Antigen epitopes of animal coronaviruses:a mini-review

Coronaviruses are widespread in nature and can infect mammals and poultry,making them a public health concern.Globally,prevention and control of emerging and re-emerging animal coronaviruses is a great challenge.The mecha-nisms of virus-mediated immune responses have important implications for research on virus prevention and control.The antigenic epitope is a chemical group capable of stimulating the production of antibodies or sensitized lympho-cytes,playing an important role in antiviral immune responses.Thus,it can shed light on the development of diagnos-tic methods and novel vaccines.Here,we have reviewed advances in animal coronavirus antigenic epitope research,aiming to provide a reference for the prevention and control of animal and human coronaviruses.

Clinical Effect of Yinhuang Qingfei Capsules in Treatment of Asymptomatic and Mild/Common Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection:An Analysis of 242 Cases

[Objectives]To investigate the clinical effect of Yinhuang Qingfei capsules in the treatment of asymptomatic and mild/common severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection.[Methods]A total of 362 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were divided into the treatment group with 242 patients and control group with 120 patients according to their treatment regimen.The patients in the control group were given standard treatment regimen and those in the treatment group were given Yinhuang Qingfei capsules in addition to the treatment in the control group.The two groups were observed in terms of average length of hospital stay,mean time for nucleic acid clearance,TCM syndrome score,and progression to severe/critical illness,and clinical outcome was compared between the two groups.[Results]There was a significant difference in the overall response rate between the treatment group and the control group[97.52%(236/242)vs 95.00%(114/120),P<0.05].Compared with the control group,the treatment group had significantly shorter length of hospital stay and time for nucleic acid clearance(P<0.05).After 7 days of treatment,both groups had a significant change in TCM syndrome score,and there was a significant difference in TCM syndrome score between the two groups(P<0.05);after 15 days of treatment,both groups had a TCM syndrome score of 0.Progression to severe/critical illness was not observed in either group.[Conclusions]Compared with the standard treatment regimen alone,standard treatment regimen combined with Yinhuang Qingfei capsules can effectively shorten the length of hospital stay and time for nucleic acid clearance and improve TCM symptoms in patients with asymptomatic and mild/common SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Prevention and Nursing of Adverse Reactions of Novel Coronavirus Inactivated Vaccine (Vero Cells)

Objective:To discuss and analyze the causes of adverse reactions caused by the inactivated novel coronavirus vaccine(Vero cells),and to propose methods of prevention and care.Methods:A questionnaire was used to randomly select 229 adults who were vaccinated with the inactivated novel coronavirus vaccine(Vero cells)at Xi’an People’s Hospital(Xi’an Fourth Hospital).The adverse reactions were statistically analyzed.Results:Among the 229 adults vaccinated with the inactivated novel coronavirus vaccine(Vero cells),30 experienced vaccination reactions.The main reaction was local induration at the inoculation site,and dizziness was the primary systemic symptom.Conclusion:To reduce the incidence of adverse reactions to the inactivated novel coronavirus vaccine(Vero cells),it is necessary to effectively evaluate the health status of adults before vaccination,select the correct vaccination site,and strictly implement the rules of 3-inspections,7-checks,and 1-verification.Standardizing the operation process and providing thorough health education after vaccination can effectively reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions.

Risk factors and strategies for prevention of depression, anxiety and eating disorders among adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: a review

The purpose of this review is to identify prevalent trends and risk factors in depression,anxiety,and eating disorders in the adolescent population in the post coronavirus disease 2019(COvID-19)scenario.We examined the literature published on adolescent mental health since the COVID-19 pandemic.We chose to summarize studies published from 2019 to 2022,using bibliographic search tools.We developed criteria for selecting articles for our review using diagnostic indicators and keywords.Mental health conditions such as depression,anxiety and eating disorders are commonly prevalent in this population and have shown increasing rates in the past three years.Some risk factors associated with these diagnoses include reduction in social interaction,increased workloads,routine shifts,sleep quality,social media usage and parental involvement.Routines,sleep cycles,physical activity,and social media should all be considered as a part of prevention in this population.Approaches that seem to be successful include maintaining social ties and avoiding negative social media usage with harmful content.Increased global public awareness,as well as parental awareness,through media campaigns,is critical to slowing the spread of mental health challenges in adolescents and teenagers in the post-COvID-19 era.

Prevalence and Seroprevalence of Non-SARS Human Coronaviruses 229E and OC43 in East Tyrol/Austria

The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic renewed interest in other previously discovered human coronaviruses—the non-severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronavirus (non-SARS hCoVs) and this study is a starting point for a closer investigation of those. With the pandemic behind us we believe it to be important to also examine the current and past respiratory pathogen landscape in the patient population in our care. Therefore, 954 nasopharyngeal swabs of patients with respiratory diseases collected between October 2018 and March 2020 were tested against the pathogens Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, Influenza A and virus, Human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, Parainfluenza virus, human Adenovirus and Polyoma virus BK/JC. Swabs negative against these pathogens were further tested for OC43 and 229E by RT-qPCR. Human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 were proven as the causative agents in a considerable number of cases, confirmed by PCR. Overall, our results show that those two non-SARS hCoVs were responsible for 13.9% (11 of 79) of infections with flu-like symptoms of unknown etiology in the study area. In the subsequent seroprevalence study, it was shown that the seroprevalence rate of IgG antibodies against 229E and OC43 was over 50%, indicating that a big part of the population in our study area has been in contact with these non-SARS-CoVs and has built the specific humoral immune response accordingly.

Optimization of Coronavirus Pandemic Model Through Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is demonstrated by machines,unlike the natural intelligence displayed by animals,including humans.Artificial intelligence research has been defined as the field of study of intelligent agents,which refers to any system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of achieving its goals.The techniques of intelligent computing solve many applications of mathematical modeling.The researchworkwas designed via a particularmethod of artificial neural networks to solve the mathematical model of coronavirus.The representation of the mathematical model is made via systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations.These differential equations are established by collecting the susceptible,the exposed,the symptomatic,super spreaders,infection with asymptomatic,hospitalized,recovery,and fatality classes.The generation of the coronavirus model’s dataset is exploited by the strength of the explicit Runge Kutta method for different countries like India,Pakistan,Italy,and many more.The generated dataset is approximately used for training,validation,and testing processes for each cyclic update in Bayesian Regularization Backpropagation for the numerical treatment of the dynamics of the desired model.The performance and effectiveness of the designed methodology are checked through mean squared error,error histograms,numerical solutions,absolute error,and regression analysis.

Exploring the potential mechanisms of impairment on genitourinary system associated with coronavirus disease 2019 infection:Bioinformatics and molecular simulation analyses

Objective:The novel coronavirus(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)has been spreading worldwide since December 2019,posing a serious danger to human health and socioeconomic development.A large number of clinical trials have revealed that coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)results in multi-organ damage including the urogenital system.This study aimed to explore the potential mechanisms of genitourinary damage associated with COVID-19 infection through bioinformatics and molecular simulation analysis.Methods:We used multiple publicly available databases to explore the expression patterns of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2),transmembrane serine protease 2(TMPRSS2),and CD147 in major organs in the healthy and disease-specific populations,particularly the genitourinary organs.Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to analyze the cell-specific expression patterns of ACE2,TMPRSS2,CD147,cytokine receptors,and cytokine interacting proteins in genitourinary organs,such as the bladder,kidney,prostate,and testis.Additionally,gene set enrichmentanalysis was used to investigate the relationship between testosterone levels and COVID-19 vulnerability in patients with prostate cancer.Results:The results revealed that ACE2,TMPRSS2,and CD147 were highly expressed in normal urogenital organs.Then,they were also highly expressed in multiple tumors and chronic kidney diseases.Additionally,ACE2,TMPRSS2,and CD147 were significantly expressed in a range of cells in urogenital organs according to single-cell RNA sequencing.Cytokine receptors and cytokine interacting proteins,especially CCL2,JUN,and TIMP1,were commonly highly expressed in urogenital organs.Finally,gene set enrichment analysis results showed that high testosterone levels in prostate cancer patients were significantly related to the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway which were associated with COVID-19.Conclusion:Our study provides new insights into the potential mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 damage to urogenital organs from multiple perspectives,which may draw the attention of urologists to COVID-19 and contribute to the development of targeted drugs.

Cross-species recognition of bat coronavirus RsYN04 and cross-reaction of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against the virus

Following the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),several severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)-related coronaviruses have been discovered.Previous research has identified a novel lineage of SARS-CoV-2-related CoVs in bats,including RsYN04,which recognizes human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)and thus poses a potential threat to humans.Here,we screened the binding of the RsYN04receptor-binding domain(RBD)to ACE2 orthologs from 52animal species and found that the virus showed a narrower ACE2-binding spectrum than SARS-CoV-2.However,the presence of the T484W mutation in the RsYN04 RBD broadened its range.We also evaluated 44 SARS-CoV-2antibodies targeting seven epitope communities in the SARS-CoV-2 RBD,together with serum obtained from COVID-19 convalescents and vaccinees,to determine their cross-reaction against RsYN04.Results showed that no antibodies,except for the RBD-6 and RBD-7 classes,bound to the RsYN04 RBD,indicating substantial immune differences from SARS-CoV-2.Furthermore,the structure of the RsYN04 RBD in complex with cross-reactive antibody S43 in RBD-7 revealed a potently broad epitope for the development of therapeutics and vaccines.Our findings suggest RsYN04 and other viruses belonging to the same clade have the potential to infect several species,including humans,highlighting the necessity for viral surveillance and development of broad anticoronavirus countermeasures.

Daily activities and training experiences of urology residents during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Indonesia: A nationwide survey

Objective:To explore the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic on the training experiences of urology residents in Indonesia.Methods:A cross-sectional study using a web-based questionnaire(SurveyMonkey)involved all registered urology residents in Indonesia.The questionnaire was structured in Bahasa Indonesia,composed of 28 questions,and divided into three sections:demographic characteristics,current daily activities,and opinions regarding training experiences during the COVID-19 outbreak.The survey was distributed to all respondents via chief of residents in each urology center from May 26,2020 to Jun 2,2020.Results:Of the total 247 registered urology residents,243 were eligible for the study.The response and completeness rate for this study were 243/243(100%).The median age of respondents was 30(range:24e38)years old,and 92.2%of them were male.Among them,6(2.5%)respondents were confirmed as COVID-19 positive.A decrease in residents’involvement in clinical and surgical activities was distinguishable in endourological and open procedures.Most educational activities were switched to web-based video conferences,while others opted for the in-person method.Smart learning methods,such as joining a national or international speaker webinar or watching a recorded video,were used by 93.8%and 80.7%of the respondents,respectively.The respondents thought that educational activities using web-based video conferences and smart learning methods were effective methods of learning.Overall,the respondents felt unsure whether training experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic were comparable to the respective period before.Conclusion:The COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected urology residents’training experiences.However,it also opened up new possibilities for incorporating new learning methodologies in the future.

The Influence of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Treatment on the Quality of Life and Laboratory Indicators of Patients with Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia

Objective: To investigate the influence of integrated Chinese and Western medicine treatment on the quality of life and laboratory indicators of patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). Methods: A prospective, self-controlled study was conducted to analyze the changes in corresponding laboratory indicators and quality of life in 75 confirmed COVID-19 patients treated with integrated Chinese and Western medicine in our hospital during the early stage, middle stage, recovery period, and two weeks after discharge. The effectiveness and safety of the treatment regimen were evaluated in conjunction with the time for 2019-nCoV nucleic acid conversion, disease progression, and adverse reactions. Results: The PLT levels in the initial stage were significantly lower than those in the recovery period in 75 patients. The CRP levels in the initial stage were significantly lower than those after discharge for 2 weeks. The TBIL, IBTL, and DHIL levels in the initial stage were significantly lower than those in the middle stage. The K+ levels in the initial stage were significantly lower than those in the recovery period and after discharge for 2 weeks. The LYMGH levels in the initial stage were significantly lower than those in the recovery period and after discharge for 2 weeks. The TP and ALB levels in the initial stage were higher than those in the middle stage and the recovery period. The LDH levels, scores of daily activity limitation, scores of respiratory distress symptoms, scores of psychological emotions, CT imaging scores, and positive rate of nucleic acid were significantly lower than those in the recovery period and after discharge for 2 weeks. The AG, CK, CK-MB, and α-HBDH levels in the initial stage were significantly higher than those in the recovery period. However, the AMY level in the initial stage was significantly lower than that in the recovery period and after discharge for 2 weeks (p Conclusion: Integrated Chinese and Western medicine treatment has a significant impact on laboratory indicators such as PLT, LYMGH, CRP, TBIL, IBTL, DHIL, TP, ALB, K+, AG, LDH, CK, CK-MB, α-HBDH, AMY, CT imaging, and 2019-nCoV nucleic acid in COVID-19 patients. It has good clinical efficacy and safety, and can improve the quality of life of patients.

Geospatial Coronavirus Vulnerability Regression Modelling for Malawi Based on Cumulative Spatial Data from April 2020 to May 2021

In the past two to three years, the world has been heavily affected by the infectious coronavirus disease and Malawi has not been spared due to its interconnection with neighboring countries. There is no management tool to identify and model the vulnerabilities of Malawi’s districts in prioritizing health services as far as coronavirus prevalence and other infectious diseases are concerned. The aim of this study was to model coronavirus vulnerability in all districts in Malawi using Geographic Information System (GIS) to monitor the disease’s cumulative prevalence over the severely affected period between 2020 and 2021. To achieve this, four parameters associated with coronavirus prevalence, including population density, percentage of older people, temperature, and humidity, were prepared in a GIS environment and used in the modelling process. A multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model was used to model and determine the vulnerability of coronavirus in Malawi. In the MGWR modelling, the Fixed Spatial Kernel was used following a Gaussian distribution model type. The Results indicated that population density and older people (age greater than 60 years) have a more significant impact on coronavirus prevalence in Malawi. The modelling further shows that Malawi, between April 2020 and May 2021, Lilongwe, Blantyre and Thyolo were more vulnerable to coronavirus than other districts. This research has shown that spatial variability of Covid-19 cases using MGWR has the potential of providing useful insights to policymakers for targeted interventions that could otherwise not be possible to detect using non-geovisualization techniques.

Identification of Tuberculosis and Coronavirus Patients Using Hybrid Deep Learning Models

Considerable resources,technology,and efforts are being utilized worldwide to eradicate the coronavirus.Although certain measures taken to prevent the further spread of the disease have been successful,efforts to completely wipe out the coronavirus have been insufficient.Coronavirus patients have symptoms similar to those of chest Tuberculosis(TB)or pneumonia patients.Chest tuberculosis and coronavirus are similar because both diseases affect the lungs,cause coughing and produce an irregular respiratory system.Both diseases can be confirmed through X-ray imaging.It is a difficult task to diagnose COVID-19,as coronavirus testing kits are neither excessively available nor very reliable.In addition,specially trained staff and specialized equipment in medical laboratories are needed to carry out a coronavirus test.However,most of the staff is not fully trained,and several laboratories do not have special equipment to perform a coronavirus test.Therefore,hospitals and medical staff are under stress to meet necessary workloads.Most of the time,these staffs confuse the tuberculosis or pneumonia patient with a coronavirus patient,as these patients present similar symptoms.To meet the above challenges,a comprehensive solution based on a deep learning model has been proposed to distinguish COVID-19 patients from either tuberculosis patients or healthy people.The framework contains a fusion of Visual Geometry Group from Oxford(VGG16)and Residual Network(ResNet18)algorithms as VGG16 contains robust convolutional layers,and Resnet18 is a good classifier.The proposed model outperforms other machine learning and deep learning models as more than 94%accuracy for multiclass identification has been achieved.

Huu S. TIEU’s Predicting Outcome of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Preparing the Treatment for COVID-19 (Coronavirus) and Other Viral Pandemics

This project paper is to give a prediction for the future of other viral pandemics and to provide recommendations for preparing therapies that could help in the success of effective treatments and benefits for patients in life-threatening situations. The theory of prediction was proposed by Huu S. TIEU on March 25, 2019, and he hypothesized that any malfunctioning cell in the body could have a damaging effect. This paper discusses the prediction that Localized Oxygen Deprivation could be a contributing factor for a future epidemic or other viral pandemics that could affect body function. This paper is based on opinion and does not have sufficient evidence to support the claims made. Therefore, further in-depth study is needed to prove the findings. The author cites Hypoxia to support his idea, but he is not claiming that Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) has worked on his predictions. The author also tested a theory using cow blood curd for body function, but this test was not a structured test and the findings were not supported by other evidence. To further prove the idea or theory, further study into the subject should be conducted.

Prediction System for Diagnosis and Detection of Coronavirus Disease-2019(COVID-19):A Fuzzy-Soft Expert System

In early December 2019,a new virus named“2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)”appeared in Wuhan,China.The disease quickly spread worldwide,resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic.In the currentwork,we will propose a novel fuzzy softmodal(i.e.,fuzzy-soft expert system)for early detection of COVID-19.Themain construction of the fuzzy-soft expert systemconsists of five portions.The exploratory study includes sixty patients(i.e.,fortymales and twenty females)with symptoms similar to COVID-19 in(Nanjing Chest Hospital,Department of Respiratory,China).The proposed fuzzy-soft expert systemdepended on five symptoms of COVID-19(i.e.,shortness of breath,sore throat,cough,fever,and age).We will use the algorithm proposed by Kong et al.to detect these patients who may suffer from COVID-19.In this way,the present system is beneficial to help the physician decide if there is any patient who has COVID-19 or not.Finally,we present the comparison between the present system and the fuzzy expert system.

Hepatobiliary system and intestinal injury in new coronavirus infection(COVID-19):A retrospective study

BACKGROUND An important area of effective control of the coronavirus disease 19(COVID-19)pandemic is the study of the pathogenic features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection,including those based on assessing the state of the intestinal microbiota and permeability.AIM To study the clinical features of the new COVID-19 in patients with mild and moderate severity at the stage of hospitalization,to determine the role of hepatobiliary injury,intestinal permeability disorders,and changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiota in the development of systemic inflammation in patients with COVID-19.METHODS The study was performed in 80 patients with COVID-19,with an average age of 45 years,19 of whom had mild disease,and 61 had moderate disease severity.The scope of the examination included traditional clinical,laboratory,biochemical,instrumental,and radiation studies,as well as original methods for studying microbiota and intestinal permeability.RESULTS The clinical course of COVID-19 was studied,and the clinical and biochemical features,manifestations of systemic inflammation,and intestinal microbiome changes in patients with mild and moderate severity were identified.Intestinal permeability characteristics against the background of COVID-19 were evaluated by measuring levels of proinflammatory cytokines,insulin,faecal calprotectin,and zonulin.CONCLUSION This study highlights the role of intestinal permeability and microbiota as the main drivers of gastroenterological manifestations and increased COVID-19 severity.

Acute-on-chronic liver failure in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has had a significant impact on the lives of millions of people,especially those with other concomitant diseases,such as chronic liver diseases.To date,seven coronaviruses have been identified to infect humans.The main site of pathological action of these viruses is lung tissue.However,a substantial number of studies have proven that SARSCoV-2 shows affinity towards several organs,including the gastrointestinal tract and the liver.The current state of evidence points to several proposed mechanisms of liver injury in patients with COVID-19 and their combination.Liver impairment is considered to be the result of the direct effect of the virus on the hepatic tissue cells,a systemic reaction consisting of inflammation,hypoxia and cytokine storm,drug-induced liver injury,with the possible contribution of a perturbed gut-liver axis.Reactivation of chronic hepatic disease could be another factor for liver impairment in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.Acute-onchronic liver failure(ACLF)is a relatively new syndrome that occurs in 10%–30%of all hospitalized patients with chronic liver disease.It is crucial to recognize high-risk patients due to the increased morbidity and mortality in these cases.Several published studies have reported virus infection as a trigger factor for ACLF.However,to date,there are few relevant studies describing the presence of ACLF in patients with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.In this minireview we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the relation between ACLF and acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Cold exposure promotes coronavirus infection by altering the gut microbiota and lipid metabolism to reduce host immunity

Objective:Cold exposure has been suggested to be advantageous for the spread and infection of the coronavirus,and the gut microbiota influences the severity of the infection by modulating host inflammatory and immune responses.However,it remains unclear whether the promotion of viral infection through cold exposure is linked to the gut microbiota.Methods:In this study,we performed an unbiased analysis of gut microbiota,serum,and lung tissue metabolome changes in cold-exposed and virus-infected mice,alongside the assessment of immune-inflammatory indicators in serum and lung tissue.Results:The results revealed that both cold exposure and viral infection significantly decreased the percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes(CD4^(+)T cells,CD8^(+)T cells,and B cell)and increased the expression of inflammatory factors(IL-6,IL-1β,TNF-α,and IFN-γ).Meanwhile,cold exposure disrupted the homeostasis of gut microbiota,elevating the abundance of pathogenic bacteria(Staphylococcus)and diminishing the abundance of beneficial bacteria(Alistipes).Notably,in virus-infected mice exposed to a cold environment,the reduction in the abundance of beneficial bacteria Alistipes was more pronounced than in cases of single virus infection and cold exposure.Analysis of altered serum and lung tissue metabolites highlighted glycerophospholipids,fatty acids,and eicosanoids as the most affected metabolites by cold exposure.These metabolites,closely associated with virus infection,exhibited a significant correlation with immune-inflammatory indicators.Conclusion:These findings establish a mechanistic connection between cold exposure and virus infection,suggesting that cold exposure-induced dysregulation of gut microbiota and lipid metabolism diminishes host immunity,promoting virus infection.

Prevalence and predictors of smartphone addiction and insomnia among nurses working in the outpatient department after the second wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic

Objectives:The present study aims to assess the prevalence and predictors of smartphone addiction and insomnia among nurses working in the outpatient department(OPD)after the second wave of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Materials and Methods:A descriptive,cross-sectional study was carried out among 117 OPD nurses between October and December 2021 using a purposive sampling technique.Two self-reported standardized scales,the Smartphone Addiction Scale-ShortVersion and Insomnia Severity Index were used.Kolmogorov–Smirnov test,Mann–Whitney U,and Kruskal–Wallis Htest were used.Pearson’s correlation and Scatter plot were used to determine the relationship between the study variables.A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was also performed.Results:The majority of participants had slight smartphone addiction(78.6%)and suffered from sub-threshold to severe forms of insomnia(73.5%).A significant mild positive correlation was found between smartphone addiction and insomnia(r=0.195,P<0.05).Stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis predicted factors such as female gender and exposure to smartphones for more than 5 years influencing smartphone addiction.A strong influence of exposure to the smartphone for more than 5 years was found on insomnia severity.Conclusion:Smartphone addiction and insomnia were identified problems among nurses working in the OPD after the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic,requiring an urgent need to identify and manage various factors responsible for smartphone addiction and insomnia such as female gender and years of exposure to smartphones.

Aminothiols exchange in coronavirus disease 2019

Objective:Clinical manifestation of the inflammatory process in its relation to biochemical markers(total cysteine[Cys],cysteine-glycine[CysGly],glutathione[GSH],glutamate-cysteine[Glu-Cys],homocysteine[Hcy],the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione[GSH/GSSG],the ratio of reduced to oxidized cysteine[CySH/CySS],malondialdehyde-oxidized low-density lipoproteins[MDA-oxLDL])has been studied in patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Material and methods:48 patients with mild to severe COVID-19 and 20 healthy volunteers were included in our research.The participants were divided into 4 experimental groups according to inflammation intensity estimated based on the serum levels of interleukin 6(IL-6).Results:All 4 groups showed the prevalence of male patients and elevated serum levels of IL-6(by 54.6%).There was no comorbidity in patients with mild COVID-19(nasopharyngitis symptoms)and in healthy control subjects.50%of patients with lung damage had accompanying diseases.Alterations of aminoethyl metabolism were detected in COVID-19 patients:as reflected by the decreased levels of Cys,CysGly,and Glu-Cys and the increased levels of GSH as compared to the control group.Conclusion:Elevation of IL-6 over 7.5 pg/mL was associated with decreased GSH/GSSG and CySH/CySS ratios indicating enhanced oxidative stress and was followed by protein oxidation,specifically MDA-oxLDL.

Global pattern and determinants of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccine coverage and progression:a global ecological study

Background:Understanding and minimizing existing global coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccination disparities is critical to global population health and eliminating health inequities.The study aims to investigate the disparities of vaccination coverage and progression and the associated economic and educational determinants to inform global COVID-19 vaccination strategies.Methods:COVID-19 vaccination coverage data from 206 countries used in the study were derived from“Our World in Data”website.After obtaining the vaccination coverage indicators,we fitted the progression indicators for vaccination.Correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used to examine the effects of gross domestic product(GDP)per capita,Gini index,education,and their interactions on the coverage and progression of the COVID-19 vaccination.Results:The coverage of COVID-19 vaccination ranged from less than 30 doses to more than 150 doses per hun­dred people,from less than 15%to more than 75%for proportion of people vaccinated,from less than 15%to more than 60%for proportion of people fully vaccinated.Similarly,the progression of vaccination ranged from less than 0.1 to more than 0.6 for progression of total number of doses,from less than 0.1 to more than 0.3 for progression of proportion of people vaccinated,and from less than 0.1 to more than 0.4 for progression of propor­tion of people fully vaccinated.GDP per capita and education were positively associated with the coverage and progression,while Gini index was negatively associated with the coverage and progression.Negative interaction between GDP per capita and education was also observed for coverage(0=-0.012 to-0.011,P<0.05)and progression(0=-0.012 to-0.011,P<0.05).Conclusions:Substantial geographic disparities existed for the coverage and progression of COVID-19 vaccination.