Effects of β-Amino Butyric Acid Induced Rice Blast Resistance on Reactive Oxygen Metabolism

[Objective] This study was to understand the effects of β-Amino butyric acid(abbreviated as BABA) induced rice blast resistance on reactive oxygen metabolism. [Method] Using the cultivar Chaochan 2 that is highly susceptible to disease as experimental material, the changes of catalase(CAT), and superoxide dismutase(SOD) and MDA activities in rice treated by BABA were investigated. [Result] In rice plants treated by BABA, the activities of CAT and SOD increased, meanwhile the MDA content also rose to some extent, resulting in the disease resistance to rice blast. [Conclusion] By influencing reactive oxygen metabolism, BABA endows rice plants with resistance to rice blast. BABA is safe to environment and has highly resistance-inducing capacity, it could be generalized in production.

Dietary <i>γ</i>-Aminobutyric Acid Shortens the Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Dietary γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) has been suggested to decrease systolic blood pressure. This study aimed to ex-amine the effects of dietary GABA on the life span of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs). In this study, life span was determined for SHRSPs provided 1% NaCl solution or 0.01% GABA in 1% NaCl solution as drinking water. The life span of the GABA-fed group (76.3 ± 1.65 days) was significantly shorter than that of the control group (81.6 ± 0.88 days). The results of this study may not be applicable to humans. Future studies will be necessary to elucidate the mechanism underlying this phenomenon.

Emergence of taurine as a therapeutic agent for neurological disorders

Taurine is a sulfur-containing,semi-essential amino acid that occurs naturally in the body.It alternates between inflammation and oxidative stress-mediated injury in various disease models.As part of its limiting functions,taurine also modulates endoplasmic reticulum stress,Ca^(2+)homeostasis,and neuronal activity at the molecular level.Taurine effectively protects against a number of neurological disorders,including stro ke,epilepsy,cerebral ischemia,memory dysfunction,and spinal cord injury.Although various therapies are available,effective management of these disorders remains a global challenge.Approximately 30 million people are affected worldwide.The design of taurine fo rmation co uld lead to potential drugs/supplements for the health maintenance and treatment of central nervous system disorders.The general neuroprotective effects of taurine and the various possible underlying mechanisms are discussed in this review.This article is a good resource for understanding the general effects of taurine on various diseases.Given the strong evidence for the neuropharmacological efficacy of taurine in various experimental paradigms,it is concluded that this molecule should be considered and further investigated as a potential candidate for neurotherapeutics,with emphasis on mechanism and clinical studies to determine efficacy.

The Dominant Glutamic Acid Metabolic Flux to Produce γ-Amino Butyric Acid over Proline in Nicotiana tabacum Leaves under Water Stress Relates to its Significant Role in Antioxidant Activity

γ-Amino butyric acid （GABA） and proline play a crucial role in protecting plants during various environmental stresses. Their synthesis is from the common precursor glutamic acid, which is catalyzed by glutamate decarboxylase and △1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase respectively. However, the dominant pathway under water stress has not yet been established. To explore this, excised tobacco leaves were used to simulate a water-stress condition. The results showed GABA content was much higher than that of proline in leaves under water-deficit and non-water-deficit conditions. Specifically, the amount of GABA significantly increased compared to proline under continuous water loss for 16 h, indicating that GABA biosynthesis is the dominant pathway from glutamic acid metabolism under these conditions. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and protein Western gel-blot analysis further confirmed this. To explore the function of GABA accumulation, a system producing superoxide anion （O 2 - ）, peroxide hydrogen （H 2 O 2 ）, and singlet oxygen （ 1 O 2 ） was employed to investigate the scavenging role on free-radical production. The results demonstrated that the scavenging ability of GABA for O 2 - , H 2 O 2 , and 1 O 2 was significantly higher than that of proline. This indicated that GABA acts as an effective osmolyte to reduce the production of reactive oxygen species under water stress.

Transport and Metabolism of the Endogenous Auxin Precursor Indole-3-Butyric Acid

Plant growth and morphogenesis depend on the levels and distribution of the plant hormone auxin. Plants tightly regulate cellular levels of the active auxin indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） through synthesis, inactivation, and transport. Although the transporters that move IAA into and out of cells are well characterized and play important roles in devel- opment, little is known about the transport of IAA precursors. In this review, we discuss the accumulating evidence sug- gesting that the IAA precursor indole-3-butyric acid （IBA） is transported independently of the characterized IAA transport machinery along with the recent identification of specific IBA efflux carriers and enzymes suggested to metabolize IBA. These studies have revealed important roles for IBA in maintaining IAA levels and distribution within the plant to support normal development.

Contents Variation Analysis ofγ-Amino Butyric Acid in Semen sojae praeparatum Fermentation Using Online Pre-Column Derivatization-HPLC

This paper reported the contents variation analysis ofγ-amino butyric acid(GABA)in Semen sojae praeparatum(SSP)which is a famous traditional Chinese medicine.High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)was used and GABA was derivatized by online pre-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde(OPA).To validate this method,the precision,stability,repeatability and recovery were discussed.In the concentration range from 0.0125 to 0.400 mg/m L,the calibration curve for GABA was linear and the regression equation was obtained with correlation coefficient(R2)of 0.9999.Relatively high levels of GABA exist in SSP and the content changes of GABA at different time points during the fermenting process were detected.At the"yellow cladding"stage,GABA level was very low or even undetectable;the"secondary fermentation"stage witnessed a rapid increase of GABA content to 1.39-5.52 mg/g,which remained stable after 18 days of"secondary fermentation".This study demonstrated that GABA was generated at the"secondary fermentation"stage,revealing the significance and rationality of the"secondary fermentation"stage in the fermenting process of SSP.On the other hand,it suggested the downside of taking soy isoflavones as the only measurement in existing quality assessment and optimization approach for the fermenting process of SSP.

Fermentation of groundnut brittle by Lactococcus lactis producesγ-amino butyric acid and enhances nutritional quality and safety

Objectives:The study aimed to evaluate the anti-nutrient reductions andγ-amino butyric acid(GABA)enrichments of chikki(peanut brittle),a popular of traditional snack food,using Lactococcus lactis subsp.lactis.The nutritional,storage,and sensorial analysis in order to understand the safety and functionality of chikki following fermentation were attempted.Materials and Methods:Partial fermentations of chikki were carried out using overnight grown culture of L.lactis samples.The fermented chikki were further analysed for GABA and anti-nutrients.The antioxidant profile,protein,and sugar were also analysed.The storage studies were carried on up to 2 months for functional property evaluations.Results:Fermentations at 37°C,pH of 5,with 1%inoculum and incubation for 24 h were optimal conditions,and resulted in the GABA concentration of 816 mg/g,respectively,and the GABA concentration did not change significantly(P>0.05)upon storage for upto a period of 2 months.Analysis of the fermented chikki revealed a slightly higher level of phenolic,flavonoid,protein,and sugar contents as compared to those which were not subjected to fermentation.The results of sensorial analysis showed an overall general acceptability on a 5-point hedonic scale to be 8.5±0.01(before storage)and 8.03±0.01(after storage).The fermented chikki also possessed antioxidant properties and significantly(P<0.05)low levels of phytates with complete reductions of other anti-nutrients.Conclusions:Traditionally prepared/manufactured chikki lacks GABA,possesses notable levels of anti-nutrients with lower phenolics,flavonoids,as well as antioxidants.Our study suggested a simple preparation of GABA could enrich the popular ethnic snack through fermentation by L.lactis subsp.lactis.The developed snack is acceptable,economical with good shelf life,and has substantially reduced levels of anti-nutrients originating from groundnuts affording consumer safety.

油莎豆生长素受体TIR1基因家族鉴定及响应盐胁迫和外源IBA的表达分析

特色油料作物油莎豆(Cyperus esculentus L.)地下块茎可积累大量油脂,且具有适应性广和抗逆性强等特点,是研究植物抗逆性和地下营养器官富集油脂的优异材料。运输抑制剂响应蛋白1(transport inhibitor response protein 1,TIR1)作为生长素受体可调控植物生长发育和响应非生物胁迫。然而,油莎豆CeTIR1的相关研究鲜有报道。本研究基于油莎豆转录组数据筛选鉴定出4个油莎豆TIR1基因(CeTIR1-1、CeTIR1-2、CeTIR1-3和CeTIR1-4),并采用RT-PCR技术克隆到4个CeTIR1成员的ORFs。生物信息学分析表明,4个CeTIR1蛋白含有典型的F-box蛋白结构域、AMN1超结构域和Transp_inhibit结构域。CeTIR1s序列长度、编码蛋白相对分子量和等电点等理化性质差异较小。4个CeTIR1分别与禾本目莎草科、木犀科及十字花科的植物来源的TIR1s在进化上亲缘关系较近。基因表达分析显示,油莎豆CeTIR1基因在不同组织表达水平差异显著,均在块茎组织中高表达,在根和叶组织中表达量较低。盐胁迫处理下油莎豆幼苗抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量升高,添加外源IBA处理后,盐胁迫油莎豆幼苗的抗氧化酶活性进一步升高且MDA含量降低。这预示着IBA可以缓解盐胁迫对油莎豆幼苗生长的不利影响。qRT-PCR结果显示,4个CeTIR1基因在盐胁迫处理幼苗中表达量增加,外源添加IBA亦可显著上调CeTIR1-2基因的表达。综合分析显示CeTIR1-2可能是参与调控油莎豆幼苗响应盐胁迫的一个重要基因。研究结果可为挖掘生长素调控油莎豆生长发育和抗逆性相关功能基因以及油莎豆逆境栽培研究提供科学依据和重要参考。

谷氨酸钠、γ-氨基丁酸注入黑质对大鼠尾壳核二价金属离子转运体1和膜铁转运辅助蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨谷氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对大鼠尾壳核铁代谢的影响。方法大鼠立体定位后,向大脑黑质分别注射谷氨酸钠(MSG)和GABA,观察大鼠尾壳核铁含量,黑质多巴胺能神经元酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的变化以及尾壳核的无铁反应元件结构的二价金属离子转运体1(DMT1-IRE)、膜铁转运辅助蛋白(HP)含量的变化。结果与对照组相比,MSG组大鼠尾壳核铁含量显著增加,GABA组与对照组相比没有显著差异;谷氨酸钠组和GABA组大鼠黑质TH免疫阳性细胞平均吸光度(AA)与对照组相比均无显著差异;与对照组相比,谷氨酸钠组大鼠尾壳核DMT1-IRE表达均显著增加,而GABA组DMT1-IRE表达有明显降低;谷氨酸钠组大鼠尾壳核HP表达显著降低,GABA组HP表达显著增高。结论黑质的谷氨酸和GABA可能通过影响尾壳核DMT1-IRE和HP的表达影响纹状体尾壳核的铁代谢。

植物体中的吲哚丁酸(IBA)

吲哚丁酸（ＩＢＡ）是植物体内天然存在的一种生长素，具有比吲哚乙酸（ＩＡＡ）更好的促进生根能力，本文对ＩＢＡ在植物体内的生物合成、代谢和极性运输等方面作一介绍。

Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor inhibits hippocampal synaptic reorganization in pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus rats

Objective： To examine modulations caused by cyclooxygenase-2 （COX-2） inhibitors on altered microenvironments and overbalanced neurotransmitters in pilocarpine-induced epileptic status rats and to investigate possible mechanisms. Methods： Celecoxib （a COX-2 inhibitor） was administered 45 min prior to pilocarpine administration. The effects of COX-2 inhibitors on mlPSCs （miniature GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents） of CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus were recorded. Expressions of COX-2, c-Fos, newly generated neurons, and activated microgliosis were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and expressions of c^-subunit of y-amino butyric acid （GABAA） receptors and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase （MAPK/ERK） activity were detected by Western blotting. Results： Pretreatment with celecoxib showed protection against pilocarpine-induced seizures. Celecoxib prevented microglia activation in the hilus and inhibited the abnormal neurogenesis and astrogliosis in the hippocampus by inhibiting MAPK/ERK activity and c-Fos transcription. Celecoxib also up-regulated the expression of GABAA receptors. NS-398 （N-2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl-methanesulfonamide）, another COX-2 inhibitor, enhanced the frequency and decay time of mIPSCs. Conclusion： The COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib decreased neuronal excitability and prevented epileptogenesis in pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus rats. Celecoxib regulates synaptic reorganization by inhibiting astrogliosis and ectopic neurogenesis by attenuating MAPK/ERK signal activity, mediated by a GABAergic mechanism.

丁酸钠对高蛋白饲料诱导雏鹅痛风及肠道尿酸转运体蛋白表达的影响

该试验旨在研究丁酸钠对高蛋白饮食雏鹅尿酸代谢、肠道尿酸转运体蛋白表达及痛风发生的影响。选取1日龄扬州鹅300只,随机分成5组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只,分别为正常饲粮对照组(NDC组,粗蛋白质16.5%)、高蛋白组(HPC组,粗蛋白质24%)、低剂量丁酸钠组(LSB组,按0.025%添加于高蛋白饲粮)、中剂量丁酸钠组(MSB组,按0.05%添加于高蛋白饲粮)和高剂量丁酸钠组(HSB组,按0.1%添加于高蛋白饲粮)。试验期18 d。结果表明:(1)HSB组雏鹅采食量从10日龄起,MSB组从14日龄起,分别显著高于HPC组(P<0.05);HSB组雏鹅体重从14日龄起高于HPC组,MSB组体重在18日龄时高于HPC组(P<0.05)。(2)14日龄时,HPC组、LSB组、MSB组及HSB组血清尿酸(UA)水平均超过阈值,表现为高尿酸血症,HPC组UA水平最高,HSB组最低;试验期间,HPC组痛风发病率(38%)高于HSB组(18.3%)。(3)与HPC组比较,HSB组回肠中三磷酸腺苷结合转运蛋白G超家族成员2(ABCG2)基因mRNA表达升高,蛋白表达降低(P<0.05),MSB组及HSB组回肠中溶质载体家族2成员9(SLC2A9)基因mRNA及蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05)。由此可见,丁酸钠可以改善高蛋白饲粮饮食雏鹅的血清尿酸代谢,减少痛风发生,提高生产性能,其作用机制可能与调节回肠尿酸转运体蛋白ABCG2和SLC2A9表达有关。

ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF γ-AMINOBU-TYRIC ACID AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ITS AMINO ACID CONTENTS FROM PANAX GINSENG

Panax ginseng (C. A. Meyer) is the most popular Chinese herb and has been used for medicine for centuries in China and some other Asian countries. Previous studies of this herb were mostly concentrated on the constituents soluble in organic solvents, but relatively less on those soluble in water. We think that more attention should be paid to the latter be-

γ-氨基丁酸转运体与癫痫

根据γ-氨基丁酸转运体（γ-amino butyric acid transporter,GAT）5种不同亚型的脑区及亚细胞分布特点,GAT1和GAT3两者与癫（癎）的发生和发展关系最为密切.GAT表达异常或功能受损是癫（癎）发作时神经元高兴奋性的原因之一.γ-氨基丁酸能抑制性回路减少及其表达的GAT下降,原发性GAT表达上调,是癫（癎）发生的反应性改变或者癫（癎）发生的原因.