Microstructure Characteristics and Elevated Temperature Mechanical Properties of a B Containedβ-solidifiedγ-TiAl Alloy

The improved microstructure and enhanced elevated temperature mechanical properties of Ti-44Al-5Nb-(Mo,V,B)alloys were obtained by vacuum arc re-melting(VAR)and primary annealing heat treatment(HT)of 1260℃/6 h/Furnace cooling(FC).The phase transformation,microstructure evolution and tensile properties for as-cast and HTed alloys were investigated.Results indicate that three main phase transformation points are determined,T_(eut)=1164.3℃,T_(γsolv)=1268.3℃and T_(βtrans)=1382.8℃.There are coarse lamellar colonies(300μm in length)and neighbor reticular B2 andγgrain(3-5μm)in as-cast alloy,while lamellar colonies are markedly refined and multi-oriented(20-50μm)as well as the volume fraction and grain sizes of equiaxedγand B2 phases(about 15μm)significantly increase in as-HTed alloy.Phase transformations involvingα+γ→α+γ+β/B2 and discontinuousγcoarsening contribute to the above characteristics.Borides(1-3μm)act as nucleation sites forβ_(eutectic) and produce massiveβgrains with different orientations,thus effectively refining the lamellar colonies and forming homogeneous multi-phase microstructure.Tensile curves show both the alloys exhibit suitable performance at 800℃.As-cast alloy shows a higher ultimate tensile stress of 647 MPa,while a better total elongation of more than 41%is obtained for as-HTed alloy.The mechanical properties improvement is mainly attributed to fine,multi-oriented lamellar colonies,coordinated deformation of homogeneous multi-phase microstructure and borides within lamellar interface preventing crack propagation.

Microstructural evolution and dynamic recrystallization mechanisms of additively manufactured TiAl alloy with heterogeneous microstructure during hot compression

Microstructural evolution and dynamic recrystallization(DRX)mechanisms of a Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb(at.%)alloy prepared by selective electron beam melting(SEBM)during hot deformation at 1150℃and 0.1 s^(-1)were investigated by hot compression tests,optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscope(SEM),electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD)and transmission electron microscope(TEM).The results show that the initial microstructure of the as-SEBMed alloy exhibits layers of coarseγgrains and fineγ+α_(2)+(α_(2)/γ)lamellar mixture grains alternately along the building direction.During the early stage of hot deformation,deformation twins tend to form within the coarse grains,facilitating subsequent deformation,and a small number of DRX grains appear in the fine-grained regions.With the increase of strain,extensive DRX grains are formed through different DRX mechanisms in both coarse and fine-grained regions,involving discontinuous dynamic recrystallization mechanism(DDRX)in the fine-grained regions and a coexistence of DDRX and continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX)in the coarsegrained regions.

Effect of forging on the microstructure and texture of a high Nb containing γ-TiAl alloy

The effect of forging on the microstructure and texture evolution of a high Nb containing Ti-45Al-7Nb-0.3W(at.%)alloy was investigated by X-ray diffractometer(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The results show that the as-cast alloy is mainly composed of α_(2)/γ lamellar colonies with a mean size of 70μm,but the hot-forged pancake displays a near duplex microstructure(DP).Kinking and bending of lamellar colonies,deformation twinning and dynamic recrystallization(DRX)occur during hot forging.Meanwhile,dense dislocations in theβphase after forging suggest that the high-temperature β phase with a disordered structure is favorable for improving the hot-workability of the alloy.Unlike the common TiAl casting texture,the solidification process of the investigated as-cast alloy with high Nb content is completely via the β phase region,resulting in the formation of a<110>γ fiber texture where the<110>γ aligns parallel to the heat-flow direction.In comparison,the relatively strong<001>and weak<302>texture components in the as-forged alloy are attributed to the deformation twinning.After annealing,static recrystallization occurs at the twin boundary and intersections,which weakens the deformation texture.

气体氮化γ-TiAl合金的抗高温氧化性能研究

γ-TiAl基合金抗高温氧化性较差限制了其在高温场景下的应用,提高其抗高温氧化性能对高温合金的研究与应用具有重要意义。以Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金为研究对象,将其置于管式炉中分别在800、900、1000℃下进行气体氮化2 h。采用光学显微镜观察显微组织,采用X射线衍射仪分析物相组成,测试维氏硬度,分析900℃下的高温氧化行为。结果表明,随着氮化温度的升高,合金基体片层组织逐渐粗化,表面膜层增厚,维氏硬度升高。在空气中高温氧化128 h后,800℃和900℃氮化后样品的质量增加仅为未氮化样品的25.3%和28.9%,表明800℃和900℃氮化后的样品具有良好的抗氧化能力。由于1000℃氮化样品因膜层存在裂纹,高温氧化时膜层和基体会与氧发生反应生成氧化物,导致质量增加显著。900℃下氮化处理能够显著提高Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金的表面维氏硬度,增强合金的抗氧化能力。

TiAlSiN/CrAlSiN纳米多层涂层刀具干切削TC4钛合金切削性能

钛合金因其化学活性和切削高温引起刀具磨损严重。刀具表面施加涂层是有效地延长刀具服役时间的方法。借助PVD阴极电弧蒸发技术,使用TiAlSi靶和CrAlSi靶交替叠加制成TiAlSiN/CrAlSiN纳米多层涂层刀具,并使用这种刀具分别切削常规钛合金和3D打印钛合金。所制成的TiAlSiN/CrAlSiN纳米多层涂层表现了较高的硬度;切削钛合金时,刀具的磨损形式表现为涂层剥离,前刀面月牙洼,后刀面均匀磨损和刀尖崩刃。引起刀具磨损的主因是粘结,其次是高温氧化。三个切削用量中,切削速度对切削力和切削温度的影响要远大于切削深度和进给量对二者的影响。与常规TC4相比,3D打印TC4因伸长率和硬度下降,弹性模量提高促使切削温度和切削力均低于常规TC4,刀具寿命相应的延长。

TiAl基合金格栅结构预制空位拉制成形研究

为解决TiAl基合金板材制备困难、成形性能差以及难以采用传统方法制造格栅结构的问题,采用预置空位拉制成形方法制造TiAl基合金格栅结构。在烧结温度1150℃、烧结压力30 MPa、保温时间2 h条件下,通过预合金粉末热压烧结工艺制备TiAl基合金。TiAl基合金板料预制空位拉制成形温度为990℃,应变速率为0.001 s^(-1)。结果表明,随着板材变形长度增加,空位形状变化为纵向菱形→正方形→横向菱形,空位沿板材分布比较均匀,与模拟结果相符;板材最大拉应变位置由空位圆角处转移到空位交叉处,最大拉应变值为0.5。当TiAl基合金预置空位板材变形长度最大达到89 mm时,变形区伸长率为112%。

TiAl合金叶片类构件成形工艺研究进展

TiAl合金具有良好的高温强度和比强度等优异性能,在航空发动机叶片、汽车涡轮叶片等部件上的应用得到广泛关注。但TiAl合金存在本征脆性、高温变形过程中温度/应变速率敏感性大、热加工窗口窄及热变形易开裂等难题,导致TiAl合金叶片类构件制备具有极大难度。随着TiAl合金体系的不断完善,除铸造成形外,锻造及增材制造工艺通常也被用于航空发动机用TiAl合金叶片类构件的制备。总结分析了近年来国内外TiAl合金叶片类构件铸造、锻造及增材制造工艺的原理、工艺参数及应用现状,并对TiAl叶片的制备工艺进行了展望。

TiAl合金铸件的热处理组织调控机制

TiAl合金铸态组织粗大,致使其铸件强度低、塑性差,必须通过热处理细化铸态组织。利用OM和SEM研究了Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb合金铸件不同热处理组织演变规律,优化制定了双态和近片层组织热处理工艺,实现了晶粒细化,揭示了细化机理。结果表明,1185℃/6 h/炉冷双态组织热处理和1185℃/6 h/炉冷+1330℃/0.25 h/炉冷近片层组织热处理可分别将铸态组织晶粒尺寸细化75.51%和40.21%。双态组织热处理晶粒细化机制是在片层团晶粒内部析出大量γ晶粒打断原始粗大的片层团晶粒,γ晶核在片层团晶粒内形核来源于Al元素偏析和γ片层连续粗化。近片层组织热处理晶粒细化机制是在α单相区短时保温时发生了γ→α转变,破坏了原始粗大的片层团晶粒。等轴γ晶粒对α晶粒长大有钉扎作用,使得冷却后形成的片层团晶粒尺寸较小。

Corrosion behavior of single-and poly-crystalline dual-phase TiAl–Ti3Al alloy in NaCl solution

To clarify the correlation of single-crystalline structure with corrosion performance in high-strength TiAl alloys, electrochemical and surface characterization was performed by comparing Ti–45Al–8Nb dual-phase single crystals with their polycrystalline counterparts in NaCl solution. Polarization curves show a lower corrosion rate and a higher pitting potential of ~280 mV for the dual-phase single crystals. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiostatic polarization plots revealed a higher impedance of the charge transfer through the compact passive film. Surface composition analysis indicated a compact film with more content of Nb, as twice as that in the film on the polycrystals.Our results reflect that the dual-phase Ti–45Al–8Nb single crystals possess a higher corrosion resistance in NaCl solution, compared with their polycrystalline counterpart, arising from a more homogeneous microstructure and composition distribution.

TiAl合金在高电位流动电解液中的庞加莱截面分析

TiAl合金在高电位电化学溶解过程中的电流密度时间序列呈现出明显的高维混沌行为,相空间重构已不能直观地展示系统的具体形态,针对此问题采用庞加莱截面、差分庞加莱截面及分布熵定量表征TiAl合金在不同压力电解液中的高电位溶解电流密度时间序列的非线性行为特征。研究表明:差分庞加莱截面由于其去趋势化作用能更直观地反映合金电流密度的局部波动,局部波动越大散点越分散,说明合金发生非均匀溶解,局部波动越小散点越聚集,说明合金发生均匀溶解。结合分布熵运算结果可知,TiAl合金高电位电化学溶解系统在电解液压力为0.4 MPa时最稳定,合金发生均匀稳定溶解。

超声纵扭辅助铣削TiAl合金表面质量及刀具磨损研究

TiAl合金属于典型难加工材料,采用传统方式加工难以获得良好的表面质量,因此文章提出采用超声纵扭辅助铣削TiAl合金。试验采用单因素对照方法,研究了超声纵扭铣削(ULTM)与普通铣削(CM)加工TiAl合金时工艺参数对表面粗糙度、表面形貌及显微硬度的影响规律。研究结果表明,ULTM铣削可以改善TiAl合金的表面粗糙度,获得普遍较低的粗糙度值(Ra<0.6μm);ULTM对TiAl合金表面硬化具有强化作用,能使表面硬度平均提升超过10%,并且采用ULTM加工得到的工件和切屑表面质量都较好。此外,铣削150 mm3的TiAl合金时发现ULTM的刀具底刃磨损量明显减小,刀具主要发生氧化磨损和扩散磨损。

Microstructure evolution and precipitation behavior of Al-Mg-Si alloy during initial aging

The microstructure evolution and precipitation behavior of Al-Mg-Si alloy during initial aging were studied using hardness testing, conductivity testing, differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM). The results show that the precipitation sequence of the Al-Mg-Si alloy during initial aging can be represented as: supersaturated solid solution → spherical Mg/Si clusters → needle-like Guinier Preston(GP) zone → β″. Clusters are completely coherent with the Al matrix. The GP zone with relatively complete independent lattice parameters that differ slightly from the Al matrix parameters, is oriented along the direction of <111>Aland lying on {111}Alplane. The strength of the Al-Mg-Si alloy is greatly enhanced by the threedimensional strain field that exists between the β″ phase and the two {200}Alplanes. After aging at 170 ℃ for 6 h, the hardness reaches the peak of 127 HV and remains for a long time. At this stage, the electrical conductivity keeps relatively stable due to the formation of coherent precipitates(Mg/Si clusters/GP zones) and the reduction in solute atom concentration in the Al matrix. The severe coarsening and decreased number density of the β″ phase during the over-aging stage result in a significant decrease in the hardness.

微观组织结构对TiAl合金高温氧化行为的影响

通过分析不同微观组织TiAl合金在850℃下的恒温氧化行为,揭示了不同微观组织TiAl合金的高温氧化机制。研究表明,近γ组织和双态组织TiAl合金表现出优异的高温抗氧化性,850℃恒温氧化100h后,样品表面氧化膜厚度分别为13.78、12.81μm,而全片层组织TiAl合金在同等条件下的氧化膜厚度为19.06μm。经850℃氧化100 h后,不同微观组织TiAl合金表面均形成了不具有保护作用的TiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3)混合氧化层。全片层组织TiAl合金高温抗氧化性不足的主要原因是基体中存在过多的原子扩散通道(片层晶界和板条相界),导致大量的氧进入基体发生氧化反应,而近γ组织和双态组织中原子扩散通道明显减少,且存在大量抗氧化性能优异的γ晶粒,显著降低了氧扩散与氧化速率,从而提高了TiAl合金的高温抗氧化性能。

TiAl合金研究进展

Ti Al合金密度低且具有优异的高温性能、良好的阻燃能力以及抗氧化性,是未来航空航天领域重要的高温结构材料之一。文中分析了PIGA、EIGA、VIGA、PREP、PA等方法制备Ti Al合金粉末的工艺特点,阐述了热等静压、放电等离子烧结、反应烧结、粉末注射成形技术制备Ti Al合金的工艺,分析了制备Ti Al合金工艺所存在的问题对于TIAl合金实际应用的影响,讨论了提高Ti Al合金的高温抗氧化性及室温塑性的方法。

A Nitride-Reinforced NbMoTaWHfN Refractory High-Entropy Alloy with Potential Ultra-High-Temperature Engineering Applications

Refractory high-entropy alloys(RHEAs)have promising applications as the new generation of hightemperature alloys in hypersonic vehicles,aero-engines,gas turbines,and nuclear power plants.This study focuses on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the NbMoTaW(HfN)_(x)(x=0,0.3,0.7,and 1.0)RHEAs.The alloys consist of multiple phases of body-centered cubic(BCC),hafnium nitride(HfN),or multicomponent nitride(MN)phases.As the x contents increase,the grain size becomes smaller,and the strength gradually increases.The compressive yield strengths of the NbMoTaWHfN RHEA at ambient temperature,1000,1400,and 1800℃ were found to be 1682,1192,792,and 288 MPa,respectively.The high-temperature strength of this alloy is an inspiring result that exceeds the high temperature and strength of most known alloys,including high-entropy alloys,refractory metals,and superalloys.The HfN phase has a significant effect on strengthening due to its high structural stability and sluggish grain coarsening,even at ultra-high temperatures.Its superior properties endow the NbMoTaWHfN RHEA with potential for a wide range of engineering applications at ultra-high temperatures.This work offers a strategy for the design of high-temperature alloys and proposes an ultra-high-temperature alloy with potential for future engineering applications.

Developing new Mg alloy as potential bone repair material via constructing weak anode nano-lamellar structure

The mechanics-corrosion and strength-ductility tradeoffs of magnesium(Mg)alloys have limited their applications in fields such as orthopedic implants.Herein,a fine-grain structure consisting of weak anodic nano-lamellar solute-enriched stacking faults(SESFs)with the average thickness of 8 nm and spacing of 16 nm is constructed in an as-extruded Mg96.9Y1.2Ho1.2Zn0.6Zr0.1(at.%)alloy,obtaining a high yield strength(YS)of 370 MPa,an excellent elongation(EL)of 17%,and a low corrosion rate of 0.30 mm y−1(close to that of high-pure Mg)in a uniform corrosion mode.Through scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy(SKPFM),one-dimensional nanostructured SESFs are identified as the weak anode(∼24 mV)for the first time.The excellent corrosion resistance is mainly related to the weak anodic nature of SESFs and their nano-lamellar structure,leading to the more uniform potential distribution to weaken galvanic corrosion and the release of abundant Y^(3+)/Ho^(3+)from SESFs to form a more protective film with an outer Ca_(10)(PO_(4))_(6)(OH)_(2)/Y_(2)O_(3)/Ho_(2)O_(3) layer(thickness percentage of this layer:72.45%).For comparison,the as-cast alloy containing block 18R long period stacking ordered(LPSO)phase and the heat-treated alloy with fine lamellar 18R-LPSO phase(thickness:80 nm,spacing:120 nm)are also studied,and the characteristics of SESFs and 18R-LPSO phase,such as the weak anode nature of the former and the cathode nature of the latter(37-90 mV),are distinguished under the same alloy composition.Ultimately,we put forward the idea of designing Mg alloys with high mechanical and anti-corrosion properties by constructing"homogeneous potential strengthening microstructure",such as the weak anode nano-lamellar SESFs structure.

挤压态TiAl合金热变形行为及热加工图研究

针对TiAl合金热塑性变形难的问题,通过MMS-200型热模拟试验机研究了挤压态Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb合金在变形温度为1000~1300℃、应变速率为0.001~1 s^(-1)、工程应变为60%条件下的热变形行为。通过Arrhenius函数模型建立了该合金基于应变补偿的本构方程;基于动态材料模型建立了合金在工程应变为60%时的热加工图。结果表明,该合金具有正应变速率敏感性和负温度敏感性;通过建立的热加工图发现理想的变形参数为1100~1150℃、0.001~0.05 s^(-1)和1200~1300℃、0.001~0.01 s^(-1),突破了传统TiAl合金只能在高温低应变速率条件下变形的认知,发现在0.01和0.1 s^(-1)高应变速率下通过合适的成形温度匹配,该合金仍可以获得较好的成形性能。

TiAl金属间化合物定向技术研究进展

TiAl合金具有低密度和良好的高温性能,被视为航空航天领域极具应用潜力的一类新型结构材料。具有柱晶/单晶组织特征的全片层结构TiAl合金展现出极为优异的高温综合力学性能。本文首先介绍了定向TiAl合金的发展背景、定向组织、力学性能各向异性等基本概念;然后,基于工作原理、关键技术、组织特征三个层面,对传统Bridgman法、光学浮区法、电磁约束以及电磁冷坩埚等定向技术进行了论述;进一步,结合最新研究成果,对定向退火制备TiAl合金的工作进行了阐述;最后,展望了TiAl合金定向技术的研究方向,指出需要从优化成分设计、组织/相变可控、大尺度定向晶稳定制备等方面发展新原理与新技术。

Relationship between the unique microstructures and behaviors of high-entropy alloys

High-entropy alloys(HEAs),which were introduced as a pioneering concept in 2004,have captured the keen interest of nu-merous researchers.Entropy,in this context,can be perceived as representing disorder and randomness.By contrast,elemental composi-tions within alloy systems occupy specific structural sites in space,a concept referred to as structure.In accordance with Shannon entropy,structure is analogous to information.Generally,the arrangement of atoms within a material,termed its structure,plays a pivotal role in dictating its properties.In addition to expanding the array of options for alloy composites,HEAs afford ample opportunities for diverse structural designs.The profound influence of distinct structural features on the exceptional behaviors of alloys is underscored by numer-ous examples.These features include remarkably high fracture strength with excellent ductility,antiballistic capability,exceptional radi-ation resistance,and corrosion resistance.In this paper,we delve into various unique material structures and properties while elucidating the intricate relationship between structure and performance.

冷喷涂前驱体-热等静压制备致密TiAl金属间化合物

TiAl基合金作为一种可替代传统高温镍基合金的高温轻质材料,因优异特性被作为高推重比先进军用飞机发动机高压压气机及低压涡轮叶片的首选材料,可在高温环境下长期服役。然而,TiAl基合金的传统制备方法如精密铸造、铸锭冶金、粉末冶金、激光增材技术等,均存在成品性能差、加工难度大、工艺复杂和成本高等问题。为克服这些问题,高效制备满足新一代航空发动机轻量化、耐高温服役需求的优异性能TiAl基合金,基于元素粉末冶金法,提出了一种新的制备方法。选用Ti和Al混合粉末,采用冷喷涂法制备TiAl基合金预制体,再结合热等静压烧结技术实现TiAl基合金的复合制备。同时,探究了沉积参数对沉积效率和TiAl基合金涂层成分的影响,研究了不同热等静压参数对TiAl基合金的组织性能的调控作用。结果表明,所制备的TiAl基合金涂层致密无明显缺陷,在压力为5 MPa和温度为500℃的冷喷涂工艺参数下,获得了75%的较高的沉积效率和4%的较小的涂层成分偏差。通过合理调控后续热等静压工艺的温度、压力和升温升压方式等参数,最终实现了组织致密的TiAl基合金制备。该复合制备新方法,避免了TiAl合金粉末本征脆性难以直接冷喷涂成形的缺点,充分发挥了冷喷涂和热等静压技术的优势,有效解决了传统TiAl合金成形难题,为冷喷涂-热等静压近净成形TiAl基合金提供了参考。