To feed an increasing population, large amounts of chemical nitrogen fertilizer have been used to produce much of our food, feed and fiber thereby increasing nitrogen levels in soils, natural waters, crop residues, li...To feed an increasing population, large amounts of chemical nitrogen fertilizer have been used to produce much of our food, feed and fiber thereby increasing nitrogen levels in soils, natural waters, crop residues, livestock wastes,and municipal and agricultural wastes, with national and international concern about its potential adverse effects on environmental quality and public health. To understand these phenomena and problems, first the nitrogen cycle and the environment are described. Then recent trends for nitrogen cycling through the food and feed system, N2O emissions from fertilized upland and paddy soils, and NO-3 pollution in ground water in Japan are reported. Finally, mitigation strategies in Japan for reducing N2O emission and NO-3 pollution are proposed, including nitrification inhibitors, controlled release fertilizers, utilization of plant species that could suppress nitrification, utilizing the toposequence, government policy, and appropriate agricultural practices. Of all the technologies presented, use of nitrification inhibitors and controlled release fertilizers are deemed the most important with further development of these aspects of technologies being expected. These practices, if employed worldwide, could help reduce the load, or environmental deterioration, on the Earth's biosphere.展开更多
A new molybdophosphate, (NH3CH2CH2NH3)2Mo5O15(HPO4)2 has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized by single crystal X ray diffractions. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic,...A new molybdophosphate, (NH3CH2CH2NH3)2Mo5O15(HPO4)2 has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized by single crystal X ray diffractions. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic, space group C2/c, a=1.7633(2)nm, b=1.00122(11) nm, c=1.37624(13)nm, β=96.974(5)°, V=2.4117(5)nm3, Z=4, Dc=2.853g·cm-3, μ(MoKα)=2.766mm-1, F(000)=1992. The structure contains the isolated polyanions of [Mo5O15(HPO4)2]4- units around which the portonated ethylenediamine ions are pos itioned. By hydrogen bond interactions the polyanions are interconnected to form a three dimensional network. Other characterizations by powder XRD, IR and thermal analysis are also described. CCDC: 206321.展开更多
The supersaturated solution of MgO· 3B2O3 18% MgSO4 H2O was prepared and then reacted under hydrothermal condition at 120℃ . The solid phases of the different time were identified by means of chemical analysis, ...The supersaturated solution of MgO· 3B2O3 18% MgSO4 H2O was prepared and then reacted under hydrothermal condition at 120℃ . The solid phases of the different time were identified by means of chemical analysis, XRD, FT IR, SEM. The results show that the solid phases are spherical and sheet szaibelyite, which is different from those of non hydrothermal condition. On these grounds we suggested the crystallization mechanism of szaibelyite under the hydrothermal condition and then discussed the effects of hydrothermal properties on the crystallization mechanism.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Canadian International Development Agency, Canada and the Chinese Academy of Scicences, China (No. KZCX2-413)
文摘To feed an increasing population, large amounts of chemical nitrogen fertilizer have been used to produce much of our food, feed and fiber thereby increasing nitrogen levels in soils, natural waters, crop residues, livestock wastes,and municipal and agricultural wastes, with national and international concern about its potential adverse effects on environmental quality and public health. To understand these phenomena and problems, first the nitrogen cycle and the environment are described. Then recent trends for nitrogen cycling through the food and feed system, N2O emissions from fertilized upland and paddy soils, and NO-3 pollution in ground water in Japan are reported. Finally, mitigation strategies in Japan for reducing N2O emission and NO-3 pollution are proposed, including nitrification inhibitors, controlled release fertilizers, utilization of plant species that could suppress nitrification, utilizing the toposequence, government policy, and appropriate agricultural practices. Of all the technologies presented, use of nitrification inhibitors and controlled release fertilizers are deemed the most important with further development of these aspects of technologies being expected. These practices, if employed worldwide, could help reduce the load, or environmental deterioration, on the Earth's biosphere.
文摘A new molybdophosphate, (NH3CH2CH2NH3)2Mo5O15(HPO4)2 has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized by single crystal X ray diffractions. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic, space group C2/c, a=1.7633(2)nm, b=1.00122(11) nm, c=1.37624(13)nm, β=96.974(5)°, V=2.4117(5)nm3, Z=4, Dc=2.853g·cm-3, μ(MoKα)=2.766mm-1, F(000)=1992. The structure contains the isolated polyanions of [Mo5O15(HPO4)2]4- units around which the portonated ethylenediamine ions are pos itioned. By hydrogen bond interactions the polyanions are interconnected to form a three dimensional network. Other characterizations by powder XRD, IR and thermal analysis are also described. CCDC: 206321.
文摘The supersaturated solution of MgO· 3B2O3 18% MgSO4 H2O was prepared and then reacted under hydrothermal condition at 120℃ . The solid phases of the different time were identified by means of chemical analysis, XRD, FT IR, SEM. The results show that the solid phases are spherical and sheet szaibelyite, which is different from those of non hydrothermal condition. On these grounds we suggested the crystallization mechanism of szaibelyite under the hydrothermal condition and then discussed the effects of hydrothermal properties on the crystallization mechanism.