The microstructure of Cr_(25)Ni_(20)stainless steel under plastic deformation up to 50% has re- vealed an even distributed twins,micro-twins and deformation bands.The σ-phase formation in 800℃ aged specimens is acce...The microstructure of Cr_(25)Ni_(20)stainless steel under plastic deformation up to 50% has re- vealed an even distributed twins,micro-twins and deformation bands.The σ-phase formation in 800℃ aged specimens is accelerated by its nucleation at either deformation twins or recrystallized grain boundaries under less or more deformation respectively.In the recrystallized zone,the recrystallization is prior to the precipitation of σ-phase.Although recrystallization may accelerate the formation of σ-phase,it is not essential.The twins and micro-twins produced by deformation may also provide the additional nucleation sites.展开更多
The σ-phase precipitation in 20% cold-worked 15Cr-15Ni titanium-modified austenitic stainless steel was studied during long-term aging treatment.During the isothermal aging stage,the amount of a-phase was significant...The σ-phase precipitation in 20% cold-worked 15Cr-15Ni titanium-modified austenitic stainless steel was studied during long-term aging treatment.During the isothermal aging stage,the amount of a-phase was significantly increased at beginning and gradually became constant.The aging time only slightly affected the size and morphology of the σ-phase.Conversely,during the isochronal aging stage,the amount ofσ-phase grew rapidly with the increase in the aging temperature.The σ-phase with a large amount of stacking faults was prone to nucleate around the(Ti,Mo)C particles or at the grain boundaries.The(Ti,Mo)C particles can act as effective nucleation sites,where the σ-phase directly precipitates from the austenitic matrix.From this work,the growth of σ-phase is found to be influenced by the aging temperature,and a new mechanism of σ-phase precipitation from austenite has been proposed.展开更多
The precipitation kinetics of secondary phases in two austeno-ferritic lean duplex stainless steels(lean DSS)were examined after aging the materials at 800 ℃.Owing to the instability of ferrite,all DSS are known to...The precipitation kinetics of secondary phases in two austeno-ferritic lean duplex stainless steels(lean DSS)were examined after aging the materials at 800 ℃.Owing to the instability of ferrite,all DSS are known to be sensitive to solid-state phase transformations in the critical temperature range 600-1,000 ℃ and different secondary phases may form,depending on composition and microstructure.The performed thermodynamic simulations revealed the proneness to the precipitation of such phases also have been done in lean DSS,but only information on the equilibrium microstructures were achieved.Therefore,the materials were aged at various times,in order to verify the simulations and determine the precipitation kinetics.The occurred structural modifications were observed and quantified by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction measurements,determining phase type,composition and volumetric fraction.At 800 ℃,grade 2101 was found to be only affected by Cr_2N nitrides precipitation,whereas a significant amount of σ-phase was found to form in LDX 2404 for treatment longer than 1 h,almost totally replacing ferrite after 50 h.Up to now,the intermetallic σ-phase has been observed only in the high alloyed DSS,and the unexpected precipitation in grade 2404 highlighted that the increased content of molybdenum in this steel might be considered as determinant for the formation.展开更多
A 3-phase a.c. arc plasma reactor with large volume plasma has been developed for the synthesis of new carbon nano-structures. One of the main characteristics of the plasma system is related to the absence of a fixed ...A 3-phase a.c. arc plasma reactor with large volume plasma has been developed for the synthesis of new carbon nano-structures. One of the main characteristics of the plasma system is related to the absence of a fixed neutral point. This gives rise to a rich and complex phenomenology related to instabilities and arc motion since the arcs are "burning" freely in the gas flow between the three electrodes. This paper is dedicated to the analysis of the behavior of such a system under typical conditions using argon and nitrogen as plasma gases. A classification of are configuration, arc commutating, arc interaction, arc motion and arc instabilities are discussed based on ultra high-speed cine camera analysis. A simple model describing the time evolution of the system is also presented and compared with the experimental measurements. The results show that an adequate control could allow the improvement of the overall system.展开更多
The influence of γ-phase composition in WC-Co cemented carbides on its specific coercive force H_(sc) hasbeen studied by analysing the imitative alloys of γ-phase. The results show that the H_(sc) of γ-phase is low...The influence of γ-phase composition in WC-Co cemented carbides on its specific coercive force H_(sc) hasbeen studied by analysing the imitative alloys of γ-phase. The results show that the H_(sc) of γ-phase is lower thanthat of pure cobalt, because the solute W can raise γ-phase H_(sc) but the carbon exhibits more intense negativeeffect on H_(sc). The effect is enhanced with raising the C solubilities in γ-phase.展开更多
The precipitation and dissolution together with their control of the primary η-phase in a high-Ti Ni-Fe-Cr base superalloy have been investigated.The precipitation of primary η-phase was found to be closely related ...The precipitation and dissolution together with their control of the primary η-phase in a high-Ti Ni-Fe-Cr base superalloy have been investigated.The precipitation of primary η-phase was found to be closely related to Ti or Al content and solidification rate of the alloy. The aggregation of blocky η-phase may remarkably reduce the tensile strength,ductility and rupture life of the alloy.The temperature-time relation of dissolution of the primary η-phase obeys T=1370-86.1 lgt for as-cast superalloy.The formation of primary η-phase may be prevented by the reasonable control of Ti or Al content and smelting process.The adoption of treatment under large hot deformation and homogenization may be the remedy for unfavorable influence of η-phase.展开更多
A new design of stato magnetic System is Proposed for 3-phase & 12-pole HB stepper, and it features bet-ter distribution of magntic lield to incare Pullou tope and bopmve Operaonal stability of moor and minimummut...A new design of stato magnetic System is Proposed for 3-phase & 12-pole HB stepper, and it features bet-ter distribution of magntic lield to incare Pullou tope and bopmve Operaonal stability of moor and minimummutual inductance between phase windimp to make design of control circuit easier, and application proved it is as good as expected.展开更多
Numerical simulation method is applied in the study oftwo - phase flow dynamics in the eliminator of air wash-er. The carrier phase (air) is treated in Eulerian frame,the water droplets are tracked in the Lagrangian f...Numerical simulation method is applied in the study oftwo - phase flow dynamics in the eliminator of air wash-er. The carrier phase (air) is treated in Eulerian frame,the water droplets are tracked in the Lagrangian frame.A three - dimensional unsteady two - phase flow model isdeveloped. With the help of FLUENT software, air-stream velocity field and water droplets trajectories havebeen illustrated when their mixture passing through tra-ditional folded eliminator. The result of the simulationcan be used to investigate the mechanism of展开更多
In this paper,low temperature plasma is used to modify the surface of barium titanate(BaTiO3)nanoparticles in order to enhance the interfacial compatibility between ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) ...In this paper,low temperature plasma is used to modify the surface of barium titanate(BaTiO3)nanoparticles in order to enhance the interfacial compatibility between ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) and BaTiO3 nanoparticles.The results demonstrate that oxygenic groups are successfully attached to the BaTiO3 surface,and the quantity of the functional groups increases with the treatment voltage.Furthermore,the effect of modified BaTiO3 nanoparticles on the morphology and crystal structure of the PVDF/BaTiO3 membrane is investigated.The results reveal that the dispersion of BaTiO3 nanoparticles in the PVDF matrix was greatly improved due to the modification of the BaTiO3 nanoparticles by air plasma.It is worth noting that the formation of a β-phase in a PVDF/modified BaTiO3 membrane is observably promoted,which results from the strong interaction between PVDF chains and oxygenic groups fixed on the BaTiO3 surface and the better dispersion of BaTiO3 nanoparticles in the PVDF matrix.Besides,the PVDF/modified BaTiO3 membrane at the treatment voltage of 24 k V exhibits a lower water contact angle(≈68.4°) compared with the unmodified one(≈86.7°).Meanwhile,the dielectric constant of PVDF/BaTiO3 nanocomposites increases with the increase of working voltage.展开更多
Micro-alloying of Mg,ranged from 30 to 70 ppm,may improve the high temperature ductility,stress rupture,especially,certain important mechanical properties,such as cyclic stress rupture,creep/fatigue interaction and cr...Micro-alloying of Mg,ranged from 30 to 70 ppm,may improve the high temperature ductility,stress rupture,especially,certain important mechanical properties,such as cyclic stress rupture,creep/fatigue interaction and crack propagation rate.The quantity, morphology and distribution of δ-phase may obviously influence the notched cyclic stress rup- ture life.The relevant microstructure shows that the Mg may also influence to certain extent on the feature of δ-phase.Thus,to keep the Mg and δ-phase under control may further im- prove the mechanical properties of alloy GH169.展开更多
The extreme instability of pureα-phase FAPbI_(3) under high humidity conditions restricts the highthroughput fabrication in unmodified air environments,resulting in poor performance ofα-phase FAPbI_(3) perovskite de...The extreme instability of pureα-phase FAPbI_(3) under high humidity conditions restricts the highthroughput fabrication in unmodified air environments,resulting in poor performance ofα-phase FAPbI_(3) perovskite devices obtained by scalable fabrication methods.Here we synthesized hyperbranched copper phthalocyanine(HCuPc)as a supramolecular additive with twisted phthalocyanine units to realize the molecular-level encapsulation at the grain boundaries through supramolecular interaction,which greatly broadened the processing window of FAPbI_(3) under high humidity.At the same time,unlike traditional encapsulation layer that carrier can only be collected by tunneling effect,the twisted phthalocyanine ring of HCu Pc in perovskite films is more conducive to hole extraction.Finally,a record efficiency was achieved in pure FAPbI_(3) based inverted structured solar cell by blade-coating to the best of our knowledge,even under unmodified humid air conditions(relative humidity of 65%–85%).The best operational stability of 3D pure FAPbI_(3) devices can also be achieved at the same time and unencapsulated HCuPc-FAPbI_(3) device can even operate with negligible degradation for 100 h in the open air(RH 30%–40%).展开更多
The polarization curves of theα-PHASE aluminium bronze measured in 5%NaCl electrochemically show that the corrosion process of the alloy is controlled by the diffusion of oxygen.The corrosion surface of theα-PHASE A...The polarization curves of theα-PHASE aluminium bronze measured in 5%NaCl electrochemically show that the corrosion process of the alloy is controlled by the diffusion of oxygen.The corrosion surface of theα-PHASE A1 bronze in NaCl solution for a short time was analysed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS).The results indicate that the initial corrosion product of the A1 bronze consists of a simple Cu20 phase.A1 and Ni are incorporated in Cu20 lattice structure in the form of ions,and none of the aluminium compound can be detected.The authors propose that the initial corrosion mechanism ofα-PHASE A1 bronzes in NaCl solution should include oxidation,reduction and diffusion.展开更多
An innovative in-flight glass melting technology with a multi-phase AC arc plasma was developed to save energy and reduce emissions for the glass industry. The effect of the injection position on the in-flight melting...An innovative in-flight glass melting technology with a multi-phase AC arc plasma was developed to save energy and reduce emissions for the glass industry. The effect of the injection position on the in-flight melting behavior of granulated powders was investigated. Results show that the injection position has a strong effect on the melting behavior of alkali-free glass raw material. With the increase in injection distance, the vitrification, decomposition, and particle shrinkage of initial powders are improved. Longer injection distance causes much energy to transfer to particles due to a longer residence time of powder in the high temperature zone. The high vitrification and decomposition degrees indicate that the new in-flight melting technology with 12-phase AC arc can substantially reduce the melting and refining time for glass production.展开更多
The acceleration grid power supply(AGPS) is a crucial part of the Negative-ion Neutral Beam Injection system in the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor,which includes a 3-phase passive(diode) rectifier.To diagnose a...The acceleration grid power supply(AGPS) is a crucial part of the Negative-ion Neutral Beam Injection system in the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor,which includes a 3-phase passive(diode) rectifier.To diagnose and localize faults in the rectifier,this paper proposes a frequencydomain analysis-based fault diagnosis algorithm for the rectifier in AGPS.First,time-domain expressions and spectral characteristics of the output voltage of the TPTL-NPC inverter-based power supply are analyzed.Then,frequency-domain analysis-based fault diagnosis and frequency-domain analysis-based sub-fault diagnosis algorithms are proposed to diagnose open circuit(OC) faults of diode(s),which benefit from the analysis of harmonics magnitude and phase-angle of the output voltage.Only a fundamental period is needed to diagnose and localize exact faults,and a strong Variable-duration Fault Detection Method is proposed to identify acceptable ripple from OC faults.Detailed simulations and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness,quickness,and robustness of the proposed algorithms,and the diagnosis algorithms proposed in this article provide a significant method for the fault diagnosis of other rectifiers and converters.展开更多
The relationship between the γ/(γ+δ) boundary temperature Tδ of austenitic steels and the equivalent weights of [Crl and [Ni] and the variation rule of the δ phase volume with the temperature are studied With th...The relationship between the γ/(γ+δ) boundary temperature Tδ of austenitic steels and the equivalent weights of [Crl and [Ni] and the variation rule of the δ phase volume with the temperature are studied With the aid of computer,the regressives expression derived from the experimental results are Tδ(℃) = T4 -21.2[Cr] +15.8[Ni]-223. Vδ(%)=0.715 exp 0.015(T-Tδ).展开更多
There are significantly different origins and mineralizations among various lithium-rich brines of the world.As for Clayton Valley,Nevada,the data and interpretations recently presented suggest that the model
We have made a preliminary study on a possibility to build a device, which could measure three-phase alternating current at a distance. This report gives a brief look at the theoretical background related with such a ...We have made a preliminary study on a possibility to build a device, which could measure three-phase alternating current at a distance. This report gives a brief look at the theoretical background related with such a device and derives several mathematical results associated with the theory and the structure of the device. Our results suggest that such a device can be built, assuming the distances between the three current-carrying wires and the two sensors of the device are known accurately enough. There are ways to measure these distances, but this article does not concentrate on them.展开更多
Let X and Y be two normed spaces.Let U be a non-principal ultrafilter on N.Let g:X→Y be a standard ε-phase isometry for someε≥ 0,i.e.,g(0)=0,and for all u.v ∈ X,||‖g(u)+g(v)‖±‖g(u)-g(v)‖|-|‖u+v‖±...Let X and Y be two normed spaces.Let U be a non-principal ultrafilter on N.Let g:X→Y be a standard ε-phase isometry for someε≥ 0,i.e.,g(0)=0,and for all u.v ∈ X,||‖g(u)+g(v)‖±‖g(u)-g(v)‖|-|‖u+v‖±‖u-v‖| |≤ε.The mapping g is said to be a phase isometry provided that ε=0.In this paper,we show the following universal inequality of g:for each u^(*) ∈ w^(*)-exp ‖u^(*)‖B_(x^(*)),there exist a phase function σ_(u^(*)):X→{-1,1} and φ ∈ Y^(*) with ‖φ‖=‖u^(*)‖≡α satisfying that|(u^(*),u)-σ_(u^(*))(u)<φ,g(u)>)|≤5/2εα,for all u ∈ X.In particular,let X be a smooth Banach space.Then we show the following:(1) the universal inequality holds for all u^(*) ∈ X^(*);(2) the constant 5/2 can be reduced to 3/2 provided that Y~*is strictly convex;(3) the existence of such a g implies the existence of a phase isometryΘ:X→Y such that■ provided that Y^(**) has the w^(*)-Kadec-Klee property(for example,Y is both reflexive and locally uniformly convex).展开更多
We propose a method for reconstructing non-diffuse surfaces based on theπ-phase-shifted two-plus-one phase-shifting method.First,we introduce a 2fH+a+2fM+2f_(L)method for unwrapped phase extraction.Subsequently,we in...We propose a method for reconstructing non-diffuse surfaces based on theπ-phase-shifted two-plus-one phase-shifting method.First,we introduce a 2fH+a+2fM+2f_(L)method for unwrapped phase extraction.Subsequently,we introduce a new set ofπ-phase-shifted 2fH+a/2+2fM+2f_(L)fringe patterns with halved background intensity.The saturated pixels will be replaced with the unsaturated pixels in theπ-phase-shifted fringe patterns.Finally,we analyze eight fringe replacement cases and give the corresponding phase calculation,and further give the general formulas.Experiments confirm that the sum of the phase error of the proposed method is 81.4%lower than that of the traditional method,and 61.5%lower than that of the adaptive fringe projection method.展开更多
文摘The microstructure of Cr_(25)Ni_(20)stainless steel under plastic deformation up to 50% has re- vealed an even distributed twins,micro-twins and deformation bands.The σ-phase formation in 800℃ aged specimens is accelerated by its nucleation at either deformation twins or recrystallized grain boundaries under less or more deformation respectively.In the recrystallized zone,the recrystallization is prior to the precipitation of σ-phase.Although recrystallization may accelerate the formation of σ-phase,it is not essential.The twins and micro-twins produced by deformation may also provide the additional nucleation sites.
文摘The σ-phase precipitation in 20% cold-worked 15Cr-15Ni titanium-modified austenitic stainless steel was studied during long-term aging treatment.During the isothermal aging stage,the amount of a-phase was significantly increased at beginning and gradually became constant.The aging time only slightly affected the size and morphology of the σ-phase.Conversely,during the isochronal aging stage,the amount ofσ-phase grew rapidly with the increase in the aging temperature.The σ-phase with a large amount of stacking faults was prone to nucleate around the(Ti,Mo)C particles or at the grain boundaries.The(Ti,Mo)C particles can act as effective nucleation sites,where the σ-phase directly precipitates from the austenitic matrix.From this work,the growth of σ-phase is found to be influenced by the aging temperature,and a new mechanism of σ-phase precipitation from austenite has been proposed.
文摘The precipitation kinetics of secondary phases in two austeno-ferritic lean duplex stainless steels(lean DSS)were examined after aging the materials at 800 ℃.Owing to the instability of ferrite,all DSS are known to be sensitive to solid-state phase transformations in the critical temperature range 600-1,000 ℃ and different secondary phases may form,depending on composition and microstructure.The performed thermodynamic simulations revealed the proneness to the precipitation of such phases also have been done in lean DSS,but only information on the equilibrium microstructures were achieved.Therefore,the materials were aged at various times,in order to verify the simulations and determine the precipitation kinetics.The occurred structural modifications were observed and quantified by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction measurements,determining phase type,composition and volumetric fraction.At 800 ℃,grade 2101 was found to be only affected by Cr_2N nitrides precipitation,whereas a significant amount of σ-phase was found to form in LDX 2404 for treatment longer than 1 h,almost totally replacing ferrite after 50 h.Up to now,the intermetallic σ-phase has been observed only in the high alloyed DSS,and the unexpected precipitation in grade 2404 highlighted that the increased content of molybdenum in this steel might be considered as determinant for the formation.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10375065)Anhui Natural Science Foundation (03045102)+1 种基金Europeam Commission projects NanoComp HPRN-CR-2000-0037PlasmaCarb G5RD-CT-1999-00173
文摘A 3-phase a.c. arc plasma reactor with large volume plasma has been developed for the synthesis of new carbon nano-structures. One of the main characteristics of the plasma system is related to the absence of a fixed neutral point. This gives rise to a rich and complex phenomenology related to instabilities and arc motion since the arcs are "burning" freely in the gas flow between the three electrodes. This paper is dedicated to the analysis of the behavior of such a system under typical conditions using argon and nitrogen as plasma gases. A classification of are configuration, arc commutating, arc interaction, arc motion and arc instabilities are discussed based on ultra high-speed cine camera analysis. A simple model describing the time evolution of the system is also presented and compared with the experimental measurements. The results show that an adequate control could allow the improvement of the overall system.
文摘The influence of γ-phase composition in WC-Co cemented carbides on its specific coercive force H_(sc) hasbeen studied by analysing the imitative alloys of γ-phase. The results show that the H_(sc) of γ-phase is lower thanthat of pure cobalt, because the solute W can raise γ-phase H_(sc) but the carbon exhibits more intense negativeeffect on H_(sc). The effect is enhanced with raising the C solubilities in γ-phase.
文摘The precipitation and dissolution together with their control of the primary η-phase in a high-Ti Ni-Fe-Cr base superalloy have been investigated.The precipitation of primary η-phase was found to be closely related to Ti or Al content and solidification rate of the alloy. The aggregation of blocky η-phase may remarkably reduce the tensile strength,ductility and rupture life of the alloy.The temperature-time relation of dissolution of the primary η-phase obeys T=1370-86.1 lgt for as-cast superalloy.The formation of primary η-phase may be prevented by the reasonable control of Ti or Al content and smelting process.The adoption of treatment under large hot deformation and homogenization may be the remedy for unfavorable influence of η-phase.
文摘A new design of stato magnetic System is Proposed for 3-phase & 12-pole HB stepper, and it features bet-ter distribution of magntic lield to incare Pullou tope and bopmve Operaonal stability of moor and minimummutual inductance between phase windimp to make design of control circuit easier, and application proved it is as good as expected.
基金Supported by Development Foundation of Dong Hua Univetsity
文摘Numerical simulation method is applied in the study oftwo - phase flow dynamics in the eliminator of air wash-er. The carrier phase (air) is treated in Eulerian frame,the water droplets are tracked in the Lagrangian frame.A three - dimensional unsteady two - phase flow model isdeveloped. With the help of FLUENT software, air-stream velocity field and water droplets trajectories havebeen illustrated when their mixture passing through tra-ditional folded eliminator. The result of the simulationcan be used to investigate the mechanism of
基金financial support from the Opening Project of the State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering (Sichuan University) (Grant No.Sklpme2015-4-24)the Provincial Department of Education Science General Foundation of Liaoning (Contract No.L2015017)
文摘In this paper,low temperature plasma is used to modify the surface of barium titanate(BaTiO3)nanoparticles in order to enhance the interfacial compatibility between ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) and BaTiO3 nanoparticles.The results demonstrate that oxygenic groups are successfully attached to the BaTiO3 surface,and the quantity of the functional groups increases with the treatment voltage.Furthermore,the effect of modified BaTiO3 nanoparticles on the morphology and crystal structure of the PVDF/BaTiO3 membrane is investigated.The results reveal that the dispersion of BaTiO3 nanoparticles in the PVDF matrix was greatly improved due to the modification of the BaTiO3 nanoparticles by air plasma.It is worth noting that the formation of a β-phase in a PVDF/modified BaTiO3 membrane is observably promoted,which results from the strong interaction between PVDF chains and oxygenic groups fixed on the BaTiO3 surface and the better dispersion of BaTiO3 nanoparticles in the PVDF matrix.Besides,the PVDF/modified BaTiO3 membrane at the treatment voltage of 24 k V exhibits a lower water contact angle(≈68.4°) compared with the unmodified one(≈86.7°).Meanwhile,the dielectric constant of PVDF/BaTiO3 nanocomposites increases with the increase of working voltage.
文摘Micro-alloying of Mg,ranged from 30 to 70 ppm,may improve the high temperature ductility,stress rupture,especially,certain important mechanical properties,such as cyclic stress rupture,creep/fatigue interaction and crack propagation rate.The quantity, morphology and distribution of δ-phase may obviously influence the notched cyclic stress rup- ture life.The relevant microstructure shows that the Mg may also influence to certain extent on the feature of δ-phase.Thus,to keep the Mg and δ-phase under control may further im- prove the mechanical properties of alloy GH169.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22179050,21875089,51973080)。
文摘The extreme instability of pureα-phase FAPbI_(3) under high humidity conditions restricts the highthroughput fabrication in unmodified air environments,resulting in poor performance ofα-phase FAPbI_(3) perovskite devices obtained by scalable fabrication methods.Here we synthesized hyperbranched copper phthalocyanine(HCuPc)as a supramolecular additive with twisted phthalocyanine units to realize the molecular-level encapsulation at the grain boundaries through supramolecular interaction,which greatly broadened the processing window of FAPbI_(3) under high humidity.At the same time,unlike traditional encapsulation layer that carrier can only be collected by tunneling effect,the twisted phthalocyanine ring of HCu Pc in perovskite films is more conducive to hole extraction.Finally,a record efficiency was achieved in pure FAPbI_(3) based inverted structured solar cell by blade-coating to the best of our knowledge,even under unmodified humid air conditions(relative humidity of 65%–85%).The best operational stability of 3D pure FAPbI_(3) devices can also be achieved at the same time and unencapsulated HCuPc-FAPbI_(3) device can even operate with negligible degradation for 100 h in the open air(RH 30%–40%).
文摘The polarization curves of theα-PHASE aluminium bronze measured in 5%NaCl electrochemically show that the corrosion process of the alloy is controlled by the diffusion of oxygen.The corrosion surface of theα-PHASE A1 bronze in NaCl solution for a short time was analysed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS).The results indicate that the initial corrosion product of the A1 bronze consists of a simple Cu20 phase.A1 and Ni are incorporated in Cu20 lattice structure in the form of ions,and none of the aluminium compound can be detected.The authors propose that the initial corrosion mechanism ofα-PHASE A1 bronzes in NaCl solution should include oxidation,reduction and diffusion.
基金supported by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization of Japan and the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,State Education Ministry of China
文摘An innovative in-flight glass melting technology with a multi-phase AC arc plasma was developed to save energy and reduce emissions for the glass industry. The effect of the injection position on the in-flight melting behavior of granulated powders was investigated. Results show that the injection position has a strong effect on the melting behavior of alkali-free glass raw material. With the increase in injection distance, the vitrification, decomposition, and particle shrinkage of initial powders are improved. Longer injection distance causes much energy to transfer to particles due to a longer residence time of powder in the high temperature zone. The high vitrification and decomposition degrees indicate that the new in-flight melting technology with 12-phase AC arc can substantially reduce the melting and refining time for glass production.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFE0300104)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51821005)
文摘The acceleration grid power supply(AGPS) is a crucial part of the Negative-ion Neutral Beam Injection system in the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor,which includes a 3-phase passive(diode) rectifier.To diagnose and localize faults in the rectifier,this paper proposes a frequencydomain analysis-based fault diagnosis algorithm for the rectifier in AGPS.First,time-domain expressions and spectral characteristics of the output voltage of the TPTL-NPC inverter-based power supply are analyzed.Then,frequency-domain analysis-based fault diagnosis and frequency-domain analysis-based sub-fault diagnosis algorithms are proposed to diagnose open circuit(OC) faults of diode(s),which benefit from the analysis of harmonics magnitude and phase-angle of the output voltage.Only a fundamental period is needed to diagnose and localize exact faults,and a strong Variable-duration Fault Detection Method is proposed to identify acceptable ripple from OC faults.Detailed simulations and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness,quickness,and robustness of the proposed algorithms,and the diagnosis algorithms proposed in this article provide a significant method for the fault diagnosis of other rectifiers and converters.
文摘The relationship between the γ/(γ+δ) boundary temperature Tδ of austenitic steels and the equivalent weights of [Crl and [Ni] and the variation rule of the δ phase volume with the temperature are studied With the aid of computer,the regressives expression derived from the experimental results are Tδ(℃) = T4 -21.2[Cr] +15.8[Ni]-223. Vδ(%)=0.715 exp 0.015(T-Tδ).
基金the Institute of Mineral Deposit Resources, the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences in Beijing for the Strategic Tri-Rare Metals project support
文摘There are significantly different origins and mineralizations among various lithium-rich brines of the world.As for Clayton Valley,Nevada,the data and interpretations recently presented suggest that the model
文摘We have made a preliminary study on a possibility to build a device, which could measure three-phase alternating current at a distance. This report gives a brief look at the theoretical background related with such a device and derives several mathematical results associated with the theory and the structure of the device. Our results suggest that such a device can be built, assuming the distances between the three current-carrying wires and the two sensors of the device are known accurately enough. There are ways to measure these distances, but this article does not concentrate on them.
基金supported by the NSFC(12126329,12171266,12126346)the NSF of Fujian Province of China(2023J01805)+5 种基金the Research Start-Up Fund of Jimei University(ZQ2021017)supported by the NSFC(12101234)the NSF of Hebei Province(A2022502010)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2023MS164)the China Scholarship Councilsupported by the Simons Foundation(585081)。
文摘Let X and Y be two normed spaces.Let U be a non-principal ultrafilter on N.Let g:X→Y be a standard ε-phase isometry for someε≥ 0,i.e.,g(0)=0,and for all u.v ∈ X,||‖g(u)+g(v)‖±‖g(u)-g(v)‖|-|‖u+v‖±‖u-v‖| |≤ε.The mapping g is said to be a phase isometry provided that ε=0.In this paper,we show the following universal inequality of g:for each u^(*) ∈ w^(*)-exp ‖u^(*)‖B_(x^(*)),there exist a phase function σ_(u^(*)):X→{-1,1} and φ ∈ Y^(*) with ‖φ‖=‖u^(*)‖≡α satisfying that|(u^(*),u)-σ_(u^(*))(u)<φ,g(u)>)|≤5/2εα,for all u ∈ X.In particular,let X be a smooth Banach space.Then we show the following:(1) the universal inequality holds for all u^(*) ∈ X^(*);(2) the constant 5/2 can be reduced to 3/2 provided that Y~*is strictly convex;(3) the existence of such a g implies the existence of a phase isometryΘ:X→Y such that■ provided that Y^(**) has the w^(*)-Kadec-Klee property(for example,Y is both reflexive and locally uniformly convex).
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Nos.ZR2021MF024 and ZR2020QF101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62273274 and 62001263).
文摘We propose a method for reconstructing non-diffuse surfaces based on theπ-phase-shifted two-plus-one phase-shifting method.First,we introduce a 2fH+a+2fM+2f_(L)method for unwrapped phase extraction.Subsequently,we introduce a new set ofπ-phase-shifted 2fH+a/2+2fM+2f_(L)fringe patterns with halved background intensity.The saturated pixels will be replaced with the unsaturated pixels in theπ-phase-shifted fringe patterns.Finally,we analyze eight fringe replacement cases and give the corresponding phase calculation,and further give the general formulas.Experiments confirm that the sum of the phase error of the proposed method is 81.4%lower than that of the traditional method,and 61.5%lower than that of the adaptive fringe projection method.