Comparison of extended spectrum β-lactamasesproducing Escherichia coli with non-ESBLsproducing E.coli:drug-resistance and virulence

The virulent factors of Escherichia coil （E.cofi） play an important role in the process of pathopoiesis. The study aimed to compare drug-resistant genes and virulence genes between extended spectrum β-1actamases （ESBLs）-producing E.coli and non-ESBLs-producing E.cofi to provide a reference for physicians in management of hospital infection. From October 2010 to August 2011,96 drug-resistant strains of E. coli isolated were collected from the specimens in Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China. These bacteria strains were divided into a ESBLs-producing group and a non-ESBLs-producing group. Drug sensitivity tests were performed using the Kirby-Bauer （K-B） method. Disinfectant gene, qacEAl-sull and 8 virulence genes （CNF2, hlyA, eaeA, VT1, est, bfpA, elt, and CNF1） were tested by polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. Among the 96 E.coli isolates, the ESBLs-producing E.coli comprised 46 （47.9%） strains and the non-ESBLs-producing E.cofi consisted of 50 （52.1%） strains. The detection rates of multiple drug-resistant strain, qacEAl-sull, CNF2, hlyA, eaeA,VT1, est, bfpA, elt, and CNF1 in 46 ESBLs-producing E.coli isolates were 89.1%, 76.1%, 6.5%, 69.6%, 69.6%, 89.1%, 10.9%, 26.1%, 8.7%, and 19.6%, respectively. In the non-ESBLs-producing E.cofi strains, the positive rates of multiple drug-resistant strain, qacEAl-sull, CNF2, hlyA, eaeA, VT1, est, bfpA, elt, and CNF1 were 62.0%, 80.0%, 16.0%, 28.0%, 64.0%, 38.0%, 6.0%, 34.0%, 10.0%, and 24.0%, respectively. The difference in the detection rates of multiple drug-resistant strain, hlyA and VT1 between the ESBLs-producing E.cofi strains and the non-ESBLs-producing E.cofi strains was statistically significant （P〈0.05）. The positive rate of multiple drug-resistant strains is higher in the ESBLs-producing strains than in the non-ESBLs-producing strains. The expression of some virulence genes hlyA and VT1 varies between the ESBLs-producing strains and the non-ESBLs-producing strains. Increased awareness of clinicians and enhanced testing by laboratories are required to reduce treatment failures and prevent the spread of multiple drug-resistant strains.

Occurrence of K1 and K2 serotypes and genotypic characteristics of extended spectrumβ-lactamases-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from selected hospitals in Malaysia

Objective:To determine the distribution,phenotypic and genetic background of extended spectrumβ-lactamases(ESBL)-producing Klebsiella(K.)pneumoniae clinical isolates associated with K1 and K2 serotypes in two selected hospitals in Malaysia.Methods:A total of 192 K.pneumoniae isolates were collected and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility,hypermucoviscosity test and multiplex PCR to detect the presence of K1-and K2-serotype associated genes.Multilocus sequence typing(MLST)was performed on ESBL-producing K.pneumoniae isolates presented with K1 and K2 serotypes,followed by phylogenetic analysis.Results:A total of 87 out of 192(45.3%)of the K.pneumoniae isolates collected were ESBL producers.However,only 8.3%(16/192)and 10.9%(21/192)of the total isolates were detected to carry K1-and K2-serotype associated genes,respectively.Statistical analysis showed that K1 and K2 capsular serotypes were not significantly associated with ESBL phenotype(P=0.196).However,they were significantly associated with hypervirulent,as demonstrated by the positive string test(P<0.001).MLST analysis revealed that ST23 as the predominant sequence type(ST)in the K1 serotype,while the ST in the K2 serotype is more diverse.Conclusions:Although the occurrence of ESBL-producing isolates among the hypervirulent strains was low,their coexistence warrants the need for continuous surveillance.MLST showed that these isolates were genetically heterogeneous.

Metallo-β-Lactamases:A Major Threat to Human Health

Antibiotic resistance is one of the most significant challenges facing global healthcare. Since the 1940s, antibiotics have been used to fight infections, initially with penicillin and subsequently with various derivatives including cephalosporins, carbapenams and monobactams. A common characteristic of these antibiotics is the four-memberedβ-lactam ring. Alarmingly, in recent years an increasing number of bacteria have become resistant to these antibiotics. A major strategy employed by these pathogens is to use Zn(II)-dependent enzymes, the metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), which hydrolyse theβ-lactam ring. Clinically useful MBL inhibitors are not yet available. Consequently, MBLs remain a major threat to human health. In this review biochemical properties of MBLs are discussed, focusing in particular on the interactions between the enzymes and the functionally essential metal ions. The precise role(s) of these metal ions is still debated and may differ between different MBLs. However, since they are required for catalysis, their binding site may present an alternative target for inhibitor design.

Computational Calculations of Molecular Properties and Molecular Docking of New and Reference Cephalosporins on Penicillin Binding Proteins and Various β-Lactamases

An approach of using molinspiration calculations and molecular docking on PBPs （penicillin-binding proteins） and certain β-lactamases is employed to predict the molecular properties, bioactivity and resistance of newer and reference cephalosporins. The previously synthesized cephalosporins 1-8 and reference cephalosporins were subjected to extensive evaluations by calculating the molecular properties, drug-likeness scores on the bases of Lipinski＇s rule and bioactivity prediction using the method of molinspiration web-based software. The TPSA （topological polar surface area）, OH-NH interactions, n-violation and the molinspiration Log partition coefficient （miLogP） values were also calculated. The investigated cephalosporins were subjected to molecular docking study on PBPs （lpyy） and on β-lactamases produced by S. aureus, K. pneumonia, E. coil and P. auroginosa using 1-click-docking website. Molecular properties of 1-8 recorded higher ＂FPSA than cephalexin and were lower than the reference cephalosporins and do not fulfill the requirements for Lipinski＇s rule. Bioactivities of 1-8 were predicted to be less and their docking scores on PBPs were comparable to those of the reference cephalosporins, particularly ceftobiprole. The references recorded various docking scores on the above β-lactamases and as expected, cefiobiprole recorded the lowest scores on all β-lactarnases. Cephalosporins 1-8 recorded various docking scores on β-lactamases. Molecular docking studies on PBPs and β-lactamases are considered as very useful, reliable and practical approach for predicting the bioactivity scores and to afford some information about the stability and selectivity of the newly proposed cephalosporins against β-lactamases of certain pathogenic microbes, such as P. auroginosa and MRSA, by recording the relative docking scores in comparison with those of reference cephalosporins.

Unusual metallo-β-lactamases may constitute a new subgroup in this family of enzymes

Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are a family of Zn2+-dependent enzymes that have contributed strongly to the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. Novel members as well as variants of existing members of this family are discovered continuously, compounding their threat to global health care. MBLs are divided into three subgroups, i.e. B1, B2 and B3. The recent discovery of an unusual MBL from Serratia proteamaculans (SPR-1) suggests the presence of an additional subgroup, i.e. B4. A database search reveals that SPR-1 has only one homologue from Cronobacter sakazakii, CSA-1.These two MBLs have a unique active site and may employ a mechanism distinct from other MBLs, but reminiscent of some organophosphate-degrading hydrolases.

Identification and preliminary characterization of novel B3-type metallo-β-lactamases

Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a major global threat to human health. Among the strategies employed by pathogens to acquire resistance the use of metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), a family of dinuclear metalloenzymes, is among the most potent. MBLs are subdivided into three groups (i.e. B1, B2 and B3) with most of the virulence factors belonging to the B1 group. The recent discovery of AIM-1, a B3-type MBL, however, has illustrated the potential health threat of this group of MBLs. Here, we employed a bioinformatics approach to identify and characterize novel B3-type MBLs from Novosphingobium pentaromativorans and Simiduia agarivorans. These enzymes may not yet pose a direct risk to human health, but their structures and function may provide important insight into the design and synthesis of a still elusive universal MBL inhibitor.

A simple multiplex PCR for assessing prevalence of extended-spectrumβ-lactamases producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Intensive Care Units of a referral hospital in Shiraz,Iran

Objective:To identify three common genes(bla_(TEM),bla_(SHV)and bla_(CTX-M)responsible for ESBL production in Klebsiella pneumnniae(K.pneumnniae)isolated from Intensive Care Units of Namazi Hospital,Shiraz,Iran.Methods:A total of 60 non-repetitive nosocomial isolates from 60patients were selected during 2009-2010.The phenotypic identification of ESBL production was confirmed by Double Disk Synergy Test(DDST)according to CLSI guidelines.The ESBL's genotype was then analyzed by multiplex PCR of bla_(TEM),bla_(SHV)and bla_(CTX-M)genes and DNA sequencing.Results:The primary susceptibility tests of K.pneumoniae showed that among 10 examined antibiotics,the most resistant and susceptible antibiotics identified in this study were ampicillin and imipenem,respectively.The phenotypic determination of ESBL by DDST showed that 60%(n=36)of isolates produced ESBL.Multiplex PCR of genes among K.pneuunoniae isolates showed that 39%(n=18)of them have TEM,39%in=18)of then have both CTX-M and TEM and 13%(n=8)of them have TEM,SHV,CTX-M.Conclusions:Our findings reveal the high prevalence(60%)of ESBL prcxducing K.pneumnniae from ICL patients along with a new pattern of bla_(TEM)distribution differ from other countries.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CLINICAL USE OF ANTIBIOTIC AND PRODUCTION OF ESBLS

Objective:To determine the relationship between the application of antibiotic and the production of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs).Methods:ESBLs were detected by the double disc diffusion method among 161 gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical specimens.The use of antibiotic in the patients was investigated before ESBLs were detected. Results:The rate of ESBLs-producing strains was 35.4% (57/161). In the patients with ESBLs-producing strains, the utilization rates of antibiotic and the third-generation cephalosprin were 96.4% (55/57) and 42.1% (24/57) respectively, which were significantly higher than those without ESBLs-producing strains [80.6% (84/104) and 16.3% (17/104), respectively].There were significant differences ( P <0.05 and P <0.005,respectively) between the two groups of patients.The duration of the third-generation cephalosprins therapy was significantly longer in the patients with ESBLs-producing strains [(7.5 ± 5.4)d] than those without ESBLs-producing strains [(2.7±2.6)d, P <0.05].Conclusion:The application of antibiotic, especially the third-generation cephalosprins, is the risk factor for the production of ESBLs.

Effect of "Fuzheng Qingre Tonglin" prescription on rats with complicated urinary tract infection caused by ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli

Objective: To observe the effect of traditional Chinese medicine "Fuzheng Qingre Tonglin"prescription on rats with complicated urinary tract infection caused by extended-spectrumβ-lactamases (ESBLs)-producing Escherichia coli and its possible mechanism. Methods:Specific-pathogen-free female SD rats with 7-9 weeks old were randomly divided into model group, levofloxacin group, low-dose Fuzheng Qingre Tonglin group, high-dose Fuzheng Qingre Tonglin group, levofloxacin+Fuzheng Qingre Tonglin group (n=8 in each above group), and also there was a control group with 5 rats. Each group was administered intragastrically 2 days after model establishment for 14 consecutive days. The general condition of the rats was observed. Renal pathological changes were observed by light microscopy under hematoxylin-eosin staining. The number of white blood cells and the percentage of neutral particles (NEUT%) were detected. ELISA was used for the determination of C-reactive protein (CRP), CD4+, CD8+ in the blood, and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosidase (NAG) molecules in urine. Results: There were a large number of inflammatory cells in the kidney of the model group and the levofloxacin group. The inflammatory cells in the treatment group were significantly reduced. The NEUT% and CRP in the blood of each treatment group and the NAG in the urine were significantly lower than those in the model group (P<0.05), except levofloxacin group. Compared with the model group, except for the levofloxacin group, serum CD4 concentration and CD4/CD8 ratio in the other treatment groups were significantly decreased, and CD8 molecules were significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion: "Fuzheng Qingre Tonglin" can alleviate systemic and local inflammation of complicated urinary tract infections in rats. It may also have the effect of re-sensing the insensitive antibacterial drug to bacteria and may have the function of regulating immune function and protecting kidney function in rats.

Evaluation of Disk Potentiation Test (DPT) and Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST) for The Detection of Metallo-β-Lactamases (MBLs) in Clinical Isolates of Bangladesh

Objective: Increasing the emergence of Metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) producing gram-negative bacteria and their dexterous horizontal transmission demands rapid and accurate detection. This study was conducted to determine a suitable method to promptly detect MBL-producing gram-negative bacteria. Methods: A total of 103 gram-negative bacteria were identified from various clinical samples at a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city. MBL producers were detected by two phenotypic methods, the Disk Potentiation Test (DPT) and the Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST) based on β-lactam chelator combinations where EDTA/SMA has been used as an inhibitor and Imipenem, Ceftazidime as substrates. Results: 103 isolates which were identified as Escherichia coli spp, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas spp, Acinetobacter spp, Proteus spp, Providencia spp were found to be multidrug-resistant in antibiogram test. Isolates showed complete resistance (100%) to Imipenem, Meropenem, and Amoxiclav. The highest carbapenem-resistant etiological agents were Acinetobacter spp 40 (38.8%) followed by Pseudomonas spp 27 (26.2%), Klebsiella spp 26 (25.2%), Escherichia coli 8 (7.8%), Proteus spp 1 (1%) and Providencia spp 1 (1%). DPT method detected significantly (p = 0.000009) a higher number of MBL-producers (Imipenem with 0.5 M EDTA n = 61, 59.2% & Ceftazidime with 0.5 M EDTA n = 56, 54.4%) compared to the DDST method (Imipenem -0.5 M EDTA n = 43, 41.7%, Imipenem – SMA n = 38, 36.9% & Ceftazidime -0.5 M EDTA n = 15, 14.6%). Conclusion: Pieces of evidence suggest that DPT is a more sensitive method than DDST and could be recommended for identifying MBL-producing bacteria in Bangladeshi hospitals for the proper management of patients, to reduce time constraints and treatment costs.

羊腹泻大肠杆菌整合子及ESBLs携带情况检测

为了确定内蒙古自治区羊腹泻大肠杆菌的耐药机制,本试验采用PCR方法检测呼和浩特市周边牧场分离菌株中整合酶基因(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型)、耐药基因盒和编码超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)基因的携带情况。结果显示,108株羊腹泻大肠杆菌中,Ⅰ型整合酶基因和耐药基因盒插入区扩增呈阳性的菌株为42株,检出率为38.9%,未检出Ⅱ、Ⅲ型整合酶基因;菌株中有5类基因盒流行,主要携带甲氧苄氨嘧啶(dfr)和氨基糖苷类(aadA)耐药基因;分离菌株的bla_(TEM)基因检出数为83株,占比76.9%,bla SHV和bla_(CTX)基因PCR扩增均为阴性;质粒DNA上成功扩增出携带bla TEM型ESBLs基因的Ⅰ型整合子阳性菌株40株。结果表明,内蒙古自治区羊腹泻大肠杆菌Ⅰ型整合子的携带率较高,菌株对磺胺类、甲氧苄氨嘧啶和氨基糖苷类药物的耐受性与其携带的耐药基因盒密切相关,分离菌株中ESBLs的产生和传播由菌株自身质粒所介导,这可能是其对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药的主要原因,且Ⅰ型整合子在ESBLs阳性菌株中的广泛分布,也使得菌株携带的耐药基因更易散播。本试验通过对羊腹泻大肠杆菌耐药性的产生和传播进行分析,以指导临床合理用药。

梅花鹿源大肠杆菌ESBLs基因型检测与分析

为分析黑龙江省梅花鹿源产超广谱β-内酰胺类酶(ESBLs)大肠杆菌耐药基因的分布情况,为临床抗微生物药的合理使用提出指导意见。从黑龙江省4个养殖场中分离出130株梅花源大肠杆菌,采用K-B纸片法,结果显示对诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星的耐药率达到10%以上。采用PCR技术对ESBLs基因进行检测。结果显示,耐药基因OXA、TEM的检出率分别为13.85%(18/130)、76.15%(99/130),CTX-M和SHV均未检出。4个养殖场的ESBLs基因以TEM为主。

小檗碱消除ESBLs大肠杆菌耐药性的研究

为了研究小檗碱消除超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠杆菌耐药性的效果,试验以3株ESBLs大肠杆菌作为研究对象,采用二倍稀释法测定小檗碱作用3株ESBLs大肠杆菌前后的MIC变化,然后采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳、ELISA法和实时荧光定量PCR方法分别检测小檗碱作用后大肠杆菌R质粒、ESBLs活性、生物被膜形成及外排系统AcrA mRNA、AcrB mRNA转录水平的变化。结果表明:3株ESBLs大肠杆菌对小檗碱的MIC均为2.00 mg/mL;经小檗碱作用后有2株ESBLs大肠杆菌对头孢噻肟的MIC从32.00 mg/mL降至8.00 mg/mL,有1株ESBLs大肠杆菌对头孢噻肟的MIC从32.00 mg/mL降至16.00 mg/mL。经小檗碱作用后有2株ESBLs大肠杆菌质粒条带消失2条,有1株ESBLs大肠杆菌质粒条带消失1条;3株ESBLs大肠杆菌的ESBLs活性均极显著降低(P<0.01),碱性磷酸酶活性均极显著升高(P<0.01);3株ESBLs大肠杆菌外排系统AcrA mRNA转录水平极显著降低(P<0.01),2株ESBLs大肠杆菌外排系统AcrB mRNA转录水平显著降低(P<0.05)。说明小檗碱对ESBLs大肠杆菌的4种耐药消除机制均具有良好的效果。

羔羊源产ESBLs与非产ESBLs大肠埃希氏菌耐药性差异比较及基因型分析

为了明确宁夏地区羔羊源大肠埃希氏菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)与非产ESBLs大肠埃希氏菌的耐药性差异和相关基因携带情况差异,对实验室分离保存的87株羔羊源大肠埃希氏菌,采用ESBLs表型检测方法筛选产ESBLs的菌株和K-B纸片法进行药物敏感性试验,采用PCR法对分离株进行相关基因的检测。结果显示,87株大肠埃希氏菌中5株为产ESBLs菌株,检出率为5.75%。产ESBLs株对多数试验药物呈耐药性;而非产ESBLs菌株对多数试验药物敏感,仅对恩诺沙星、复方新诺明和红霉素耐药率超过50%。20种药物中,产ESBLs株大肠埃希氏菌对18种药物的耐药率极显著高于非产ESBLs菌株(P<0.01)。产ESBLs菌株携带blaCTX的阳性率极显著高于非产ESBLs菌株(P<0.01),产ESBLs菌株中的blaTEM和blaOXA基因的阳性率均高于非产ESBLs菌株,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明宁夏地区羔羊源大肠埃希氏菌产ESBLs菌株流行率低,产ESBLs菌株耐药性严重,且宁夏地区羔羊源ESBLs菌株优势基因型为blaCTX和blaTEM。

某院血流感染患者产ESBLs大肠埃希菌检出情况、耐药特征及相关因素分析

目的:分析某院血流感染(BSI)患者产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌检出情况、耐药特征及相关因素。方法:选取2021年1月—2023年12月韶关市第一人民医院收治的667例BSI患者作为研究对象,回顾性分析血培养分离病原菌和药敏试验结果等。结果:667例检测样本中,大肠埃希菌阳性最多,占比40.48%,其中产ESBLs大肠埃希菌占15.59%;菌株科室分布主要为重症医学科,占29.69%,呼吸重症医学科占22.04%,消化内科占14.39%。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松、头孢呋辛、头孢他啶的耐药率较高,均在90%以上,对亚胺培南、美罗培南药物较为敏感;非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林耐药率较高为91.57%,对亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星等较为敏感;相较于非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药的耐药性更高。多因素分析结果显示,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌血流感染的危险因素为年龄、住院时间、近3个月使用三代头孢菌素。结论:某院BSI患者中,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌较为常见,其对常用抗菌药的耐药性高,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的血流感染的发生与患者的年龄、住院天数、近3个月使用三代头孢菌素有关。

青岛地区产ESBLs鸡源大肠杆菌耐药性调查与优势基因型分析

【目的】通过抗菌药物敏感性测定试验以及超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)表型和基因型检测试验,了解青岛地区肉鸡养殖场产ESBLs大肠杆菌菌株的分布情况及耐药特征,分析ESBLs流行基因型和基因亚型,为指导临床合理使用抗菌药物、有效控制产ESBLs菌株的感染和流行提供依据。【方法】采用微量肉汤稀释法对249株大肠杆菌菌株进行抗菌药物敏感性测定试验,采用CLSI推荐方法进行ESBLs表型检测和确证实验,采用PCR方法、序列测定以及生物学分析软件进行ESBLs耐药质粒的DNA扩展和基因型分析,利用SPSS19.0软件对产ESBLs菌株与非产ESBLs菌株的耐药情况进行差异显著性分析。【结果】83.13%(207/249)的鸡源大肠杆菌菌株产ESBLs;产ESBLs菌株对7种抗菌药的耐药率高于非产ESBLs菌株,其中对庆大霉素、大观霉素、氨苄西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢噻呋等5种药物差异显著(P<0.05),而产ESBLs菌株对四环素和氟苯尼考2种抗菌药的耐药率显著低于非产ESBLs菌株;产ESBLs菌株多重耐药程度显著高于非产ESBLs菌株,其多重耐药率分别为99.03%和92.86%(P=0.035);CTX-M型、TEM型和OXA型ESBLs菌株的检出率分别为100.00%、99.52%和47.83%,未检测出SHV型ESBLs菌株;产酶菌株分属于10个基因亚型,TEM-1型、CTX-M-65型和CTX-M-55型、OXA-1型是优势基因亚型,并首次从健康家禽中检测到基因重组嵌合体CTX-M-123和CTX-M-64。【结论】产ESBLs鸡源大肠杆菌菌株在青岛地区广泛流行和传播;产ESBLs菌株耐药相对非产ESBLs菌株严重;相比国内其它地区,CTX-M型和TEM型同样成为青岛地区产ESBLs鸡源大肠杆菌菌株的流行基因型,但基因亚型存在差异,TEM-1型、CTX-M-65型和CTX-M-55型、OXA-1型分别是各基因型的优势基因亚型。

阴沟肠杆菌去阻遏持续高产AmpC酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的检测

目的：去阻遏持续高产ＡｍｐＣ酶，或产生超广谱β－内酰胺酶（ＥＳＢＬｓ），或同时高表达这两类酶，是阴沟肠杆菌对多种β－内酰胺类抗生素耐药的主要机制。方法：建立了一种改良的酶提取物三维试验法，在常规ＮＣＣＬＳ纸片扩散法基础上接种大肠杆菌ＡＴＣＣ ２５９２２，在头孢西叮药敏纸片周围放射性切出琼脂小槽，待测菌的粗酶提取物在槽内扩散，与头孢西叮纸片扩散相交。结果：由于ＡｍｐＣ酶水解头孢西叮，出现抑菌圈内生长细菌，这一现象能被加入槽内的邻氯西林抑制，而ＥＳＢＬｓ不能水解头孢西叮，无此现象。因邻氯西林不能抑制ＥＳＢＬｓ活性，同样用头孢由松取代头抱西叮纸片，用邻氯西林抑制槽内ＡｍｐＣ酶，可测出 ＥＳＢＬｓ。使用该法检测分别产 ＡｍｐＣ酶、 ＥＳＢＬｓ的标准株和 ２４株临床分离多重耐药的阴沟肠杆菌。结果各种标准株检测无误，２４株阴沟肠杆菌中，１４株去阻遏持续高产ＡｍｐＣ酶试验阳性，４株产ＥＳＢＬｓ试验阳性，５株此两类酶检测均阳性，１株此两类酶检测均阴性，原因待分析。结论：对于阴沟肠杆菌，这种改良的酶提取物三维试验法能较好地鉴别持续高产 ＡｍｐＣ酶和 ＥＳＢＬ的阴沟肠杆菌，并适用于临床常规检验。

鸡源大肠杆菌分离鉴定及ESBLs与AmpC酶基因型检测及耐药性分析

为了解山西省范围内鸡源产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)和头孢菌素酶(AmpC)大肠杆菌分离株的基因型及其耐药现状,本试验从呈现典型鸡大肠杆菌病临床症状的病料中分离、鉴定出68株符合鸡源大肠杆菌生物特性的流行菌株,采用K-B法与双纸片确认法对分离的68株大肠杆菌分别进行药敏试验和ESBLs、AmpC酶耐药表型的筛选;采用PCR方法检测了分离株中质粒介导的ESBLs、AmpC酶的基因型。结果显示,分离到的68株菌对22种抗菌药物均产生不同程度的耐药性,其中耐药谱达7耐以上的有66,占总分离菌株数的97.06%;呈ESBLs、AmpC酶阳性和两者均阳性的菌株数分别为57(83.82%)、19(27.94%)和16(23.53%)株;检测出ESBLs阳性菌株携带的耐药基因型包括bla TEM、bla OXA和bla CTX-M-1/9,AmpC酶阳性菌株耐药基因型为bla FOX型。研究结果表明,分离的68株鸡源大肠杆菌已对绝大多数种类抗菌药物产生耐药性,且产ESBLs和AmpC酶菌株已普遍流行。山西省鸡源大肠杆菌中流行的ESBLs基因型与国内其他地区相关报道大体一致,而检测到的bla FOX型AmpC酶基因在国内报道相对较少。

贵州部分地区猪源大肠杆菌耐药性分析及ESBLs基因型检测

为了解贵州地区规模养猪场大肠杆菌菌株耐药情况和ESBLs基因型的流行情况,试验采用CLSI推荐的方法对采自贵州省4个地区规模养猪场的164株大肠杆菌进行药物敏感性试验和产ESBLs菌的检测,并用PCR方法对TEM、SHV、OXA-1和CTX-M-1 4种常见ESBLs基因进行检测。结果显示,164株大肠杆菌对10种常用抗菌药物耐药率分别是头孢噻呋93.29%、氨苄西林87.19%、四环素86.59%、庆大霉素81.10%、链霉素53.66%、多黏菌素51.83%、环丙沙星53.05%、卡那霉素47.56%、金霉素34.76%和氟苯尼考21.95%,且大多为多重耐药,其中检测出ESBLs阳性菌株137株,阳性率为83.54%,各个地区的检出率不同;137株产ESBLs大肠杆菌中,TEM、SHV、OXA-1和CTX-M-1基因的检出率分别为90.51%、70.07%、51.82%和43.07%,且多为复合基因型耐药菌株,各地区的各种基因检出率不同。试验结果表明,贵州部分地区的猪源大肠杆菌耐药现象严重,ESBLs菌株的检出率很高,耐药基因的检出率也极高,且多为复合基因型耐药菌株,应加强当地产酶耐药菌的监测和研究,有效防制此类细菌引发的疾病。

鸡、猪大肠杆菌ESBLs基因型检测及耐药性分析

为检测不同动物源大肠杆菌中超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的基因型,探究ESBLs对大肠杆菌耐药性的影响,指导兽医临床有效防治大肠杆菌病。采用NCCLS标准方法和双纸片协同法,对102株大肠杆菌菌株进行抗菌药物敏感性测定和和ESBLs检测,设计合成4对引物,用PCR方法进行了ESBLs耐药质粒的DNA扩增和基因型分析。结果表明:以产ESBLs细菌的耐药质粒为模板扩增出了与预期片段大小相符的TEM、CTX-M型ESBLs产物,但均未扩增出SHV、OVA型ESBLs产物。鸡源、猪源产ESBLs菌株检出率分别为81%、6%。CTX-M、TEM型为山东莱西地区动物源产ESBLs大肠杆菌菌株的流行基因型,且鸡源产ESBLs大肠杆菌菌株分布广泛,应加强当地产酶耐药菌的监测和研究,以有效防治此类细菌引发的疾病。