Hypothalamic Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) directly activates the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA axis) during the surgical trauma induced stress response. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been demonstrated...Hypothalamic Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) directly activates the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA axis) during the surgical trauma induced stress response. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been demonstrated to have stress relieving effects in breast surgery, colorectal surgery, prostatectomy and craniotomy. This study was aimed to investigate the hypothesis that EA could regulate hypothalamic CRF in surgical trauma rats. In experiment one, Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats were divided into intact, model (10% partial hepatectomy), sham EA and EA group. Rats from the Sham EA and EA group were stimulated at ST36-Zusanli and SP6-Sanyiniiao acupoints twice, 24 hours before the surgery and immediately after the surgery. Expressions of hypothalamic CRF and CRFR, GABA receptors, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and Corticosterone (CORT) were observed at 2, 4, 8 and 24 h after the surgery by radioimmunoassay (RIA), western blot, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. In the experiment two, SD male rats were divided into the intact, model, model + vehicle, model + L-838,417 EA and EA + L838,417 group. It was found that hypothalamus CRF, serum ACTH and CORT levels were increased in model group compared with the intact group, and those in the EA group decreased in comparison with the model group. Compared with the model group, hypothalamus-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor Aα3 mRNA and protein expressions of the EA group raised strikingly. In conclusion, EA alleviated surgical stress response by improving the GABA synthesis in hypothalamus, thus enhancing GABA receptors’ inhibitory regulation of the HPA axis dysfunction in rats with acute surgical trauma.展开更多
The ability to cancel a motor response is critical for optimal functioning in various facets of daily life. Hence, efficient inhibitory motor control is a key function throughout the lifespan. Considering the fact tha...The ability to cancel a motor response is critical for optimal functioning in various facets of daily life. Hence, efficient inhibitory motor control is a key function throughout the lifespan. Considering the fact that inhibitory motor function gradually declines with advancing age, it is not surprising that the study of motor inhibition in this age group is gaining considerable interest. In general, we can distinguish between two prominent types of motor inhibition, namely proactive and reactive inhibition. Whereas the anticipation for upcoming stops(proactive inhibition) appears readily preserved at older age, the ability to stop an already planned or initiated action(reactive inhibition) generally declines with advancing age. The differential impact of aging on proactive and reactive inhibition at the behavioral level prompts questions about the neural architecture underlying both types of inhibitory motor control. Here we will not only highlight the underlying structural brain properties of proactive and reactive inhibitory control but we will also discuss recent developments in brain-behavioral approaches, namely the registration of neurochemical compounds using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This technique allows for the direct detection of the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, i.e., γ-aminobutyric acid, across the broader cortical/subcortical territory, thereby opening new perspectives for better understanding the neural mechanisms mediating efficient inhibitory control in the context of healthy aging. Ultimately, these insights may contribute to the development of interventions specifically designed to counteract age-related declines in motor inhibition.展开更多
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis（NASH） is one of the most common liver diseases and a major cause of liver fibrosis worldwide.r-Aminobutyric acid（GABA） is one of the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitters in the c...Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis（NASH） is one of the most common liver diseases and a major cause of liver fibrosis worldwide.r-Aminobutyric acid（GABA） is one of the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.Recently,it has been reported that GABAergic signaling pathways are found in various non-neuronal tissues including the immune system and play a functional role.In the present study,we investigated whether administration of GABA has effects on NASH through its immunomodulatory effects.To test this hypothesis,C57BL/6 mice were fed a methionine-choline-deficient（MCD） diet for 8 weeks.After four weeks into MCD feeding,mice were provided with plain water（control） or water containing 2 mg/mL of GABA for the subsequent 4 weeks.Using this MCD diet-induced NASH model,we found that mice receiving GABA showed more severe steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis than control mice.This increased liver damage was confirmed by higher levels of serum alanine transaminase（ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase（AST） compared to the control group.In accordance with increased liver steatohepatitis,NASH-related and inflammatory gene expression（collagen al,tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1,TNF-α） in the liver was markedly increased in GABA-treated mice.Furthermore,GABA directly enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS activated RAW macrophage cells and increased TIB-73 hepatocyte death.Such effects were abolished when GABA was treated with bicuculline,a competitive antagonist of GABA receptors.These results suggest that oral administration of GABA may be involved in changes of the liver immune milieu and conferred detrimental effects on NASH progression.展开更多
【目的】为研究γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)种子引发处理对盐胁迫下辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长的效果及其可能机制。【方法】以茂蔬360朝天椒为材料,通过不同浓度γ-氨基丁酸(0、1.0、2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0μmol/L)种子引发处理,分析了100 mM NaCl模...【目的】为研究γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)种子引发处理对盐胁迫下辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长的效果及其可能机制。【方法】以茂蔬360朝天椒为材料,通过不同浓度γ-氨基丁酸(0、1.0、2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0μmol/L)种子引发处理,分析了100 mM NaCl模拟盐胁迫下的辣椒种子萌发及幼苗生长的形态、生理和生化指标,【结果】浓度为6.0μmol/L的GABA引发处理显著增加了辣椒种子的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量,降低了O_(2)-·和MDA的积累,提高了CAT酶活性、ASA及DHA含量;GABA引发处理提高了辣椒种子盐胁迫下发芽率22.6%、发芽势9.91倍、发芽指数56.3%及活力指数70.6%;GABA引发处理增加了盐胁迫下辣椒幼苗的地上部鲜质量、根系鲜质量、干质量及株高,降低了幼苗MDA含量、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,增加了SOD、CAT和APX活性。【结论】GABA通过提前启动种子贮藏物质的代谢及调控抗氧化防御能力增强辣椒种子萌发能力及耐盐性,并且在幼苗阶段再遇盐碱胁迫下,调控渗透调节物质含量和增强抗氧化酶活性,增加幼苗对盐胁迫的耐受性。展开更多
文摘Hypothalamic Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) directly activates the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA axis) during the surgical trauma induced stress response. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been demonstrated to have stress relieving effects in breast surgery, colorectal surgery, prostatectomy and craniotomy. This study was aimed to investigate the hypothesis that EA could regulate hypothalamic CRF in surgical trauma rats. In experiment one, Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats were divided into intact, model (10% partial hepatectomy), sham EA and EA group. Rats from the Sham EA and EA group were stimulated at ST36-Zusanli and SP6-Sanyiniiao acupoints twice, 24 hours before the surgery and immediately after the surgery. Expressions of hypothalamic CRF and CRFR, GABA receptors, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and Corticosterone (CORT) were observed at 2, 4, 8 and 24 h after the surgery by radioimmunoassay (RIA), western blot, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. In the experiment two, SD male rats were divided into the intact, model, model + vehicle, model + L-838,417 EA and EA + L838,417 group. It was found that hypothalamus CRF, serum ACTH and CORT levels were increased in model group compared with the intact group, and those in the EA group decreased in comparison with the model group. Compared with the model group, hypothalamus-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor Aα3 mRNA and protein expressions of the EA group raised strikingly. In conclusion, EA alleviated surgical stress response by improving the GABA synthesis in hypothalamus, thus enhancing GABA receptors’ inhibitory regulation of the HPA axis dysfunction in rats with acute surgical trauma.
基金supported by the Research Foundation Flanders(G089818N to SPS)+6 种基金the Excellence of Science grant(EOS,30446199,MEMODYN to SPS)the KU Leuven Research Fund(C16/15/070 to SPS)the postdoctoral fellowship from the Research Fund KU Leuven(PDM/18/180 to LP)an aspirant fellowship of the Research Foundation–Flanders(FWO)to CM
文摘The ability to cancel a motor response is critical for optimal functioning in various facets of daily life. Hence, efficient inhibitory motor control is a key function throughout the lifespan. Considering the fact that inhibitory motor function gradually declines with advancing age, it is not surprising that the study of motor inhibition in this age group is gaining considerable interest. In general, we can distinguish between two prominent types of motor inhibition, namely proactive and reactive inhibition. Whereas the anticipation for upcoming stops(proactive inhibition) appears readily preserved at older age, the ability to stop an already planned or initiated action(reactive inhibition) generally declines with advancing age. The differential impact of aging on proactive and reactive inhibition at the behavioral level prompts questions about the neural architecture underlying both types of inhibitory motor control. Here we will not only highlight the underlying structural brain properties of proactive and reactive inhibitory control but we will also discuss recent developments in brain-behavioral approaches, namely the registration of neurochemical compounds using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This technique allows for the direct detection of the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, i.e., γ-aminobutyric acid, across the broader cortical/subcortical territory, thereby opening new perspectives for better understanding the neural mechanisms mediating efficient inhibitory control in the context of healthy aging. Ultimately, these insights may contribute to the development of interventions specifically designed to counteract age-related declines in motor inhibition.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government(No.2008-0061604)supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),whichis funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT & Future Planning 18(2014R1A1A1006622)
文摘Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis（NASH） is one of the most common liver diseases and a major cause of liver fibrosis worldwide.r-Aminobutyric acid（GABA） is one of the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.Recently,it has been reported that GABAergic signaling pathways are found in various non-neuronal tissues including the immune system and play a functional role.In the present study,we investigated whether administration of GABA has effects on NASH through its immunomodulatory effects.To test this hypothesis,C57BL/6 mice were fed a methionine-choline-deficient（MCD） diet for 8 weeks.After four weeks into MCD feeding,mice were provided with plain water（control） or water containing 2 mg/mL of GABA for the subsequent 4 weeks.Using this MCD diet-induced NASH model,we found that mice receiving GABA showed more severe steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis than control mice.This increased liver damage was confirmed by higher levels of serum alanine transaminase（ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase（AST） compared to the control group.In accordance with increased liver steatohepatitis,NASH-related and inflammatory gene expression（collagen al,tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1,TNF-α） in the liver was markedly increased in GABA-treated mice.Furthermore,GABA directly enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS activated RAW macrophage cells and increased TIB-73 hepatocyte death.Such effects were abolished when GABA was treated with bicuculline,a competitive antagonist of GABA receptors.These results suggest that oral administration of GABA may be involved in changes of the liver immune milieu and conferred detrimental effects on NASH progression.
文摘【目的】为研究γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)种子引发处理对盐胁迫下辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长的效果及其可能机制。【方法】以茂蔬360朝天椒为材料,通过不同浓度γ-氨基丁酸(0、1.0、2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0μmol/L)种子引发处理,分析了100 mM NaCl模拟盐胁迫下的辣椒种子萌发及幼苗生长的形态、生理和生化指标,【结果】浓度为6.0μmol/L的GABA引发处理显著增加了辣椒种子的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量,降低了O_(2)-·和MDA的积累,提高了CAT酶活性、ASA及DHA含量;GABA引发处理提高了辣椒种子盐胁迫下发芽率22.6%、发芽势9.91倍、发芽指数56.3%及活力指数70.6%;GABA引发处理增加了盐胁迫下辣椒幼苗的地上部鲜质量、根系鲜质量、干质量及株高,降低了幼苗MDA含量、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,增加了SOD、CAT和APX活性。【结论】GABA通过提前启动种子贮藏物质的代谢及调控抗氧化防御能力增强辣椒种子萌发能力及耐盐性,并且在幼苗阶段再遇盐碱胁迫下,调控渗透调节物质含量和增强抗氧化酶活性,增加幼苗对盐胁迫的耐受性。
