Development of in-situ Marine Sediment Geo-Acoustic Measurement System with Real-Time and Multi Frequencies (the Second Generation)

Compared with the laboratory acoustic measurement of sediment samples, the in-situ acoustic measurement in marine sediment is considered more accurate and rehable, because it covers all of the surrounding environment factors and avoids the disturbance during the course of sampling and transporting of sediment samples. A new multi-frequency in-situ geoacoustic measurement system （MFIS^AMS） has been developed. The system can provide acoustic vdocity （compressional wave） and attenuation profiles of the uppermost 4 - 8 m sediment in the seafloor. It consists of 8 channels with 12 frequencies （multi-frequencies） and 0.5 - 2 MHz sampling rates. The data collected can be transmiuted in real-time. Associated with inclinometer and altimeter, it can provide the data for depth emendation. Acoustic velocity and attenuation data have been obtained from two in-situ experiments conducted in the Hangzhou Bay.

Tests of new in-situ seabed acoustic measurement system in Qingdao

A new in-situ seabed acoustic measurement system is developed for direct in-situ measurement of sediment geoacoustic properties （compressional wave velocity and attenuation）. The new in-situ system consists of two parts： the deck control unit and the underwater measurement unit. The underwater measurement unit emits sonic waves that propagate through the seafloor sediment, receives the returning signals, and transmits them to the deck control unit for waveform display and analysis. The entire operation is controlled and monitored in real time by the deck control unit on the research vessel and can provide recording of full waveforms to determine the sound velocity and attenuation. This paper outlines the design of the system, the measurement process, and demonstrates its application in tests carded out on seabed sediment off the Qingdao coast, China. The test results show that the system performed well and rapidly provided accurate in-situ acoustic velocity and attenuation estimates of the seafloor sediment.

Characterizing ship-induced hydrodynamics in a heavy shipping traffic waterway via intensified field measurements

Ship-induced hydrodynamics play an important role in shaping the cross-sectional profile of inland waterways and produce a large amount of pressure on the fluvial environment.This study aimed at quantifying the characteristics of ship-induced waves and currents in a heavy shipping traffic waterway via intensified field measurements conducted in the Changzhou segment of the Grand Canal,in Jiangsu Province,China.Based on the processed hydrodynamic data,waves and currents caused by single ships and multiple ships were investigated.For single ships,the shipinduced wave heights estimated with empirical formulas were not consistent with the observations.Categorized by the loading conditions of barges,the drawdown height was characterized by the ratio of ship speed to its limit speed.The maximum non-dimensional ship-induced wave height was parameterized by a nonlinear combination of the depth Froude number and a blockage coefficient.For multiple ships,when ships closely followed each other or interlaced each other's paths,it was difficult to characterize the superposition of several ship wakes.The magnitudes of current velocities induced by single ships and multiple ships were respectively nine and six times as large as those of natural flow.This may result in more severe sediment(re)suspension than natural flows.©2020 Hohai University.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Impact of Forestry Interventions on Groundwater Recharge and Sediment Control in the Ganga River Basin

Water related services of natural infrastructure will help to combat the risk of water crisis, and nature-based solutions involve the management of ecosystems to mimic or optimize the natural processes for the provision and regulation of water. Forested areas provide environmental stability and supply a high proportion of the world’s accessible freshwater for domestic, agricultural, industrial and ecological needs. The present work on “Forestry Interventions for Ganga” to rejuvenate the river is one of the steps toward the Ganga River rejuvenation programme in the country. The consequences of forestry interventions for Ganga will be determined on the basis of water quantity and water quality in the Ganga River. The study conservatively estimated the water savings and sedimentation reduction of the riverscape management in the Ganga basin using the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) & GEC, 2015 and Trimble, 1999 & CWC, 2019 methodologies, respectively. Forestry plantations and soil and moisture conservation measures devised in the programme to rejuvenate the Ganga River are expected to increase water recharge and decrease sedimentation load by 231.011 MCM·yr-1 and 1119.6 cubic m·yr-1 or 395.20 tons·yr-1, respectively, in delineated riverscape area of 83,946 km2 in Ganga basin due to these interventions. The role of trees and forests in improving hydrologic cycles, soil infiltration and ground water recharge in Ganga basin seems to be the reason for this change. Forest plantations and other bioengineering techniques can help to keep rivers perennial, increase precipitation, prevent soil erosion and mitigate floods, drought & climate change. The bioengineering techniques could be a feasible tool to enhance rivers’ self-purification as well as to make river perennial. The results will give momentum to the National Mission of Clean Ganga (NMCG) and its Namami Gange programme including other important rivers in the country and provide inputs in understanding the linkages among forest structure, function, and streamflow.

Experimental investigation on the effective thermal conductivities of different hydrate-bearing sediments

The natural gas hydrate has been regarded as an important future green energy.Significant progress on the hydrate exploitation has been made,but some challenges are still remaining.In order to enhance the hydrate exploitation efficiency,a significant understanding of the effective thermal conductivity(ETC)of the hydrate-bearing sediment has become essential,since it directly controls the heat and mass transfer behaviors,and thereby determines the stability of hydrate reservoir and production rate.In this study,the effective thermal conductivities of various hydrate-bearing sediments were in-situ measured and studied.The impacts of temperature,particle size and type of sediment were investigated.The effective thermal conductivities of the quartz sand sediments before and after hydrate formation were in-situ measured.The results show the weak negative correlation of effective thermal conductivity of the quartz sand sediment on the temperature before and after the hydrate formation.The effective thermal conductivity of the hydrate-bearing sediment decreases with the increase of particle size of the sediment.The dominant effect of the type of porous medium on the characteristics of the effective thermal conductivity of hydrate-bearing sediment was highlighted.The results indicate that both the effective thermal conductivities of hydrate-bearing quartz sand sediment and hydrate-bearing silicon carbide sediment are weakly negatively correlated with temperature,but the effective thermal conductivity of hydrate-bearing clay sediment is weakly positively dependent on the temperature.In addition,the values of the effective thermal conductivities of various hydrate-bearing sediments are in the order of hydrate-bearing silicon carbide sediment>hydrate-bearing quartz sand sediment>hydrate-bearing clay sediment.These findings could suggest that the intrinsic thermal conductivity of porous medium could control the characteristics of effective thermal conductivity of hydrate-bearing sediment.

冲击式水轮机泥沙磨损试验测试系统研发

冲击式水轮机在多沙河流上运行时会面临十分严重的泥沙磨损问题。针对目前国内缺乏冲击式水轮机泥沙磨损研究试验系统的情况,研发了一套冲击式水轮机泥沙磨损试验测试系统。该系统由管路及供水系统、沙水池及泥沙搅拌系统、水轮机试验机组、数据采集与测控系统等部分组成,可支持最高水头800 m、最大流量300 m^(3)/h和最高水轮机转速2500 r/min的冲击式水轮机泥沙磨损和性能试验,采用可编程控制器(PLC)和LabVIEW软件可实现供水泵启停、水轮机转速调节和管路阀门自动控制,同时能实时监测水轮机转速、水头、流量等关键参数。经过试验显示该泥沙磨损试验测试系统具有精度高(达0.3%)、自动化水平高、运行稳定、操作简单以及人机界面友好等特点。

抽水蓄能电站防沙措施研究

以典型抽水蓄能电站为研究对象,开展了水库防沙措施研究。针对复杂工程条件,在分析各种防沙布置措施的基础上,考虑以沉代拦、导沉结合,提出导沙堤和尾水明渠相结合的防沙布置型式。经过数值模拟和物理模型验证,该型式减少过机泥沙效果明显,水力学参数合理。研究成果可为类似工程规划、设计和运行提供参考。

横断山区典型流域次降水事件水沙特征分析

横断山区干热河谷高温低湿,植被稀疏,水土流失现象较为严重,是金沙江、澜沧江和怒江等大江大河泥沙的主要源区。干热河谷地区水土流失多由次强降水事件造成,因此在该区域基于次降水事件尺度开展水沙特征研究,对于评价降雨和下垫面对流域产流产沙的相对贡献、指导未来水土保持实践具有重要意义。基于金沙江一级支流龙川江流域小黄瓜园水文站1966—2018年实测水沙数据,运用Mann-Kendall方法划分基准期和变化期,并基于2期次降水事件,对比分析降雨等级相同、暴雨覆盖面积比例等级相同、降雨量和降雨空间分布相似等3种情况下,2期水沙特征及变化原因。结果表明:1)小黄瓜园1966—2018年径流量和输沙量呈现明显下降趋势,其中2008年为突变年份;2)水土保持措施主导下的下垫面变化是变化期径流输沙减少的主要原因。长期以来龙川江流域实施的水土保持工程有效地改变下垫面的情况,减流减沙效果明显。应进一步加强横断山区等地形复杂地区次降水事件尺度水沙变化研究,更好地指导水土保持优化配置与管理。

基于原位磁性测量的海滩沉积物重金属污染来源和迁移范围解析

环境磁学被广泛认为是监测沉积物中重金属污染的一种有效方法。本研究将以青岛两个海滩为例,研究通过原位磁性测量获得的体积磁化率值(κ)辅以重金属含量数值,以获得重金属污染的κ临界值并追踪沉积物重金属污染的来源和迁移。结果表明,第一海水浴场海滩沉积物没有重金属污染,第二海水浴场海滩沉积物存在轻微的Cr、Zn和Fe污染,其主要来自于排污口废水排放。青岛花岗岩质海岸的κ值的背景值在600×10^(-5) SI以内。当κ超过600×10^(-5) SI左右时,海滩存在出现重金属污染的可能;当κ超过1600×10^(-5) SI左右时,会轻微出现污染。在同一海滩较高的κ值是较低值的50倍以上时,海滩将存在明显的重金属污染。重金属在海滩上的迁移模式受到污染源、风和水动力因素的影响也受到城市排污政策控制。本研究明确了如何利用快速、高分辨率以及常态化的现场原位磁性测量,以有效追踪海滩上重金属的来源以及了解污染物的扩散范围,该方法可以辅助海滩生态系统保护以及海滩污染管理政策的制定。

南方红壤侵蚀流域不同情景措施的减沙效应模拟

为揭示南方红壤侵蚀流域不同情景措施的减沙效应,实现区域可持续发展,采用SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)模型模拟方法,以南方典型花岗岩红壤侵蚀流域——福建长汀朱溪流域为研究区域,在模拟该流域产流产沙状况的基础上,通过不同水土保持措施和不同土地利用方式调整的情景设置,量化分析不同情景措施对该流域的减沙效应。结果表明,SWAT模型的模拟效果能达到模型要求的精度,2013—2017年朱溪流域年均径流量和年均泥沙量分别为4.793×10^(7)m^(3)和1.037×10^(7)kg。乔灌草混交和全坡面种草措施能有效提高植被覆盖度,减沙效果优越;不同土地利用方式下模拟得到朱溪流域单位面积年均减沙率为3.49%。以上研究结果可为红壤侵蚀流域泥沙阻控的生态恢复措施提供决策参考。

砒砂岩区十大孔兑沙棘生态减沙工程现状调查及管理对策研究

砒砂岩区沙棘生态减沙工程是我国晋陕蒙区防风治沙、强化水土保持的重要举措,该工程的发展现状及管理对策值得引起特别关注。本文以十大孔兑上游砒砂岩丘陵沟壑区沙棘林为研究对象,通过实地调研与问卷调查等研究方法,明确砒砂岩区十大孔兑沙棘生态减沙工程发展现状、实施现状、沙棘林生长状况、抚育措施及其经济效益等情况,提出了统一筹划构建沙棘林长效管理机制、多举并措健全沙棘林抚育措施实施方案、因地制宜完善沙棘资源产业化开发方案等管理对策,为晋陕蒙区砒砂岩区十大孔兑沙棘生态减沙工程的实施与管理提供科学支撑。

海底原位分层声学测量模拟装置的设计与实验

【目的】为研究原位测量装置的测量特性和不同环境下海底沉积物声学特性的变化机制,设计一种海底原位分层声学测量模拟装置。【方法】装置主要由分层运动控制单元、声学测量单元和计算机控制单元三部分组成,通过电动缸对声学测量探杆进行定位运动与连续运动控制,实现对声学测量探杆运动精度分析。通过在水中进行测量标定,获得装置声学测量探杆的校正距离差和扩散衰减系数。通过模拟原位分层声学测量实验,实现不同类型海底沉积物的声学特性测量。【结果与结论】声学测量探杆的校正距离差为77.14 mm,此装置发射声波的平均扩散衰减系数为(34.30±0.46)dB/m。声学测量探杆运动控制精度高,能准确运动到不同层中进行声学特性分层测量,定位测量和连续测量两种测量方式都能获得稳定的实验数据。

基于VOF-DPM模型的明渠含沙数值模拟及量水方案比选

为探究含沙水流对明渠流量测量精度的影响,基于Fluent软件采用VOF-DPM模型对明渠进行数值模拟,分别模拟不同进口流速和含沙量组合条件下渠道内流量、液位及泥沙颗粒分布,并将数值模拟结果与试验结果进行对比分析,计算出各量水设施的流量误差与液位误差。结果表明:采用VOF-DPM模型可以较好地模拟含沙水流在明渠的流态,通过开展不同流量级的流量测试可知,在不同含沙量条件下,巴歇尔槽流量计误差最小(-3%~1%),超声流量计(-4%~3%)和电磁流量计(-9%~2%)量测效果均较好,雷达流量计误差较大(-20%~4%),说明非接触式流量计在高含沙量、大流量的情况下需进一步提高测量精度;超声液位、电磁液位与雷达液位误差均较大,试验中尾部巴歇尔槽壅水以及泥沙在渠道底部淤积是造成较大液位误差的原因之一。

缆控式海底沉积物声温同步探测取样系统研发与应用

为精确测量海底浅表层沉积物声学及温度参数,自主研发了一种缆控式海底沉积物声温同步原位探测取样系统。与国内外传统的沉积物声学原位探测系统相比,该系统能够完成深海浅表层沉积物声速、声衰减等声学参数以及多点位温度的原位实时测量,同时实现了可视化同步精准取样。整套系统以5个单元为基础构建,包括声学参数原位测量系统、多点位温度梯度探测系统、浅表层沉积物取样系统、固定组件以及实时通讯控制系统,实现了声波发射和接收、沉积物取样、多点位温度探测等关键技术的融合。本套系统于2022年5月在台西南盆地进行了海试应用,成功获取了试验区域海底浅表层沉积物的声速、声衰减系数、温度梯度等原位参数。海试结果表明,该系统工作稳定,声速测量精度小于2%,原位温度梯度精度误差小于0.001℃。同时,获取低扰动高保真的原位柱状沉积物样品共计超过3 m,用于后期实验室与原位测量的对比分析。该系统的成熟应用,有助于提高海底浅表层沉积物声学参数的探测效率与精度。

1986-2018年黄土丘陵区典型小流域不同水文年水沙变化

[目的]探讨黄土丘陵区罗玉沟典型小流域水沙变化趋势以及不同水文年径流输沙对水土流失治理的响应差异,量化降水和人类活动对流域水沙影响的相对贡献,以期为黄土丘陵第三副区流域水土流失治理和水资源管理提供参考。[方法]基于罗玉沟流域1986—2018年的降雨、径流、输沙等数据,采用Mann-Kendall检验法、累积距平法及双累积曲线法分析流域水沙变化趋势及驱动因素。[结果]1986—2018年罗玉沟流域河流由常流河转变为季节性河流,干河日数显著上升(p<0.01),2000年以来干河日数多在300 d以上;同期,罗玉沟流域径流输沙显著下降(p<0.05),与基准期1986—1993年相比,1994—2007年减水减沙率分别为61.9%,44.3%,2008—2018年径流输沙分别减少67.5%,76.4%;在2008—2018年平水年和枯水年间罗玉沟流域输沙模数分别为(1 080.0±107.5) t/km^(2),(167.8±111.4) t/km^(2),而在暴雨频发丰水年,输沙模数仍接近4 000 t/km^(2);流域产流产沙能力降低,水沙关系发生改变,相同径流条件下输沙量减少,即流域径流含沙量水平降低,开始变清;相比降雨变化而言,人类活动是流域水沙变化的主导因素,1994—2007年人类活动对减水减沙的贡献率分别为83.3%和79.5%,而2008—2018年人类活动的贡献率分别为91.8%,94.4%,表明流域水沙变化受人类活动影响越来越大,其中,坡改梯及退耕还林还草工程是主要影响因素。[结论]因沟道治理工程建设不足,罗玉沟流域在丰水年因沟道重力侵蚀导致流域输沙仍然剧烈,因此,需要加强沟道治理进一步减少流域水土流失。

岸坡淤积对高桩码头结构受力的影响及清淤防治措施

利用有限元方法分析了岸坡淤积对高桩码头结构受力的影响,提出了码头下方局部清淤联合码头后方开挖以减小淤积影响的防治措施。通过构建高桩码头排架结构的实体单元模型,探讨了岸坡淤积和使用荷载的耦合作用对码头结构内力及水平位移的影响;通过比较岸坡淤积过程中的桩基受力及变形,揭示了桩基损伤机理,即岸坡淤积使桩土相互作用面积增大,桩基受到的附加淤积土压力作用增大,导致受横梁约束桩基的桩顶弯矩增大。岸坡淤积对码头结构存在显著影响,随着淤积高度的增加,桩基的内力及水平位移、横梁的水平位移显著增大;码头岸坡淤积、码头后方超淤及船舶撞击力的联合作用,对淤积岸坡的坡顶处和后侧的向岸斜桩的内力影响最大,桩基最易受损;对码头下方的淤积坡肩进行局部清淤,联合在码头后方挖槽的清淤措施,可有效降低危险桩基的桩顶弯矩,减小淤积对码头结构的影响。

塔里木灌区多泥沙明渠测流设备比测与精度分析

为探究新疆塔里木灌区含沙水流对测流设备精度的影响,选取灌区测流条件较好且具有代表性的明渠水流为研究对象,以电磁流量计为基准,在室内明渠水槽测试了时差法超声流量计、旋桨式流速仪、多普勒流速仪,在不同含沙量(最大含沙量55 kg/m^(3),塔里木灌区明渠天然沙,中值粒径0.034 mm)下的测流精度.结果表明:在含沙量范围内测流平均意义上,时差法超声流量计在含沙量S≤33 kg/m^(3)下测流误差为-0.66%~7.92%,符合明渠量水误差规范要求,能够满足塔里木灌区最高含沙量(29 kg/m^(3))下的量水精度;旋桨式流速仪在低流速下测量结果偏低,随着含沙量的增大其测量结果逐渐偏大,误差最大达93%;多普勒流速仪在低含沙量下测量结果比清水条件下更精准,但高含沙量下测量误差较高,达140%~190%.研究结果可为塔里木灌区明渠测流设备选用提供借鉴,继而促进推广与应用.

Quantitative measurement and application of droplets on physical surfaces based on LIF technology

Contaminated surfaces play a significant role in the transmission of respiratory infectious diseases.To address this issue,we pre-sented a novel quantitative detection method for droplets on physical surfaces,based on the laser-induced fluorescence technique.The proposed detection method was demonstrated in a realistic high-speed train compartment scenario by simulating the process of droplet release during passengers’breathing and coughing.The experimental results showed that this method could offer high precision(10-1 mg/m^(2))for detecting minute substance concentrations,and its ease of operation makes it suitable for complex en-gineering environments.The results also revealed that under the combined effects of the indoor airflow and breathing airflow,the range of droplets released by breathing activity exceeded two rows in front of and behind the release position.Simultaneously,we observed that a large number of droplets settled on the seat surfaces on both sides of the same row as the releaser,with over 36%of these droplets concentrated on the backrest area of the seats.As the respiratory jet velocity increased,the location with the most sed-iment droplets(accounting for 8%of the total sedimentation)occurred on the seat directly in front of the releaser,and approximately 48% of the droplets were found on the back of this seat.Our proposed method overcomes the shortcomings of existing experimental methods in quantitatively capturing the motion characteristics of droplets in complex flow fields.

水沙变化条件下不同边界弯曲河道演变特征研究

弯曲河道具有迂回曲折的外形和蜿蜒蠕动的动态特征,其形成、发展和演变是受多种因素综合影响的复杂过程。为研究水沙变化条件下弯曲河流的河道演变特征,采用自然模型法在室内水槽中塑造出相对自然的弯曲河道,设置有、无护岸措施两种工况进行模型试验。结果表明:在有护岸措施条件下,河道纵剖面上游段冲刷下切、下游段变化不大,河道整体比降呈减小趋势,河道深泓弯曲度减小,其演变响应特性对含沙量的变化更敏感;在无护岸措施条件下,河道滩槽演变调整作用较强,纵剖面呈整体式下切,且下游段纵剖面下切幅度较上游段大,河道深泓弯曲度逐渐增大,其演变响应特性对流量的变化更敏感。弯曲河道发生演变的实质是变化的水沙条件与河道形态调整之间相互适应的过程,演变的最终趋势是河道的形态结构与水沙条件达到相互协调的平衡状态。

地球化学勘查在早子沟金矿中的应用及启示

早子沟金矿位于西秦岭造山带的西北部,植被发育,基岩出露较差,地球化学勘查是区域最有效的勘查方法之一。在系统梳理早子沟金矿1∶20万、1∶5万水系沉积物测量及1∶1万土壤测量地球化学特征的基础上,结合深部钻孔SK8314原生晕特征,发现Au元素与Sb、As、Hg、Ag、Cu等元素具有正相关性,特别是Au、Sb元素组合是金矿找矿的直接地球化学标志,深部原生晕分带序列为Bi-Cu-Mo-Sb-Ag-Au-W-As-Sn-Zn-Cd-Pb-Cr-Ni-Co-Hg,尾晕元素Bi和近矿晕元素Cu位于分带序列前缘晕,Pb、Zn元素位于分带序列尾晕,表明矿体具有多期成矿叠加特征,深部可能存在盲矿体。同时在钻孔SK8314孔深1850 m以下,随着深度增大,地球化学参数(As+Sb)/(Bi+Mo)值和100·Sb/(Bi·Mo)值呈现逐渐增大的趋势,指示深部可能存在盲矿体,依然具有较大的找矿空间。研究成果可为早子沟金矿的深部及外围找矿提供参考。