via a hydrazine reduction route under external magnetic fields. The mixture of de-ionized water and ethanol was used as the reaction solvent and hydrazine hydrate as reducing agents. The morphology and properties of Ni nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffractometer(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM). It was found that the magnetic field strength, concentration of Ni ions,reaction time and temperature as well as p H values played key roles on formation, microstructures and magnetic properties of Ni nanowires. The optimal wires have diameter of ~200 nm and length up to ~200 μm. And their coercivity is ~260 Oe, which is much larger than the commercial Ni powders of 31 Oe. This work presents a simple, low-cost, environment-friendly and large-scale production approach to fabricate one-dimensional magnetic materials. The resulting materials may have potential applications in conductive filters, magnetic sensors and catalytic agents.

Fabrication of a Highly Sensitive Hydrazine Electrochemical Sensor Based on Bimetallic Au-Pt Hybrid Nanocomposite onto Modified Electrode

In this research a novel nickel complex was used as electrocatalyst for electrooxidation of hydrazine.A nano-structured nickel-complex was electrodeposited on a bimetallic Au-Pt inorganic-organic hybrid nanocomposite modified electrode.The electrode possesses a three-dimensional(3D) porous network nanoarchitecture,in which the bimetallic Au-Pt NPs serving as metal nanoparticle based microelectrode ensembles are distributed in the matrix of interlaced 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine(TMB) organic nanofibers(NFs).Surface structure and composition of the sensor was characterized by scanning electron microscopy.Electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine on the surface of modified electrode was investigated with cyclic voltammetry method.The results showed that the nickelcomplex films displayed excellent electrochemical catalytic activities towards hydrazine oxidation.The hydrodynamic amperometry at rotating modified electrode at constant potential versus reference electrode was used for detection of hydrazine.Under optimized conditions the calibration plots were linear in the concentration range of 0.2-85 μM and detection limit was found to be 0.1 μM.The modified electrode exhibited reproducible behavior and a high level stability during the electrochemical experiments,making it particularly suitable for the analytical purposes.

Reduction of Sulphur-containing Aromatic Nitro Compounds with Hydrazine Hydrate over Iron(III) Oxide-MgO Catalyst

Sulphur-containing aromatic amines were prepared efficiently in good to excellent yields by reduction of the corresponding sulphur-containing aromatic nitro compounds with hydrazine hydrate in the presence of iron（Ⅲ） oxide-MgO catalyst. The catalyst exhibited high activity and stability for the reduction of sulphur-containing aromatic nitro compounds. The yields of sulphur-containing aromatic amines were up to 91-99 % at 355 K after reduction for 1-4 h over this catalyst.

Flow Injection Chemiluminescence Analysis of Low Level Concentration of Hydrazine

Combined with flow-injection (FI) technology, a simple chemiluminescence (CL) method was developed for hydrazine determination in this paper. It was found that hydrazine could greatly decrease the strong CL signal produced by the reaction between luminol and hexacyanoferrate (III) in alkaline medium. The decreased CL intensity was linear with hydrazine concentration in the range of 5.0×10-9 g·mL-1 to 4.0×10-5 g·mL-1, and the limit of detection was 2.0×10-9 g·mL-1 (3σ) with a relative standard deviation of 2.4~4.1% (n=5).

Preparation of SnO Nanosheets and SnO_2 Fine Powders by Hydrazine Method

SnO nanosheets and SnO_2 nanopowder were prepared by hydrazine (N_2H_4)-based chemical routes and their gas sensing characteristics were investigated.A SnCl_2-Hydrazine complex (Sn[ N_2H_4)_x]·yH_2O) was formed by a reaction between a SnCl_2 aqueous solution and N_2H_4·H_2O.When this complex was heat-treated at 450℃,SnO_2 nanopowders were prepared by the decomposition of the complex.The sensor fabricated from the SnO_2 nano powders showed a good recovery,fast response and high sensitivity for CO 50μg/g (R_a/R_g=1.87),C_2H_5OH 100μg/g (R_a/R_g=4.80),and acetone 100μg/g (R_a/R_g=1.50).SnO nano- sheets could be prepared when a NaOH solution was added to the solution containing the complex.SnO_2 nano sheets prepared by the oxidation of SnO nanosheets at 700℃in air atmosphere also showed a good sensitivity R_a/R_g=1.79) for CO 50μg/g at 400℃.The hydrazine method provided an effective tool to controlling the morphology and oxidation state of the tin oxide powders.

Hydrogen evolution-assisted one-pot aqueous synthesis of hierarchical trimetallic PdNiRu nanochains for hydrazine oxidation reaction

A hydrogen evolution-assisted one-pot aqueous approach was developed for facile synthesis of trimetallic Pd Ni Ru alloy nanochain-like networks（Pd Ni Ru NCNs） by only using KBHas the reductant, without any specific additive（e.g. surfactant, polymer, template or seed）. The products were mainly investigated by transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, X-ray diffraction（XRD） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）. The hierarchical architectures were formed by the oriented assembly growth and the diffusioncontrolled deposition in the presence of many in-situ generated hydrogen bubbles. The architectures had the largest electrochemically active surface area（ECSA） of 84.32 mgPdthan Pd Ni nanoparticles(NPs,65.23 mgPd), Pd Ru NPs(23.12 mgPd), Ni Ru NPs（nearly zero）, and commercial Pd black(6.01 mgPd), outperforming the referenced catalysts regarding the catalytic characters for hydrazine oxygen reaction（HOR）. The synthetic route provides new insight into the preparation of other trimetallic nanocatalysts in fuel cells.

A Comparative Study of Electrochemical Capacitance of Graphene Oxide Affected by Oligomers of p-phenylenediamine and Hydrazine Hydrate in Solvothermal Condition

A systematic investigation of the graphene oxide composite reduced by either p-phenylenediamine oligomers or hydrazine hydrate was performed with field emission scanning electron microscopy,high resolution transmission electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,fourier transform infrared,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses.The electrical capacitance of the composite was evaluated by a cyclic voltammetry technique,while the properties of these prototype supercapacitors were measured by a chronopotentiometry technique.It was found that,under the solvothermal condition,the graphene oxide reduced by p-phenylenediamine oligomers was observed to have higher electrical capacitance than that reduced by hydrazine.The improved electrical capacitance can be attributed to that p-phenylenediamine oligomers are the more effective spacers for graphene layers;and they could also provide some pseudo-capacitance to the graphene oxide composite based on their conjugate structure.The results imply that graphene oxide modified by diamine oligomers has a good potential in energy storage devices.

Application of Hydrazine Hydrate in the Synthesis of Octa(aminophenyl)silsesquioxane (OAPS) Poss

Octa(aminophenyl)silsesquioxane (OAPS) was prepared from octaphenyl silsesquioxane (OPS) in two steps, first nitration to obtain Octa(nitrophenyl)silsesquioxane (ONPS) then reduction by using the stable, inexpensive, and readily available hydrazine hydrate as the reducing agent in the presence of Iron(III)Chloride catalyst with a yield of around 87%. Hydrazine is a two-electron reducing agent whereas nitro group is a four-electron reduction process. The activated carbon serves as an adsorbent and electrical conductor enabling the reaction to occur by acting as a mediator between a two-electron reagent and a four-electron process. Adsorption provides a reducing potential and a supply of electrons from many hydrazines making possible the initial four-electron process even though each individual hydrazine is a two-electron donor. The product was characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR. The time period for preparation of ONPS from octaphenyl silsesquioxane was considerably shortened to avoid double nitration of the aromatic rings.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of N-tert-butyl-N′-(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-N- [1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1, 4-dihydro-6-methylpyridazine-4-oxo-3-carbonyl] hydrazine

The title compound N-tert-butyl-N(-(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-N-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)- 1,4-dihydro-6-methylpyridazine-4-oxo-3-carbonyl]hydrazine [(C23H_21N4O3Cl3)2·1.5H_2O, Mr = 1042.60] was prepared by the reaction of 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6- methylpyridazine-3-carboxylic acid with chloroformate ethyl ester, then with N′-tert-butyl-N- (2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) hydrazine in the present of triethylamine. The crystal structure has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The crystal belongs to Monoclinic, space group P21/c, with unit cell constants a =11.4948(9), b=12.7495(10), c=35.854(3) ?, β =92.964(2)°, Z=4, V=5247.6(7) ?3, Dc = 1.320 Mg/m3, F(000) = 2156 , μ (MoKa)= 0.385, R = 0.0661, wR = 0.1875, for 9151 observed reflections( I >2σ(I)). The structure is a dimer linked by intermolecular hydrogen bond which can be observed between N(1)- H...O(6), N(5)- H...O(3). The distances are 2.068 and 2.027? respectively.

Design and Synthesis of New Compounds Derived from Phenyl Hydrazine and Different Aldehydes as Anticancer Agents

In this work we synthesized new derivatives from Phenyl Hydrazine and series of different Aldehydes (derivatives of benzylidenes). The synthesized compounds contain different aromatic Aldehydes which attached by Benzene ring via Hydrazine moiety in glacial acetic acid. These derivatives were characterized by TLC, melting points, Infrared Red, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Carbon Thirteen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectroscopy. Finally, these synthesized derivatives were tested for antiproliferative activity against multiple normal and cancerous cell lines, HepG2 (Liver cancer) and MCF-7 (Breast cancer) cell lines were used for cytotoxic assay.

Preparation of fine nickel powders via reduction of nickel hydrazine complex precursors

Fine nickel(Ni) powders with controllable particle sizes were synthesized via the reduction of nickel hydrazine complex precursors of pure [Ni(N2H4)2]Cl2 and a mixture of [Ni(N2H4)2]Cl2 and [Ni(N2H4)3]Cl2 in aqueous solution. The mechanism of the formation of metallic Ni powders experiences the reduction of nickel hydroxide by hydrazine released from the ligand exchange reaction between nickel hydrazine complex and NaOH. In comparison with the method of preparing Ni powders from nickel salts,the method of making Ni powders via the reduction of nickel hydrazine complex precursors shows the advantages of using half dosage of hydrazine for complete reduction of nickel ions in solution,and the obtained Ni particles show less agglomeration and better dispersibility. Moreover,the average particle size of nickel powders can be controlled from 180 to 260 nm by adjusting the reaction molar ratio and concentration.

On quantitative structure-activity relationships between hydrazine derivatives and β irradiation

In this study, solutions of hydrazine and its derivatives were irradiated using a pulsed electron beam to determine the half-reaction time of radiolysis. 3 D structures of the hydrazine derivatives were optimized, and their energies were calculated using density functional theory with the B3 LYP method and 6-311 +(3 d, 3 p) basis set.For the first time, the 3 D quantitative structure-activity relationship(QSAR) equation describing the relationship between the hydrazine derivative structures and rate of radiolysis has been established using SPSS software.Pearson correlation analysis revealed a close correlation between the total energies of the molecules and half-reaction times. In the QSAR equation, Y =-7583.464 +54.687 X_1+94333.586 X_2,Y,X_1,and X_2 are the half-reaction time, total energy of the molecule, and orbital transition energy, respectively. The significance levels of the regression coefficients were 0.006 and 0.031, i.e., both less than 0.05. Thus, this model fully explains the relationship between hydrazine derivatives and β radiolysis stability.The results show that the total energy of the molecule and orbital transition energy are the main factors that influence the β radiolysis stability of these hydrazine derivatives.