GH4169合金板材γ″相在长期时效过程中的粗化行为

为了研究GH4169合金板材长期服役过程中的组织稳定性,采用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜分析了GH4169合金板材在600、650、700℃时效处理0~500 h过程中的晶粒尺寸变化与γ″相的粗化行为。经过仔细观察分析和定量测定后发现,在此温度区间内的长期时效过程中GH4169合金晶粒尺寸和δ相没有明显变化,γ″相产生了一定的粗化并且长轴与短轴的比显著增加。粗化规律符合LSW理论,γ″相平均直径的三次方与时效时间成正比,并使用修正的LSW理论获得了γ″相的粗化激活能为268.584 kJ/mol。

IN625合金760℃时效析出相对冲击性能的影响

研究了IN 625合金在760℃时效过程中组织结构变化及其对室温冲击性能的影响,并利用光学、扫描和透射电镜对时效前后的合金组织结构和冲击断口进行了观察与分析.结果表明:该合金在时效过程中,析出相有M23C6、γ′和γ″;M23C6主要沿晶界分布,晶内分布较少,γ″相垂直于晶界方向析出,γ′颗粒分布于晶内;长时间时效对晶内M23C6和γ′相影响小,但导致晶界M23C6相聚集长大,γ″相沿长度方向长大且数量明显增多;时效后,冲击吸收能量明显降低,断裂模式由韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂.

温度对GH4169合金蠕变行为及机制的影响

在研究了温度对镍基高温合金GH4169蠕变行为及机制的影响基础之上,分析了其断口形貌和蠕变断裂机理.实验结果表明,随着蠕变温度的升高,GH4169合金的稳态蠕变速率逐渐升高,蠕变寿命显著降低,即该合金有极强的温度敏感性.蠕变过程中,γ″相长大聚集,并向δ相转变,随着蠕变温度的升高,γ″相向δ相转变速度加快,晶内的γ″相数量减少,δ相所占体积增加,尺寸增大,次生裂纹数量减少,尺寸减小.当蠕变温度为650℃时,断口中存在较多亮白色撕裂棱,韧窝尺寸大小不一,有少量析出物和碳化物;当温度提高到670℃时,韧窝尺寸减小,以浅韧窝为主,且出现解理面;当温度提高到690℃时,只存在少量韧窝,且δ相的数量显著增多,出现解理台阶,断裂方式为解理断裂或准解理断裂.

热等静压对In718C高温合金组织和性能的影响

以In718C铸造高温合金为研究对象,观察分析了热等静压前后合金高低倍组织的变化,研究了热等静压对In718C合金组织结构和性能的影响。结果表明,In718C合金经热等静压后,铸造疏松缺陷得以基本消除,合金均匀化程度提高,Laves相、δ相得以消除,主要强化相γ″的尺寸、数量发生改变。热等静压后需对热处理进行适当调整,使γ″相尺寸形貌回复到最佳状态。

Morphology and chemical composition of γ/γ' phases in Re-containing Ni-based single crystal superalloy during two-step aging

The γ/γ＇ microstructure of a Re-containing Ni-based single crystal super alloy after a two-step aging was studied using scanning electron microscopy （SEM）,transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and scanning transmission electron microscopy （STEM）.The crystals were grown by the floating zone （FZ） method.Both cuboidal and spherical γ＇ precipitates were formed after a two-step aging.The size of the cuboidal γ＇ phases first increased and then decreased with the extension of the second-step aging time.Re,Co and Cr strongly concentrated in the γ phase whereas Ni and Al enriched in the γ＇ phase.Thermodynamic calculation by JMatPro was performed to explain the experimental observations.

Creep properties and microstructure evolution of nickel-based single crystal superalloy at different conditions

The creep properties of nickel-based single crystal superalloy with [001] orientation was investigated at different test conditions. The microstructure evolution of γ′ phase, TCP phase and dislocation characteristic after creep rupture was studied by SEM and TEM. The results show that the alloy has excellent creep properties. Two different types of creep behavior can be shown in the creep curves. The primary creep is characterized by the high amplitude at test conditions of (760 °C, 600 MPa) and (850 °C, 550 MPa) and the primary creep strain is limited at (980 °C, 250 MPa), (1100 °C, 140 MPa) and (1120 °C, 120 MPa). A little change ofγ′precipitate morphology occurs at (760 °C, 600 MPa). The lateral merging of the γ′ precipitate has already begun at (850 °C, 550 MPa). Theγphase is surrounded by theγ′phase at (980 °C, 250 MPa). Theγphase is no longer continuous tested at (1070 °C, 140 MPa). At (1100 °C, 120 MPa), the thickness ofγphase continues to increase. No TCP phase precipitates in the specimens at (760 °C, 600 MPa), (850 °C, 550 MPa) and (980 °C, 250 MPa). Needle shaped TCP phase precipitates in the specimens tested at (1070 °C, 140 MPa) and (1100 °C, 120 MPa). The dislocation shear mechanism including stacking fault formation is operative at lower temperature and high stress. The dislocation by-passing mechanism occurs to form networks atγ/γ′interface under the condition of high temperature and lower stress.

Effect of ruthenium on γ' precipitation behavior and evolution in single crystal superalloys

The effect of Ru on γ＇ precipitation behavior and evolution in single crystal superalloys with different Ru contents were investigated by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy,3D atomic probing,differential scanning calorimetry.The results show that the solvus of the γ＇ phase decreases gradually with increasing Ru content in the alloys by casting or by the same solution and aging treatments,the alloy with a larger Ru content yields a smaller γ＇ phase.The addition of Ru increases the growth rate and coarsening rate of the γ＇ phase.Ru mainly distributes in the γ phase,which causes more Re and Mo partition into the γ＇ phase,increasing the absolute value of mismatch and the rafting rate of the γ＇ phase.

Microstructure evolution of a new directionally solidified Ni-based superalloy after long-term aging at 950 ℃ upto 1 000 h

The microstructure evolution of a new directionally solidified（DS） Ni-based superalloy used for gas turbine blades after long-term aging at 950 ℃ was investigated.The results show that the γ ＇ phase becomes more regular in dendritic arm and interdendritic area,while both the mass fraction and the size of γ ＇ phase increase gradually with increasing aging time.During long-term aging,the MC carbide dissolves on the edge to provide the carbon for the formation of M23C6 carbide by the precipitation of Cr at the grain boundary.The rose-shaped γ ＇/γ eutectic partly dissolves into γ matrix and the aging promotes it transform into raft-shape γ ＇.The microstructure is generally stable and no needle-like topologically close-packed phase（TCP） can be found after aging for 1 000 h.

GH4169合金高温高应力持久变形后的组织演变

通过对GH4169合金在680℃×700 MPa以及650℃×700 MPa高温持久前后的组织形态分析,研究了组织演变规律。结果表明,680℃高温下γ″会迅速凝聚长大,而δ相的析出将消耗晶内的γ″相,造成δ相和γ″相的数量不匹配;同时高温会使B元素以化合物析出,减弱合金的强化作用。

Inconel 718C 合金的铸造及热处理工艺研究

研究了铸造及热处理工艺对Ｉｎｃｏｎｅｌ７１８Ｃ合金的显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明，低的浇注温度是Ｉｎｃｏｎｅｌ７１８Ｃ合金获得良好显微组织及力学性能的决定因素；合金的固溶处理温度应随偏析的不同而有所调整，降低固溶处理冷速及提高时效处理温度，可显著增加强化相γ′＋γ″的含量，因而提高了合金的力学性能。

Microstructure of cast γ-TiAl based alloy solidified from β phase region

The microstructures and phase transformation of Ti-43Al-4Nb alloy in as-cast and heat-treated states were investigated by using optical microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that a fine microstructure of the as-cast alloy can be obtained by solidifying through the β phase. γ grains can nucleate directly from the β phase. The coexistence of β phase and γ phase along primary α grain boundaries contributes to the decrease in the grain size of the as-cast alloy. The phase transformation sequence during solidification of the Ti-43Al-4Nb alloy is suggested as L→L＋β→β→α＋β→α＋βr→α＋γ＋βr→lamellae（α2＋γ）＋γ＋βr. The microstructure of the alloy after heat treatment at 1 250 ℃ for 16 h exhibits a certain coarsening compared with that of the as-cast state. The remnant β phase can be removed by the heat treatment process due to the diffusion of Nb and the non-equilibrium state of β phase.

Cracking mechanism in as-cast GH4151 superalloy ingot with high γ'phase content

The fundamental mechanism of the cracking formation was investigated for the as-cast GH4151 superalloy.By analyzing the characteristics of cracking,the cracking mechanism was determined to be the cold crack formed during the cooling process.And cold cracking is closely related to severe segregation,complex precipitates and uneven γ'phase distribution.During cooling process,cracks were generated around the precipitates due to their different linear shrinkage coefficients.The annealing treatment process controlling the residual stress,the size and morphology of γ'phase was proposed.The annealing treatment plays a role in reducing residual stress through decreasing the thermal gradient and controlling the size distribution of γ'phase to reduce the strain concentration around the precipitate phases.

Phase precipitation behavior and tensile properties of as-cast Ni-based superalloy during heat treatment

The phase precipitation behavior and tensile properties of an as-cast Ni-based alloy,IN617B alloy,after solution heat treatment and long-term aging treatment were investigated.Ti(C,N),M6C and M23C6 are the primary precipitates in as-cast microstructure.After solution heat treatment,most of carbides dissolve into the matrix except a few fine Ti(C,N)within grains.During long-term aging at 700°C,the phase precipitation behaviors of the alloy are characterized as follows:(1)M23C6 carbides at grain boundaries(GBs)transform from film-like shape to cellular shape and gradually coarsen due to the decrease of the surface energy and element aggregation to GBs;(2)M23C6 carbides within grains have a bar-like morphology with a preferential growth direction[110]and have a cube-on-cube coherent orientation relationship with the matrixγ;(3)γ?particles inhibit the coarsening of M23C6 within grains by constraining the diffusion of formation elements.Furthermore,the tensile strength of the alloy obviously increases,but the ductility significantly decreases after the aging for 5000 h.The alloy has a relatively stable microstructure which guarantees the excellent tensile properties during long-term aging.

Effect of Relative Humidity on Catalytic Combustion of Toluene over Copper Based Catalysts with Different Supports

The copper based catalysts, CuO/T-Al2O3, CuO/y-Al2O3-cordierite （Cord） and CuO/Cord, were prepared by impregnation method. The catalytic activity of the catalysts was tested in absence and presence of water vapor,and the catalysts were characterized. Temperature program desorption （TPD） experiments or toluene and water on the catalysts were carried out. The influence of water vapor on the activity of the catalysts was discussed. Results showed that addition of the water vapor has a significant negative effect on the catalytic activity of the catalysts.The higher the concentration of the Water vapor in feed steam was, the lower the catalytic activity of the copper based catalysts became, which could be mainly ascribed to the competition of water molecules with toluene molecules for adsorption on the catalyst surfaces. TPD experiments showed that the strength of the interaction between water molecules and three catalysts followed the order： CuO/γ-Al2O3〉CuO/γ-Al2O3-Cord〉CuO/Cord. As a consequence of that, the degree of degradation in the catalytic activity of these three catalysts by the water vapor followed the order： CuO/γ-Al2O3〉CuO/y-Al2O3-Cord〉CuO/Cord. However, the negative effect of the water vapor was reversible.

Standard heat treatment effects on TLP bonded IN-738LC superalloy using BNi-9 filler:An approach to make an ideal joint

The present research is focused on the effects of standard heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion brazed IN-738 LC superalloy.Three distinct heat treatment cycles of full solution annealing,partial solution annealing,and aging treatment were applied to the bonded specimens,sequentially.The results reveal that bonding at 1120℃for 5 min leads to incomplete isothermal solidification and formation of eutectic phases including Ni-and Cr-rich borides in the joint centerline.Increasing the holding time to 45 min leads to the full isothermal solidification and formation of a nickel proeutectic solid-solution phase(γ)in the joints.The standard heat treatment of isothermally solidified and non-isothermally solidified specimens results in the complete elimination of the boride phases in the diffusion-affected zone and also the formation ofγ’precipitates in the isothermally solidified zone.However,discontinuously re-solidified products are observed in joint district in the non-isothermally solidified sample.The highest shear strength(~801 MPa)is achieved for isothermally solidified specimen after standard heat treatment;this strength is approximately 99%that of the substrate material.

Effect of cooling rate on microstructure and tensile properties of powder metallurgy Ni-based superalloy

The effects of size distribution,morphology and volume fraction ofγ′phase and grain size on tensile properties of powder processed Ni-based superalloy were investigated by using two different quenching methods.Oil quenching and air cooling were adopted with cooling rate of 183°C/s and 4?15°C/s,respectively.The experimental results show that the average size of the secondaryγ′after oil quenching is 24.5 nm compared with 49.8 nm under air cooling,and corresponding volume fractions ofγ′are 29%and 34%,respectively.Meanwhile,the average grain size remains nearly equivalent from both oil-quenching and air-cooling specimens.The tensile strength at room temperature is higher for the oil-quenched specimen than the equivalent from the air-cooled specimen,but the difference approaches each other as the temperature increases to 650°C.The fractography clearly demonstrates that transgranular fracture governs the failure process at ambient temperature,in contrast to the intergranular fracture at 650°C or even higher temperature.These two mechanical responses indicate the strengthening effects ofγ′precipitates and grain boundary for polycrystalline Ni-based superalloys at different temperatures.

长期时效过程中GH625合金的析出相演变

采用扫描电镜和能谱对720℃长期时效后GH625合金的析出相进行了研究并测试了其拉伸性能。结果表明:长时时效促进了合金中γ相→γ″相→δ相的转变,5×10~3h时效后合金中析出了大量的δ相;析出相提高了时效态合金的屈服强度和抗拉强度但降低了合金的塑性。当γ″相的尺寸超过500 nm后对合金的塑性不利,而大量δ相的析出则严重降低了合金的塑性。

Study on absorption coefficients of dual-energy γ-rays in determining phase fractions of multiphase flows

This paper discusses the principle and mathematical method to measure the phase fractions of multiphase flows by using a dual-energy gamma-ray system. The dual-energy gamma-ray device is composed of radioactive isotopes of 241Am and 137Cs with emission energies of 59.5 keV and 662 keV respectively. A rational method to calibrate the absorption coefficient was introduced in detail. The statistical error has been analyzed on the basis of the accurate absorption coefficient which enables determination phrase fractions almost independent of the flow regime. Improvement has been achieved on the measurement accuracy of phase fractions.

Volumetric fraction measurement in oil-water-gas multiphase flow with dual energy gamma-ray system

Volumetric fraction distribution measurement is a constituent part of process tomography system in oil-water-gas multiphase flow. With the technological development of nuclear radial inspection, dual-energy γ-ray techniques make it possible to investigate the concentration of the different components on the cross-section of oil-water-gas multiphase pipe-flow. The dual-energy gamma-ray technique is based on materials attenuation coefficients measurement comprised of two radioactive isotopes of 241Am and 241Cs which have emission energies at 59.5 keV and 662 keV in this project. Nuclear instruments and data acquisition system were designed to measure the material’s attenuation dose rate and a number of static tests were conducted at the Multiphase Laboratory, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Three phases of oil-water-gas media were inves- tigated for their possible use to simulate different media volumetric fraction distributions in experimental vessels. Attenuation intensities were measured, and the arithmetic of linear attenuation coefficients and the equations of volumetric fractions were studied. Investigation of an unexpected measurement error from attenuation equations revealed that a modified arithmetic was involved and finally the system achieved acceptable accuracy in experimental research.

激光温喷丸强化Inconel718镍基合金热腐蚀性能研究

利用Spit Light2000型纳秒激光器对Inconel718镍基合金进行激光温喷丸(WLSP)强化实验,将WLSP强化试样置于700℃混合熔盐(75%Na2SO4+25%Na Cl,百分数指质量分数)中进行热腐蚀实验,对腐蚀前后的WLSP强化试样进行质量损失检测、X射线衍射(XRD)分析以及腐蚀形貌观察,探索了WLSP改善Inconel718镍基合金耐热腐蚀性的机理。结果表明,腐蚀10 h与25 h后260℃-WLSP试样的质量损失分别为未处理试样的18.9%与17.9%。WLSP热腐蚀10 h后试样表面的Cr2O3氧化膜未出现明显剥落,且没有Cr S、Ni O产物生成,说明WLSP处理后的试样表面没有受到S的侵蚀,故能有效抑制材料热腐蚀行为的发生,分析认为WLSP试样表面微观组织的晶粒细化及γ″相析出物能有效减缓O、S的侵入,进而有效提高Inconel718镍基合金的耐热腐蚀性能。