Morphological evolution ofγ'phase in K465 superalloy during thermal fatigue

The alternative heating/cooling cycles (thermal fatigue) of K465 superalloy were carried out. The specimens were held at 1 050℃for 300 s, then quenched into 20℃recycling water for 10 s as a cycle. During thermal fatigue,γ' precipitates changed typically from cubical to irregular shape after 10 cycles, to complex configuration after 20 cycles and raft-like shape after 30 cycles. The very fineγ' particles precipitated inter the originalγ' particles. The elastic energy dominated morphological evolution of largeγ' precipitates, and the thermal stress induced the directional growth of precipitates that minimized the total energy of the system, and the nucleation theory controlled the formation of fineγ' precipitate. The results show that the volume fraction ofγ' precipitates is increased with the increase of heating/cooling cycles, which improves the mechanical property of this alloy.

PHASE EQUILIBRIA OF α_2(α)/γ IN Ti-Al-Nb TERNARY SYSTEM

ＰＨＡＳＥＥＱＵＩＬＩＢＲＩＡＯＦα２（α）／γＩＮＴｉＡｌＮｂＴＥＲＮＡＲＹＳＹＳＴＥＭ①ＤｉｎｇＪｉｎｊｕｎ，ＺｈａｏＧａｎｇ，ＨａｏＳｈｉｍｉｎｇＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＥｎｇｉｎｅｒｉｎｇＳｃｈｏｏｌ...

Coercive Force of γ-Phase in WC-Co Cemented Carbides

The influence of γ-phase composition in WC-Co cemented carbides on its specific coercive force H_(sc) hasbeen studied by analysing the imitative alloys of γ-phase. The results show that the H_(sc) of γ-phase is lower thanthat of pure cobalt, because the solute W can raise γ-phase H_(sc) but the carbon exhibits more intense negativeeffect on H_(sc). The effect is enhanced with raising the C solubilities in γ-phase.

α(α2)/γ PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN Ti-Al-C AND Ti-Al-B TERNARY SYSTEMS

α（α２）／γＰＨＡＳＥＥＱＵＩＬＩＢＲＩＡＩＮＴｉＡｌＣＡＮＤＴｉＡｌＢＴＥＲＮＡＲＹＳＹＳＴＥＭＳ①ＬｉＪｕｎｔａｏ，ＨａｏＳｈｉｍｉｎｇＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＥｎｇｉｎｅｒｉｎｇ，Ｎｏｒｔｈｅａｓ...

Studies on absorption coefficients of dual-energy γ-rays and measur-ing error correction for multiphase fraction determination

In this article, principle and mathematical method of determining the phase fractions of multiphase flows by using a dual-energy γ -ray system have been described. The dual-energy γ -ray device is composed of radioactive isotopes of 241Am and 137Cs with γ -ray energies of 59.5 and 662 keV, respectively. A rational method to calibrate the absorption coefficient was introduced in detail. The modified arithmetic is beneficial to removing the extra Compton scattering from the measured value. The result shows that the dual-energy γ -ray technique can be used in three-phase flow with average accuracy greater than 95%, which enables us to determine phase fractions almost independent of the flow regime. Improvement has been achieved on measurement accuracy of phase fractions.

Gamma-ray attenuation technique for measuring void fraction in horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow

The measurement of void fraction is of importance to the oil industry and chemical industry. In this article, the principle and mathematical method of determining the void fraction of horizontal gas-liquid flow by using a sin- gle-energy γ-ray system is described. The γ-ray source is the radioactive isotope of 241Am with γ-ray energy of 59.5 keV. The time-averaged value of the void fraction in a 50.0-mm i.d. transparent horizontal pipeline is measured under various combinations of the liquid flow and gas flow. It is found that increasing the gas flow rate at a fixed liquid flow rate would increase the void fraction. Test data are compared with the predictions of the correlations and a good agreement is found. The result shows that the designed γ-ray system can be used for measuring the void fraction in a horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow with high accuracy.

Antiphase Boundary Strengthening in a Single Crystal Nickel-base Superalloy

An investigation has been made into strengthening mechanism in a single crystal nickel-base superalloy DD8 by transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the stress rupture strength of the alloy increases with decreasing misfit, and the antiphase boundaries (APBs) formed in the ordered γ' phase, rather than the misfits, play a dominate role in strengthening of the single crystal Ni-base superalloy DD8.There are three kinds of mechanisms for forming the APBs which were observed in the present materials. One is mis-arrangement of the local ordered atoms in the γ' precipitates due to the local strain; the second arises from the 1/2<110> dislocations cutting into the γ', and the third is the formation of the APBs induced by the 1/2<110> matrix dislocation network. The contribution of the antiphase boundary energy to the strength of the alloy can be expressed by:where τ is the resistance to deformation provided by the APB energy; S is the long-range order degree in γ'; Tc is the transition temperature from order to disorder; f is the volume fraction of γ'; rs is the radius of γ'; b is the Burgers vector; a is the lattice constant; G is the shear modulus, and k is the proportional constant.

Synthesis of Cyclopropylamine with Phase Transfer Catalysis

Cyclopropylamine is synthesized with γ butyrolactone and isopropanol by five steps of ring opening esterification, cyclization, hydrolysis, acylation and Hofmann degradation. Cyclization and hydrolysis are key steps in the process, and Phase Transfer Catalysis (PTC) is used in the two steps respectively. In the cyclization reaction, because solid liquid PTC, sodium hydroxide is applied instead of expensive sodium alcoholate, the reaction can be carried out in mild conditions. The optimum re action conditions are as follows: 0.03∶1∶1.5 mole ratio of BTEAC to ester to sodium hydroxide, reacting at 50 ℃ for 2 h with yield of 92%. Hydrolysis of isopropyl cyclopropanecarboxylate is accelerated by liquid liquid PTC, and the order of catalytic activity is BTEAC>BTMAC>CTMAB>TBAB. The results show that the new synthesis method is superior to those from literature and feasible for production with simple routes, mild reaction conditions, cheap materials and total yield of 52.6%.

The Behaviour of Mg in γ-phase in a Ni-base Superalloy

1.IntroductionSince the biginning of 1960s,the effectof Mg upon superalloy has been studiedand some satisfactory developments havebeen achieved.The role of Mg on the alloycan be summarized as follows:(1)Themechanical plasticity of Ni-base superalloycan be improved by adding Mg asdesulphurizer,because of forming insolubleMgS instead of other low melting eutectic

Phase Transition Behavior of Nanocrystalline Al₂O₃Powders

Alumina (Al2O3) has been synthesized through combustion synthesis (CS) technique. The calcined products were characterized using X-ray diffractional analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). TG-DTA results reveal the various stages involved in transition from γ-phase to α-Al2O3 phase. The first phase γ-Al2O3 was presented in the temperature range from 600°C-875°C as deduced from the XRD patterns with cubic crystal structure. The second stage occurs in the temperature range from 900°C-1000°C. In the final step, above 1000°C, the aluminium oxide appears completely as α-Al2O3, showing high crystallinity. The particle sizes are closely related to γ- to α-Al2O3 phase transition.

EXTRACTION OF INTERFERON-γ USING PEG/K_3PO_4 AQUEOUS TWO-PHASE SYSTEM

The aqueous two-phase system of PEG-4000/K3PO4 is selected to extract interferon-γ（γ-IFN）from the broth of homogenized E.coil cells,which were recombined genetically and werefermented in high expressivity.The effects of pH value and the concentrations of PEG and phos-phate on the partition behavious of γ-IFN and contaminating proteins have been investigated.Theresults show that the pH value is the most influential factor effecting the extraction yield of γ-IFN.Under a suitable condition,an effective separation with high yield of γ-IFN can be achieved.

FORMATION OFδ-PHASE IN AUSTENITIC STEELS

The relationship between the γ/(γ+δ) boundary temperature Tδ of austenitic steels and the equivalent weights of [Crl and [Ni] and the variation rule of the δ phase volume with the temperature are studied With the aid of computer,the regressives expression derived from the experimental results are Tδ(℃) = T4 -21.2[Cr] +15.8[Ni]-223. Vδ(%)=0.715 exp 0.015(T-Tδ).

Preparation of Paraffin/γ-Al2O3 Composites as Phase Change Energy Storage Materials

Paraffin/γ-Al2O3 composites as phase change energy storage materials were prepared by absorbing paraffin in porous network of γ-Al2O3.In the composite materials,paraffin was used as a phase change material(PCM)for thermal energy storage,and γ-Al2O3 acted as supporting materials.Characterizations were conducted to evaluate the energy storage performance of the composites,and differential scanning calorimeter results showed that the PCM-3 composite has melting latent heat of 112.9 kJ/kg with a melting temperature of 62.9 ℃.Due to strong capillary force and surface tension between paraffin and γ-Al2O3,the leakage of melted paraffin from the composites can be effectively prevented.Therefore,the paraffin/γ-Al2O3 composites have a good thermal stability and can be used repeatedly.

Microscopic phase-field simulation of atomic site occupation in ordering process of NiAl_9Fe_6 alloy

The process of γ(fcc)→γ(fcc)+γ'(L12)phase transformation was simulated by using microscopic phase-field method for the low supersaturation NiAl9Fe6 alloy.It is found that in the γ' phase,the ordering degree of Al atoms is obviously higher than that of Fe atoms,and the ordering of Al atoms precedes their clustering,while the case of Fe atoms is opposite.The α site is mainly occupied by Ni atoms,while the β site is occupied in common by Al,Fe and Ni atoms.At order-disorder interphase boundary,the ordering degree of Al atoms is higher than that of Fe atoms,and at the β site,the Fe atomic site occupation probabilities vary from high to low during ordering;the Al atomic site occupation probabilities are similar to those of Fe atoms,but their values are much higher than those of Fe atoms;Ni atoms are opposite to both of them.Meanwhile,during the ordering transformation,γ' phase is always a complex Ni3(AlFeNi)single-phase,and it is precipitated by the non-classical nucleation and growth style.Finally,in the alloy system,the volume of γ' ordered phase is less than that of γ phase,and the volume ratio of order to disorder is about 77%.

Influences of Alloying Elements W, Mo, Cr and Nb on Retained Beta Phase in 47Al Based near γ-TiAl Alloys

The influences of alloying elements W, Mo, Cr, and Nb on retained ft phase in 47AI based near 7-TiAI alloys have been studied. The results reveal that the amount of retained β phase is increased by the addition of Cr, Mo, W in rising rank, although the distribution of β phase in Cr-bearing alloys is different from that of Mo- or W-bearing alloys. For Nb-doped alloys, no retained ft was found even when 5 at. pct Nb was added. The as-cast microstructural features and the distribution of the b phase in the different alloy families were compared and interpreted in terms of the different segregation behaviour of these elements in Ti.

Microstructural evolution of a PM TiAl alloy during heat treatment in α+γ phase field

In this study, the effect of temperatures and cooling rates of heat treatment on the microstructure of a powder metallurgy (PM) Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb-(B,W) (at.%) alloy was studied. Depending on the cooling rate and temperature, the different structures were obtained from the initial near-γ (NG) microstructures by heat treatment in the α+γ field. The results show that the microstructures of samples after furnace cooling (FC) consist primarily of equiaxed γ and α 2 grains, with a few grains containing lamellae. Duplex microstructures consist mainly of γ grains and lamellar colonies were obtained in the quenching into another furnace at 900°C (QFC) samples. However, further increasing of the cooling rate to air cooling (AC) induces the transformation of α→α_2 and results in a microstructure with equiaxed γ and α_2 grains, and no lamellar colonies are found.

新型耐热合金C-HRA-3高温时效过程析出相成分特征分析

针对C-HRA-3耐热合金在700℃和750℃时效后的试样研究了M_(23)C_(6)碳化物和γ′相化学相组成变化规律。结果表明:C-HRA-3合金经高温时效后析出M_(23)C_(6)碳化物和γ′相,其中M_(23)C_(6)碳化物中合金元素M为Cr、Mo、Ni和Co,γ′相中合金元素有Ni、Co、Al、Ti、Mo、Cr和Nb,时效至8000 h后,700℃时效后M_(23)C_(6)碳化物析出量约0.978%,γ′相析出量约9.5%;750℃时效后,M_(23)C_(6)碳化物析出量约1.023%,γ′相析出量约6.753%,随时效温度升高,M_(23)C_(6)碳化物析出量增加约4.6%,γ′相析出量减小约28.9%。

Analysis of α, β, γ-hexachlorocyclohexanes in water by novel activated carbon fiber-solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography—mass spectrometry

A fast and simple method for determination of α, β, γ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in water using activated carbon fiber-solid phase microextraction(ACF-SPME) were studied. Results showed the performance of adsorption and desorption of three HCHs on ACF were excellent. A wide linear range from 10 to 100 μg/L and detection limits of the ng/L level were obtained using ACF-SPME with GC-MS in selected ion monitoring(SIM) acquisition mode. The proposed method was also successfully applied for determination of three HCHs in tap water. Compared to commercial fibers, ACF showed some advantages such as better resistance to solvents, higher thermal stability, longer lifetime and lower cost. The data demonstrated that GC-MS with ACF-SPME is well suitable for the analysis of HCHs in water.

百日咳患儿血清IFN-γ、IL-5水平及其与免疫状态的关系

目的探讨百日咳患儿血清γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-5(IL-5)水平及其与免疫状态的关系。方法选取2021年1月至2023年12月该院儿科收治的300例百日咳患儿临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据患儿不同免疫状态分为未免疫组、部分免疫组和完全免疫组。比较3组患儿入院时血清IFN-γ、IL-5水平,并根据患儿年龄及完全免疫患儿接种时长进行分组,观察不同分组状况下患儿血清IFN-γ、IL-5水平。采用多因素Logistic回归分析百日咳患儿血清IFN-γ、IL-5水平及其与免疫状态的关系。结果完全免疫组患儿血清IFN-γ水平高于未免疫组和部分免疫组,血清IL-5水平低于未免疫组和部分免疫组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);部分免疫组患儿IFN-γ水平高于未免疫组,血清IL-5水平低于未免疫组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);>3~6岁患儿血清IFN-γ水平高于其他年龄段患儿,IL-5水平低于其他年龄段患儿,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,调整受试者白细胞计数、淋巴细胞比例后,与完全免疫患儿比较,部分免疫患儿和未免疫患儿血清IFN-γ每增加一个单位,认为百日咳患儿免疫功能下降风险增加0.886倍(95%CI:0.836~0.938);部分免疫患儿和未免疫患儿血清IL-5每增加一个单位,认为百日咳患儿免疫功能下降风险增加1.255倍(95%CI:0.161~1.357);完全免疫状态下不同接种时长患儿血清IFN-γ、IL-5水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论不同免疫状态的百日咳患儿血清IFN-γ、IL-5水平存在一定差异,二者水平在一定程度上与患儿的免疫状态有关。

一种新型Ni-Fe基高温合金的微观组织演化与蠕变行为

采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、电子背散射衍射技术,研究了GH4070P合金在725℃/180 MPa和725℃/150 MPa条件下的蠕变行为,分析了合金在不同条件下蠕变后的微观组织和晶体学特征,揭示了合金蠕变过程中析出相的演变规律及断裂机制。结果表明:在725℃/180 MPa和725℃/150 MPa蠕变条件下,位错通过Orowan机制绕过γ′析出相;725℃/150 MPa蠕变合金由于γ′相的粗化产生位错塞积。蠕变期间,合金晶界应力集中较为明显,产生了蠕变孔洞和微裂纹,最终导致沿晶断裂。