Explosion resistance performance of reinforced concrete box girder coated with polyurea:Model test and numerical simulation

To study the anti-explosion protection effect of polyurea coating on reinforced concrete box girder,two segmental girder specimens were made at a scale of 1:3,numbered as G(without polyurea coating)and PCG(with polyurea coating).The failure characteristics and dynamic responses of the specimens were compared through conducting explosion tests.The reliability of the numerical simulation using LS-DYNA software was verified by the test results.The effects of different scaled distances,reinforcement ratios,concrete strengths,coating thicknesses and ranges of polyurea were studied.The results show that the polyurea coating can effectively enhance the anti-explosion performance of the girder.The top plate of middle chamber in specimen G forms an elliptical penetrating hole,while that in specimen PCG only shows a very slight local dent.The peak vertical displacement and residual displacement of PCG decrease by 74.8% and 73.7%,respectively,compared with those of specimen G.For the TNT explosion with small equivalent,the polyurea coating has a more significant protective effect on reducing the size of fracture.With the increase of TNT equivalent,the protective effect of polyurea on reducing girder displacement becomes more significant.The optimal reinforcement ratio,concrete strength,thickness and range of polyurea coating were also drawn.

Surface engineering of P2-type cathode material targeting long-cycling and high-rate sodium-ion batteries

The widespread interest in layered P2-type Mn-based cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)stems from their cost-effectiveness and abundant resources.However,the inferior cycle stability and mediocre rate performance impede their further development in practical applications.Herein,we devised a wet chemical precipitation method to deposit an amorphous aluminum phosphate(AlPO_(4),denoted as AP)protective layer onto the surface of P2-type Na_(0.55)Ni_(0.1)Co_(0.7)Mn_(0.8)O_(2)(NCM@AP).The resulting NCM@5AP electrode,with a 5 wt%coating,exhibits extended cycle life(capacity retention of78.4%after 200 cycles at 100 mA g^(-1))and superior rate performance(98 mA h g^(-1)at 500 mA g^(-1))compared to pristine NCM.Moreover,our investigation provides comprehensive insights into the phase stability and active Na^(+)ion kinetics in the NCM@5AP composite electrode,shedding light on the underlying mechanisms responsible for the enhanced performance observed in the coated electrode.

Achieving structurally stable O3-type layered oxide cathodes through site-specific cation-anion co-substitution for sodium-ion batteries

O3-type layered oxides have garnered great attention as cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries because of their abundant reserves and high theoretical capacity.However,challenges persist in the form of uncontrollable phase transitions and intricate Na^(+)diffusion pathways during cycling,resulting in compromised structural stability and reduced capacity over cycles.This study introduces a special approach employing site-specific Ca/F co-substitution within the layered structure of O_(3)-NaNi_(0.5)Mn_(0.5)O_(2) to effectively address these issues.Herein,the strategically site-specific doping of Ca into Na sites and F into O sites not only expands the Na^(+)diffusion pathways but also orchestrates a mild phase transition by suppressing the Na^(+)/vacancy ordering and providing strong metal-oxygen bonding strength,respectively.The as-synthesized Na_(0.95)Ca_(0.05)Ni_(0.5)Mn_(0.5)O_(1.95)F_(0.05)(NNMO-CaF)exhibits a mild O3→O3+O'3→P3 phase transition with minimized interlayer distance variation,leading to enhanced structural integrity and stability over extended cycles.As a result,NNMO-CaF delivers a high specific capacity of 119.5 mA h g^(-1)at a current density of 120 mA g^(-1)with a capacity retention of 87.1%after 100 cycles.This study presents a promising strategy to mitigate the challenges posed by multiple phase transitions and augment Na^(+)diffusion kinetics,thus paving the way for high-performance layered cathode materials in sodium-ion batteries.

Fatigue Crack Propagation Law of Corroded Steel Box Girders in Long Span Bridges

In order to investigate the fatigue performance of orthotropic anisotropic steel bridge decks,this study realizes the simulation of the welding process through elastic-plastic finite element theory,thermal-structural sequential coupling,and the birth-death element method.The simulated welding residual stresses are introduced into the multiscale finite element model of the bridge as the initial stress.Furthermore,the study explores the impact of residual stress on crack propagation in the fatigue-vulnerable components of the corroded steel box girder.The results indicate that fatigue cracks at the weld toe of the top deck,the weld root of the top deck,and the opening of the transverse diaphragm will not propagate under the action of a standard vehicle load.However,the inclusion of residual stress leads to the propagation of these cracks.When considering residual stress,the fatigue crack propagation paths at the weld toe of the transverse diaphragm and the U-rib weld toe align with those observed in actual bridges.In the absence of residual stress,the cracks at the toe of the transverse diaphragm with a 15%mass loss rate are categorized as type I cracks.Conversely,when residual stress is considered,these cracks become I-II composite cracks.Residual stress significantly alters the cumulative energy release rate of the three fracturemodes.Therefore,incorporating the influence of residual stress is essential when assessing the fatigue performance of corroded steel box girders in long-span bridges.

Designing ultrastable P2/O3-type layered oxides for sodium ion batteries by regulating Na distribution and oxygen redox chemistry

P2/O3-type Ni/Mn-based layered oxides are promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)owing to their high energy density.However,exploring effective ways to enhance the synergy between the P2 and 03 phases remains a necessity.Herein,we design a P2/O3-type Na_(0.76)Ni_(0.31)Zn_(0.07)Mn_(0.50)Ti_(0.12)0_(2)(NNZMT)with high chemical/electrochemical stability by enhancing the coupling between the two phases.For the first time,a unique Na*extraction is observed from a Na-rich O3 phase by a Na-poor P2 phase and systematically investigated.This process is facilitated by Zn^(2+)/Ti^(4+)dual doping and calcination condition regulation,allowing a higher Na*content in the P2 phase with larger Na^(+)transport channels and enhancing Na transport kinetics.Because of reduced Na^(+)in the O3 phase,which increases the difficulty of H^(+)/Na^(+) exchange,the hydrostability of the O3 phase in NNZMT is considerably improved.Furthermore,Zn^(2+)/Ti^(4+)presence in NNZMT synergistically regulates oxygen redox chemistry,which effectively suppresses O_(2)/CO_(2) gas release and electrolyte decomposition,and completely inhibits phase transitions above 4.0 V.As a result,NNZMT achieves a high discharge capacity of 144.8 mA h g^(-1) with a median voltage of 3.42 V at 20 mA g^(-1) and exhibits excellent cycling performance with a capacity retention of 77.3% for 1000 cycles at 2000 mA g^(-1).This study provides an effective strategy and new insights into the design of high-performance layered-oxide cathode materials with enhanced structure/interface stability forSIBs.

Inhibiting Voltage Decay in Li-Rich Layered Oxide Cathode:From O3-Type to O2-Type Structural Design

Li-rich layered oxide(LRLO)cathodes have been regarded as promising candidates for next-generation Li-ion batteries due to their exceptionally high energy density,which combines cationic and anionic redox activities.However,continuous voltage decay during cycling remains the primary obstacle for practical applications,which has yet to be fundamentally addressed.It is widely acknowledged that voltage decay originates from the irreversible migration of transition metal ions,which usually further exacerbates structural evolution and aggravates the irreversible oxygen redox reactions.Recently,constructing O2-type structure has been considered one of the most promising approaches for inhibiting voltage decay.In this review,the relationship between voltage decay and structural evolution is systematically elucidated.Strategies to suppress voltage decay are systematically summarized.Additionally,the design of O2-type structure and the corresponding mechanism of suppressing voltage decay are comprehensively discussed.Unfortunately,the reported O2-type LRLO cathodes still exhibit partially disordered structure with extended cycles.Herein,the factors that may cause the irreversible transition metal migrations in O2-type LRLO materials are also explored,while the perspectives and challenges for designing high-performance O2-type LRLO cathodes without voltage decay are proposed.

Phase structure evolution and its effect on magnetic and mechanical properties of B-doped Sm_(2)Co_(17)-type magnets with high Fe content

The unique cellular microstructure of Fe-rich Sm_(2)Co_(17)-type permanent magnets is closely associated with the structure of the solid solution precursor.We investigate the phase structure,magnetic properties,and mechanical behavior of B-doped Sm_(2)Co_(17)-type magnets with high Fe content.The doped B atoms can diffuse into the interstitial vacancy,resulting in lattice expansion and promote the homogenization of the phase organizational structure during the solid solution treatment in theory.However,the resulting second phase plays a dominant role to result in more microtwin structures and highly ordered 2:17R phases in the solid solution stage,which inhibits the ordering transformation of 1:7H phase during aging and affects the generation of the cellular structure,and to result in a decrease in magnetic properties,yet the interface formed between it and the matrix phase hinders the movement of dislocations and enhances the mechanical properties.Hence,the precipitation of high flexural strain grain boundary phase induced by B element doping is also a new and effective way to improve the flexural strain of Sm_(2)Co_(17)-type magnets.Our study provides a new understanding of the phase structure evolution and its effect on the magnetic and mechanical properties of Sm_(2)Co_(17)-type magnets with high Fe content.

Discussion on Detection and Evaluation of Simply Supported Prestressed Concrete Small Box Girder Bridge After a Fire

The article takes a simply supported prestressed concrete small box girder bridge project as an example for inspection and evaluation after a fire incident.This includes appearance detection,concrete color hardness detection,concrete strength detection,concrete surface damage layer detection,reinforcement protective layer detection,and concrete carbonation detection.It is hoped that this analysis can be used as a reference for the detection and evaluation of future bridge projects with fire incidents to smoothen its subsequent repair and maintenance.

Sagging damage characteristics of hull girder with trapezoidal cross-section subjected to near-field underwater explosion

To investigate the overall damage characteristics and failure modes of a warship subjected to an underwater non-contact near-field explosion,a hull girder with a trapezoidal cross-section was designed,manufactured,and tested.The design criteria and parameters were determined according to the similarity criterion.Dynamic responses of the girder freely floating on water were obtained under varying conditions,including stand-off distance,charge mass,and position of attack.Damage morphologies of the girder model were obtained.Based on our analysis,basic conditions for sagging damage of the hull girder are proposed.The aim of this study was to determine an efficient method of attack resulting in the most severe damage to the ship hull.The experimental results show that the girder mainly exhibits a first-order response when the first wet frequency of the girder is close to the frequency of the explosion bubble pulsation.The largest deformation was observed when the underwater explosion occurred directly below the midspan of the girder compared to other explosions of the same intensity at different attack positions.When the ratio of stand-off to maximum bubble radius(λ)satisfies 0.7≤λ<2,the bubble mainly causes sagging damage instead of hogging.Asλdecreases(1≤λ<2),the sagging damage increases under the same charge mass.However,asλdecreases further(0.7≤λ<1),the sagging deformation decreases.This is likely due to the impact of the liquid jet formed by the collapsing bubble,which causes the girder deformation to shift from sagging back to hogging deformation.The initial shock wave excites the high-frequency response of the girder structure but contributes very little to the overall velocity and displacement.However,bubble pulsation typically causes a low-frequency response,which will affect the velocity and displacement of the girder.The low-pressure region of the flow field formed by bubble pulsation and resonant coupling between the girder and the bubble are the predominant causes of damage to the overall girder structure.

BOUNDEDNESS AND COMPACTNESS FOR THE COMMUTATOR OF THEω-TYPE CALDER′ON-ZYGMUND OPERATOR ON LORENTZ SPACE

In this paper,the authors consider theω-type Calder´on-Zygmund operator T_(ω)and the commutator[b,T_(ω)]generated by a symbol function b on the Lorentz space L^(p,r)(X)over the homogeneous space(X,d,μ).The boundedness and the compactness of the commutator[b,T_(ω)]on Lorentz space L^(p,r)(X)are founded for any p∈(1,∞)and r∈[1,∞).

Occurrence of anionic redox with absence of full oxidation to Ru^(5+) in high-energy P2-type layered oxide cathode

The anionic redox has been widely studied in layered-oxide-cathodes in attempts to achieve highenergy-density for Na-ion batteries(NIBs).It is known that an oxidation state of Mn^(4+) or Ru^(5+) is essential for the anionic reaction of O^(2-)/O~-to occur during Na^(+) de/intercalation.However,here,we report that the anionic redox can occur in Ru-based layered-oxide-cathodes before full oxidation of Ru^(4+)/Ru^(5+).Combining studies using first-principles calculation and experimental techniques reveals that further Na^(+) deintercalation from P2-Na_(0.33)[Mg_(0.33)Ru_(0.67)]O_(2) is based on anionic oxidation after 0.33 mol Na^(+) deintercalation from P2-Na_(0.67)[Mg_(0.33)Ru_(0.67)]O_(2) with cationic oxidation of Ru^(4+)/Ru^(4.5+).Especially,it is revealed that the only oxygen neighboring 2Mg/1 Ru can participate in the anionic redox during Na^(+) de/intercalation,which implies that the Na-O-Mg arrangement in the P2-Na_(0.33)[M9_(0.33)Ru_(0.67)]O_(2) structure can dramatically lower the thermodynamic stability of the anionic redox than that of cationic redox.Through the O anionic and Ru cationic reaction,P2-Na_(0.67)[Mg_(0.33)Ru_(0.67)]O_(2) exhibits not only a large specific capacity of~172 mA h g^(-1) but also excellent power-capability via facile Na^(+) diffusion and reversible structural change during charge/discharge.These findings suggest a novel strategy that can increase the activity of anionic redox by modulating the local environment around oxygen to develop high-energy-density cathode materials for NIBs.

预应力UHPC槽形节段与整体式混凝土板组合梁受剪性能

将预制的UHPC槽形节段通过干缝连接和预应力张拉形成槽形梁,再与整体现浇的混凝土板组合成的组合梁,称为预应力UHPC槽形节段与整体式混凝土板组合梁(PUCS-MCS组合梁)。它是一种能充分发挥不同材料的性能、施工方便且整体性能好的新型桥梁结构。为探究其抗剪性能,开展了9根模型梁的试验。分析了接缝数、接缝处剪力键数、剪跨比、UHPC钢纤维体积率、配箍率和纵筋率等参数对试件变形、破坏模式、抗剪承载力的影响;基于试验研究结果,提出了PUCS-MCS组合梁抗剪承载力计算方法。结果表明:PUCS-MCS组合梁均为剪压破坏,所有梁在开裂前的荷载-挠度曲线差异不大,在开裂后刚度不断下降;PUCS-MCS组合梁的抗剪承载力随接缝处剪力键数、UHPC钢纤维掺量、配箍率和纵筋率的增大而增大,随干接缝数量增加和剪跨比的增大而减小,其中影响最显著的是干接缝和剪力键,影响最小的是钢纤维掺量和配箍率,因此PUCS-MCS组合梁可不配箍筋,并可采用较低钢纤维掺量的UHPC。

Overview of Design and Construction Points Analysis for the Rotating Continuous Girder Bridge

With the advancement of the economy,the construction of roads and bridges has assumed a crucial role in the development of China’s highway transportation system.The interplay between the design and construction technologies of road bridges is pivotal,as it directly impacts the subsequent operation and maintenance phases.Although the design and construction techniques for continuous girder transitions have been progressively improving,challenges still persist.This paper takes the example of the continuous girder design for the T-structure(75 m+75 m)of the Xintai Highway Crossing Yanzhou-Shijiusuo Railway Separation Interchange Project and delves into an analysis of the structural design calculations for the bridge transition,the transition structure’s design,and critical considerations during construction.The findings presented here can serve as a valuable reference for similar project designs.

Key Technology and Complete-set Equipment for Intelligent Construction of HSR Simply-supported Girder Reinforcement Framework

In view of the problems such as backward production mode,poor quality stability,high safety risk and incomplete control system during erection of the reinforcement framework of simply-supported box girders for high-speed railway(HSR),and in combination with the key points and main challenges in the reinforcement framework construction of Guangzhou-Zhanjiang HSR,the overall technical route for the intelligent manufacturing of reinforcement framework of simply-supported box girders is put forward.The component design of reinforcement framework of simply supported box girder is carried out based on BIM,and the feasibility of the scheme is verified through segment assembly test.The assembly techniques are studied in combination with the mesh design scheme to achieve rapid forming of the reinforcement framework.R&D of automatic processing equipment for components,material transshipment equipment,automatic hoisting equipment and technological equipment for assembly clamping fixture are carried out to realize the overall design of equipment production line.An intelligent control system is developed for the whole-process intelligent construction of reinforcement framework to realize the full life-cycle applications for the workshop production and visual management including intelligent layout and quality traceability.The research results systematically optimize and innovate the assembly and forming technologies of reinforcement framework in the prefabrication beam yard of high-speed railway,realize the component processing,automatic assembly and information technology management,improve the construction quality,efficiency and information technology level of intelligent manufacturing of reinforcement framework of railway prefabricated beam as a whole,and reduce the construction cost of the project.The research has realized a major breakthrough in the construction technology of railway prefabricated box girders,which has the extensive technical and market promotion values.

古金赤水河大桥主桥总体设计

古金赤水河大桥主桥为(83.5+173.5+575+173.5+83.5)m半飘浮体系双塔双索面斜拉桥。主梁采用双边主梁断面钢-混组合梁,由工字钢主梁和混凝土桥面板组成,全宽43.8 m,设置裙板抑制主梁涡振。桥塔为下塔柱内收的A形塔,南、北塔塔高分别为217 m和261 m。由于山区超高桥塔塔墩景观效果欠佳,采用超高塔柱无塔墩方案,桥塔采用嵌岩群桩基础;针对山区桥梁养护不便的情况,索塔锚固采用耐候钢钢锚梁;针对剪力钉在拉拔力作用下承载能力降低问题,采用以开孔板连接件为主的钢-混结合构造实现锚梁牛腿壁板与塔壁连接。斜拉索采用公称直径15.20 mm、标准抗拉强度1860 MPa的钢绞线拉索,全桥共4×23对(184根),空间双索面扇形布置。由于斜拉索锚拉板+外置减振阻尼器景观效果不佳,选用全内置减振阻尼器方案。

基于联合静动力修正的混凝土斜拉桥主梁挠度变化规律研究

针对混凝土斜拉桥服役期间主梁不断下挠的问题,该文基于修正模型分析大跨度混凝土斜拉桥服役期间主梁挠度变化规律。采用联合静动力的有限元模型修正方法,构造双目标优化问题,基于非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)求解,得到Pareto最优解集,从Pareto最优解集中找到协调最优解,从而实现有限元模型修正。模型修正后的静力位移和自振频率计算值与实测值吻合较好,能更好地反映结构的实际工作状态。在此基础上,结合主梁线形历年监测数据,分析不同徐变模式及拉索松弛效应等时变因素对主梁线形的影响,分析结果表明:采用CEB-FIP 2010徐变模式计算的挠度与实测挠度更加接近。中跨跨中下挠量最大,服役20年下挠量约为270 mm;主梁跨中挠度前5年平均增长率达33 mm/年,前5年挠度约占前40年的50%,后期主梁下挠趋于平缓。

新型空心管状翼缘钢板组合梁设计理念与力学性能

工字钢组合梁桥正朝着少主梁、精简横向联系的方向发展。与传统多主梁复杂横向联系组合梁桥相比,双主梁桥由于采用了开口截面的结构形式,极大地削弱了其抗扭能力,在偏载作用下会产生较大的变形及翘曲应力,使钢主梁处于弯扭耦合的受力状态。空心管状翼缘钢板组合梁采用空心钢管取代传统的平板上翼缘,提升了稳定性,改善了结构性能。本文通过理论分析和实体有限元法的计算,研究了单梁在自重与横向风荷载作用下的稳定性;对非组合截面的组合体系下的稳定性能进行了分析与比较,并分离出扭转翘曲应力和纵向正应力,研究了不同跨径下扭转效应的影响。最后,对横向联系、加劲肋的影响进行了分析。研究结果表明,空心管状翼缘钢板组合梁桥扭转刚度大于传统工字形截面组合梁扭转刚度,自身横向稳定性好,并且需要较少的横向联系与加劲肋,可实现单梁吊装,避免采用过多临时加固及支撑措施,提高施工效率。

基于实测数据的高海拔大日温差地区拱上组合梁桥-无砟轨道体系温度场研究

温度作用是影响桥梁-轨道结构服役性能的重要因素之一。为探究高海拔大日温差地区拱上组合梁桥-无砟轨道体系的温度场变化规律,基于某拟建铁路上承式大跨拱桥桥址处的环境温度持续监测数据与卫星反演得到的太阳辐射数据,建立了考虑太阳辐射阴影遮挡效应的拱上组合梁桥-无砟轨道体系温度场模型,重点分析日温度变化规律和竖向温差分布规律,获得了考虑实测气温和太阳辐射逐时变化的全年日温度场;采用广义帕累托分布对竖向温差样本进行了极值分布估计,确定不同超越概率的竖向温差代表值,提出多折线形式的竖向温度梯度模式。研究结果表明,梯度相较于平原地区更为显著,无砟轨道的遮挡效应使得温度梯度分布上移,钢梁外侧腹板在冬季产生局部梯度作用;基于实测数据的温差极值估计方法考虑了环境温度和太阳辐射对结构温度场的随机影响,可为特殊地区桥梁设计阶段温度作用的计算提供参考。

波形钢腹板梁焊接残余应力分布及试验验证

为研究波形钢腹板梁焊接残余应力的分布规律,通过有限元软件建立其三维热弹塑性模型,利用热-力耦合分析技术对其焊接温度场和应力场进行有限元数值仿真,采用双椭球体热源和修改单元材料属性的方法实现能量输入和焊缝填充,并将模拟计算结果与实测值进行对比分析.结果表明:有限元预测的波形钢腹板梁残余应力分布与实测结果具有相同趋势,在波形钢腹板梁焊缝的弯折角处,残余应力发生一定幅度的连续应力波动;底板和腹板的残余应力峰值均出现在焊缝中心区域,其值分别为材料屈服强度的1.30倍和1.26倍;底板纵向残余拉应力在焊缝中心线两侧78 mm范围内急速下降后缓慢过渡为压应力,在底板较窄一侧压应力线性增大,最大值约为材料屈服强度的0.61倍;在底板较宽一侧压应力线性减小,并在边缘处转化为拉应力;焊接速度对残余应力分布扰动不大,而对残余应力峰值影响较显著;当焊接速度从150 mm/min增加至250 mm/min时,横向和纵向的残余应力最大值分别增加了27.11%和5.88%.

寒区环境温度对板式橡胶支座连续梁桥地震易损性影响研究

针对现行规范对寒区桥梁减隔震设计中仅考虑橡胶支座力学特性受环境温度作用影响,而忽略桥墩混凝土材料特性受温度影响的不足,以高寒地区一座两联3×30 m混凝土连续梁桥为背景,开展不同环境温度下桥墩混凝土材料抗压性能试验,确定温度对其力学参数的影响,基于试验结果对不同环境温度下的桥墩混凝土力学参数进行修正,从而建立不同环境温度下的全桥精细化非线性有限元模型,并基于增量动力分析(IDA)法探究不同环境温度下该桥的地震易损性。结果表明:极端温度引起桥墩混凝土材料参数和支座刚度的改变,使得该桥自振频率随着温度的升高而降低;地震作用下,极端低温时桥墩墩顶位移较常温增大了26.8%,而极端高温时支座位移增大了19.4%;根据现行规范计算的极端低温时支座和桥梁系统的损伤概率偏小,极端高温时结构和构件的损伤概率偏大,在设计中应予以重视;极端低温下桥墩、支座及桥梁系统的损伤概率,较常温分别增大45.0%、35.2%和27.5%,对于高寒地区该类桥梁设计时需考虑低温对其抗震性能的影响。