Effect of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid on Toll-like Receptors in Patients with Severe Multiple Trauma

This study examined the effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid（ω-3PUFA） on the expression of toll-like receptor 2（TLR2）,toll-like receptor 4（TLR4） and some related inflammatory factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells（PBMCs） of patients with early-stage severe multiple trauma.Thirty-two patients who were admitted to the Department of Traumatic Surgery,Tongji Hospital（Wuhan,China） between May 2010 and November 2010,and diagnosed as having severe multiple trauma with a injury severity score（ISS） no less than 16,were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups at random（n=16 in each）：ω-3PUFA group and control group in which routine parenteral nutrition supplemented with ω-3PUFA or not was administered to the patients in two groups for consecutive 7 days.Peripheral blood from these patients was collected within 2 h of admission（day 0）,and 1,3,5 and 7 days after the nutritional support.PBMCs were isolated and used for detection of the mRNA and protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4 by using real-time PCR and flow cytometry respectively,the levels of NF-κB by quantum dots-based immunofluorescence assay,the levels of TNF-α,IL-2,IL-6 and COX-2 by ELISA,respectively.The results showed that the mRNA and protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in PBMCs was significantly lower in ω-3PUFA group than in control group 5 and 7 days after nutrition support（both P0.05）.The levels of TNF-α,IL-2,IL-6 and COX-2 were found to be substantially decreased in PBMCs in ω-3PUFA group as compared with control group at 5th and 7th day（P0.05 for all）.It was concluded that ω-3PUFA can remarkably decrease the expression of TLR2,TLR4 and some related inflammatory factors in NF-κB signaling pathway in PBMCs of patients with severe multiple trauma,which suggests that ω-3PUFA may suppress the excessive inflammatory response meditated by the TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Effects of ω-3 fatty acids on toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor-κB p56 in lungs of rats with severe acute pancreatitis

AIM To determine the effects of ω-3 fatty acids(ω-3FA) on the toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor κB p56(NF-κBp56) signal pathway in the lungs of rats with severe acute pancreatitis(SAP).METHODS A total of 56 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, SAP-saline group, SAP-soybean oil group and SAP-ω-3FA group. SAP was induced by the retrograde infusion of sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic duct. The expression of TLR4 and NF-κBp56 in the lungs was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the lungs were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The expression of TLR4 and NF-κBp56 in lungs and of inflammatory cytokines in serum significantly increased in the SAP group compared with the control group(P < 0.05), but was significantly decreased in the ω-3FA group compared with the soybean oil group at 12 and 24 h(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION During the initial stage of SAP, ω-3FA can efficiently lower the inflammatory response and reduce lung injury by triggering the TLR4/NF-κBp56 signal pathway.

Transgenic Pigs Carrying a Synthesized Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene Yield High Level of ω-3 PUFAs

Polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFAs） are essential for normal growth in mammals, especially the ω-3 PUFAs, which play important roles in preventing several life-threatening diseases, such as coronary heart disease and diabetes. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the sFat-1 gene from Caenorhabditis briggsae could be functionally expressed in transgenic pigs, and whether the transgenic could synthesize high quality ω-3 PUFAs endogenously. In this study, a gene construct consisting of CMV promoter and 1.9 kb cDNA of ω-3 fatty acid desaturase gene （sFat-1） from C. briggsae was injected into the male pronucleus of pig embryos by microinjection. The piglets were screened for the transgene by PCR, Southern blot and reverse transcription-PCR analysis. Pigs that give positive results were mated with wild-type pigs to produce the next generation and the transmission of transgene was examined by PCR analysis. Fatty acids compositions of various tissues in the transgenic pigs were then analyzed by gas chromatograph. A total of 878 embryos were transferred into 42 recipients, among which 29 successfully got pregnant and gave birth to a total of 162 piglets, and 8 of them were identified to be transgenic. Fatty acid compositions in the transgenic pigs were altered, and the levels of ω-6：ω-3 ratios were decreased from 14.53 in the control to 2.62 in Fat-1 transgenic pigs. A number of primary sFat-1-transgenic pigs were bred in this study, which lays the foundation for cultivation of new varieties of transgenic pigs.

Usefulness of ω-3 fatty acid supplementation in addition to mesalazine in maintaining remission in pediatric Crohn's disease: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study

AIM： To assess the value of long-chain w-3 fatty acids （FAs） supplementation in addition to amino-salicylic-acid （5-ASA） in pediatric patients with Crohn＇s disease （CD）. METHODS： Thirty-eight patients （20 males and 18 females, mean age 10.13 years, range 5-16 years） with CD in remission were randomized into two groups and treated for 12 too. Group Ⅰ （18 patients） received 5-ASA （50 mg/kg/d）＋w-3 FAs as triglycerides in gastroresistant capsules, 3 g/d （eicosapentanoic acid, EPA, 400 mg/g, docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, 200 mg/g）. Group Ⅱ （20 patients） received 5-ASA （50 mg/kg/d）＋olive oil placebo capsules. Patients were evaluated for fatty acid incorporation in red blood cell membranes by gas chromatography at baseline 6 and 12 mo after the treatment. RESULTS： The number of patients who relapsed at 1 year was significantly lower in group I than in group Ⅱ （P〈0.001）. Patients in group I had a significant increase in the incorporation of EPA and DHA （P〈0.001） and a decrease in the presence of arachidonic acids. CONCLUSION： Enteric-coated w-3 FAs in addition to treatment with 5-ASA are effective in maintaining remission of pediatric CD.

A Diet with 3% of Energy from a Mixture of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Significantly Increases in Vivo Lipid Peroxidation in Postmenopausal Women

Dietary omega-3 (n - 3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are recommended by public health organizations to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, and several epidemiological studies have suggested there is an inverse association between n - 3 intake and human cancers. However, n - 3 are susceptible to an increase in lipid peroxidation in the human body. As part of a crossover dietary intervention study of a diet (20% of energy from fat) with or without an additional 3% of energy from a mixture of n - 3 (with 5.36 g α-linolenic acid and 1.45 g eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid per 2000 kcal per day), we measured total in vivo lipid peroxidation in healthy postmenopausal women (n = 15). Our results indicated that the diet with 3% of energy from n - 3 significantly increased the urinary concentrations of total polar lipophilic aldehydes and related compounds produced via lipid peroxidation (p α, β-unsaturated hydroxy aldehydes 4-hydroxy-2-trans - hexenal (p trans -decenal (p < 0.05) compared to the diet with less than 1% of energy from n - 3. This is also the first study to document the presence of 4-hydroxy-2-trans -decenal in the urine of individuals consuming n - 3. These results demonstrate that an increase in 3% of energy from dietary n – 3 increases in vivo lipid peroxidation.

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated eicosanoid pathway:A potential mechanistic linkage between dietary fatty acid consumption and colon cancer risk

Human consumption of linoleic acid(LA,18:2ω-6,abundant in vegetable oils)is very high.Animal experiments showed that excessive LA intake increased azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis,however,the impact of excessive LA on colon cancer in human is not conclusive,making it difficult to make dietary recommendations for optimal intake of LA.Understanding the molecular mechanisms of LA on colon tumorigenesis could help to clarify its health effect,and facilitate development of mechanismbased strategies for preventing colon cancer.Recent studies show that the previously unappreciated cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated eicosanoid pathway is upregulated in colon cancer and plays critical roles in its pathogenesis,and could contribute to the effects of dietary LA,as well asω-3 fatty acids,on colon tumorigenesis.In this review,we will discuss recent studies about the roles of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in fatty acid metabolism and its roles in colonic inflammation and colon cancer,and how this information could help us to clarify the health impacts of dietary fatty acids.

饲料中n-3 HUFA含量对花尾胡椒鲷亲鱼的生殖性能及血浆性类固醇激素水平季节变化的影响

以n 3HUFA含量为 0 16 %、 1 2 7%、 2 36 %和 3 4 7%的 4种人工配合饲料 (D1～D4 )及天然饲料(冰鲜杂鱼 ,D5 )饲养花尾胡椒鲷 (Plectorhynchuscinctus)雌亲鱼一周年 ,通过比较各饲料组亲鱼的产卵量、卵和仔鱼质量以及各月份的血浆性类固醇激素水平 ,研究n 3HUFA对生殖性能及性类固醇激素水平季节性变化的影响。平均每kg雌鱼的产卵量、卵受精率、仔鱼存活率、开口仔鱼体长等 ,D2和D3组与D5组相近 ,但D1和D4组显著低于D5组 ;饲料中n 3HUFA含量对血浆 17β -雌二醇 (E2 )和睾酮 (T)水平的季节性变化规律无明显影响 ,但亲鱼性腺发育与成熟时期的E2 和T水平 ,D1和D4组较D5组显著降低。n 3HUFA含量对亲鱼离体卵泡E2 和T的分泌也有一定影响 :D4组卵泡E2 的基础分泌很少 ;绒毛膜促性腺激素 (HCG ,10 0IU/mL)可刺激D2—D5组卵泡分泌E2 和T ,但D1组卵泡对HCG无反应。结果提示 ,花尾胡椒鲷亲鱼饲料中n 3HUFA的适宜含量为 1 2 7%～ 2 36 % ,不足或过高对亲鱼的生殖性能均有不利影响 ;通过影响性类固醇激素的产生可能是饲料中n

n-3高不饱和脂肪酸对黑鲷幼鱼生长及脂肪代谢的影响

研究了饲料中不同水平n-3 HUFA(0.79%,0.83%,0.85%,0.88%,0.92%,0.94%;DHA/EPA=2.8/1)对黑鲷幼鱼生长及脂肪代谢的影响。结果显示:(1)黑鲷幼鱼肝体指数(HSI)及腹脂率(IPF ratio)随饲料中n-3 HUFA含量的增加而减小,且于0.92%和0.94%组时显著低于其他各组;脂肪细胞直径呈减小趋势,其中0.94%组显著小于0.85%组;肌肉脂肪含量受n-3 HUFA的影响显著,于0.88%组时达到最低。各组全鱼水份和脂肪含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。肝脏、肌肉及腹腔脂肪组织饱和脂肪酸(∑SFA)和C16∶0含量均随饲料n-3HUFA水平增加呈下降趋势,而∑n-3 HUFA呈显著上升趋势。各组织中DHA/EPA不受饲料脂肪酸组成的影响。以增重率为参考指标,二次回归分析结果表明,黑鲷幼鱼[(8.08±0.09)g]获得最佳增重时对饲料中n-3 HUFA的需要量为0.87%DM;(2)黑鲷幼鱼肝脏脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)活性及基因表达水平均在n-3 HUFA>0.92%时有显著下降(P<0.05);腹腔脂肪激素敏感脂肪酶(HSL)活性及基因表达水平均随饲料中n-3 HUFA的添加呈升高趋势(P<0.05),且高含量n-3 HUFA(0.94%)可使HSL活性增加近一倍。结果表明,饲料中n-3HUFA通过同步调控脂肪合成与分解两个过程影响黑鲷幼鱼脂肪代谢。

饲料中n-3高不饱和脂肪酸含量对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹生长性能及脂肪酸组成的影响

为研究饲料中n-3高不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)含量对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹生长性能及脂肪酸组成的影响,本试验配制了n-3 HUFA含量分别为0.74%、1.14%、1.55%、1.94%、2.35%、2.76%(干物质基础),且C22∶6n-3(DHA)/C20∶5n-3(EPA)均为1.1的6种等氮等能试验饲料,以初始体重为2.20 g左右的三疣梭子蟹幼蟹为研究对象,在室外水泥池中采用单体筐养方式进行为期8周的生长试验。每种试验饲料投喂60只幼蟹,每20只幼蟹作为1个重复。结果表明:2.35%组的增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率和蜕壳率均为最高,其中增重率和特定生长率显著高于0.74%、1.14%和1.55%组(P<0.05),饲料效率显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),蜕壳率显著高于0.74%、1.14%和1.94%组(P<0.05)。饲料中n-3 HUFA含量对肝胰腺指数没有显著影响(P>0.05)。各组幼蟹的水分、粗蛋白质、粗灰分含量没有显著差异(P>0.05),但0.74%组的粗脂肪含量显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。幼蟹肌肉及肝胰腺中的脂肪酸组成受到饲料中n-3 HUFA含量的影响,肌肉和肝胰腺中n-3 HUFA含量与饲料中n-3 HUFA含量存在极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01)。以特定生长率为评价指标,通过折线回归分析估测出三疣梭子蟹幼蟹饲料中n-3HUFA的最适含量为2.357%(干物质基础)。

饲料中n-3高度不饱和脂肪酸含量对花尾胡椒鲷亲鱼组织的脂质含量和脂肪酸构成的影响

以n-3高度不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 HUFA)含量(w)为1.12%、2.40%、3.70%、5.85%的4种配合饲料或冰鲜杂鱼喂养花尾胡椒鲷Plectorhynchus cinctus雌亲鱼1周年,研究饲料中n-3 HUFA含量对性腺、肌肉和肝胰脏等组织的脂质含量和脂肪酸构成的影响.结果显示,各组织中的脂质含量在各投喂组之间无显著差异(P>0.05).然而,在1.12%、2.40%和3.70%(w)投喂组,其性腺和肌肉脂质中18∶2n-6、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFA)、n-3 HUFA的含量与饲料中相应脂肪酸的含量存在较明显的平行变化趋势;在性腺脂质中,1.12%、2.40%、5.85%(w)投喂组的二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和1.12%(w)投喂组的n-3 PUFA、n-3 HUFA的含量都显著低于冰鲜杂鱼投喂组(P<0.05);在1.12%、2.40%和3.70%(w)投喂组,上述3种组织中的n-3 PUFA、n-3 HUFA、DHA含量以及DHA/EPA比值都显著高于饲料中相应脂肪酸的含量和比值(P<0.05).结果表明,花尾胡椒鲷组织中的脂肪酸构成受饲料中n-3 HUFA含量影响,受影响的顺序是性腺>肌肉>肝胰脏;组织对n-3 PUFA、特别是DHA具有较强的选择性保留作用,说明这些脂肪酸在性腺发育成熟中具有重要的生理作用.

n-3高不饱和脂肪酸对鱼类亲体繁殖性能的影响及其作用机制

n-3高不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)对鱼类亲体性腺发育、卵子和精子质量、产卵量、受精率、孵化率、仔鱼成活率和质量有重要影响。鱼类体内在一系列去饱和酶和延长酶作用下合成n-3HUFA,淡水鱼类和鲑鳟科鱼类一般从饲料中摄取亚麻酸用于合成n-3 HUFA,而海水鱼类需要从饲料中直接摄取n-3 HUFA。本文综述了鱼体内n-3 HUFA合成路径及其对亲鱼繁殖性能的影响,同时对n-3 HUFA天然来源和替代来源进行了阐述,以期为鱼类亲体的脂肪酸营养和机制方面研究提供一定的参考。

草鱼ATGL基因的表达及饲喂n-3 HUFAs对其的影响

实验获得了草鱼脂肪组织甘油三酯水解酶（ATGL）部分cDNA序列（GenBank登录号为HQ845211）,并进行了序列同源性分析;采用实时定量反转录聚合酶链式反应（qRT-PCR）方法,检测了ATGL基因在草鱼不同组织的表达状况;研究了投喂n-3高不饱和脂肪酸（n-3 HUFAs）对草鱼肝胰脏ATGL基因时序表达的影响。结果显示,所获得的草鱼ATGL基因部分cDNA序列长度为687 bp,与人、牛、小鼠、长腭泥虎鱼、大黄鱼等物种的同源性为65%~75%;该基因在草鱼心脏、肝胰脏、脾脏、鳃、肾脏、肌肉、腹腔脂肪组织、脑、小肠、精巢10个组织中均有表达,其中在腹腔脂肪组织中表达丰度最高,在肝胰脏和肌肉中表达丰度次之。处理组草鱼摄食n-3 HUFAs饲料后,ATGL基因的表达水平在第1周和第2周显著高于对照组,第3周后,该基因的表达水平在处理组与对照组间无显著差异。研究首次克隆得到草鱼ATGL基因部分cDNA序列,并发现该基因在草鱼脂质蓄积及代谢较旺盛的组织中表达水平较高,且其在肝胰脏中的表达受到n-3 HUFAs的影响,其规律为先被诱导升高,然后回复到正常水平。

ω-3不饱和脂肪酸和谷氨酰胺抗压力性氧化损伤的实验研究

目的研究ω-3不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fattyacids,ω-3PUFAs)和谷氨酰胺(glutalnin,Gln)对老年大鼠受压组织细胞的抗氧化损伤作用,并探讨其可能的机制。方法将SPF级雄性老年SD大鼠28只按随机数字表法分成对照组、模型组、ω-3PUFAs干预组(A组)、Gln干预组(B组)。A、B组大鼠分别给予PUFAs及Gln配制液灌胃喂养20d;对照组不受压,模型组及A、B组早期压疮模型诱导成功后,4组大鼠一起实施安乐死。观察受压组织病理形态学变化;检测各组乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)漏出液、10%肌肉匀浆液中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的活性及一氧化氮(nitricoxide,NO)含量的变化。结果受压组织病理形态学显示,与模型组相比,A组受压组织受损程度明显减轻(P<0.01),B组受压组织受损程度有所好转(P<0.05)。生化检测显示,A组受压组织SOD活性显著增高、LDH漏出液和NO含量显著减少(均P<0.01);B组受压组织SOD活性增高、LDH漏出液减少(均P<0.05),NO含量显著降低(P<0.01)。结论ω-3PUFAs和Gln早期干预均能提高受压组织抗氧化能力,尤其是ω-3PUFAs对老年大鼠抗压力性氧化损伤作用较强。

ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸对严重烧伤患者心肌功能的影响

目的观察ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸(ω-3 PUFA)对严重烧伤患者心肌功能的影响。方法将2013年1月至2014年12月安徽医科大学第一附属医院烧伤科收治且符合纳入标准的24例危重患者随机分为两组。对照组12例为常规治疗的基础上使用20%中长链脂肪乳治疗,治疗组12例为常规治疗基础上使用ω-3 PUFA,均持续使用7 d。留取治疗前及治疗后1、4、7 d静脉血,并检测TNF-α、IL-6、c Tn I、NF-κBp65值。对统计资料进行析因方差分析。结果治疗后,治疗组与对照组血标本中TNF-α、IL-6、c Tn I、NF-κBp65值水平均较治疗前均降低,且治疗后,治疗组TNF-α、IL-6、c Tn I、NF-κBp65值水平均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论ω-3 PUFA可改善严重烧伤患者心肌功能。

The Effects of Dietary Fatty Acid Pattern on Layer's Performance and Egg Quality

The feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of flaxseed on layer＇s performance and egg quality, and the effects of the dietary ratio of ω-6 fatty acid to ω-3 fatty acid on fatty acid deposition in yolk using flaxseed as resource of ω-3 fatty acid and sunflower seed as resource of ω-6 fatty acid. 192 20-wk-old Newroman commercial hens were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups with 6 replicates containing 8 birds. The rations corresponding with the four treatments were formulated with 4% flaxseed ＋ 9% sunflower seed, 8% flaxseed ＋ 18% sunflower seed, 15% flaxseed, and soybean meal, respectively. Sunflower seed was unshelled and flaxseed was whole. Ratios of ω-6 fatty acid to ω-3 fatty acid in 4 dietary treatments were 5.67, 5.21, 1.07, and 11.83, respectively. It can be concluded that long-term feeding 15% flaxseed had no significant （P〉 0.05） influence on egg production, egg weight, eggshell quality, yolk weight, and percentage of yolk weight. Dietary ratio of ω-6 fatty acid to ω-3 fatty acid had impact on the 0-3 fatty acid levels in yolk, nevertheless yolk fatty acid profiles were different from those of dietary fatty acid compositions.

Is there a role of lipid-lowering therapies in the management of fatty liver disease?

Atherogenic dyslipidemia is characterized by increased triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations.It is highly prevalent in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)and contributes to the increased cardiovascular risk associated with this condition.Alongside insulin resistance it plays an important pathogenetic role in NAFLD/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH)development and progression.It has been shown that cholesterol-lowering reduces cardiovascular risk more in NAFLD vs non-NAFLD high-risk individuals.This evidence highlights the importance of effective lipid modulation in NAFLD.In this narrative review the effects of the most commonly used lipid-lowering therapies on liver outcomes alongside their therapeutic implications in NAFLD/NASH are critically discussed.Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that statins reduce hepatic steatosis,inflammation and fibrosis in patients with NAFLD/NASH.Most data are derived from observational and small prospective clinical studies using changes in liver enzyme activities,steatosis/fibrosis scores,and imaging evidence of steatosis as surrogates.Also,relevant histologic benefits were noted in small biopsy studies.Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin showed greater benefits,whereas data for other statins are scarce and sometimes conflicting.Similar studies to those of statins showed efficacy of ezetimibe against hepatic steatosis.However,no significant anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic actions of ezetimibe have been shown.Preclinical studies showed that fibrates through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR)αactivation may have a role in NAFLD prevention and management.Nevertheless,no relevant benefits have been noted in human studies.Species-related differences in PPARαexpression and its activation responsiveness may help explain this discrepancy.Omega-3 fatty acids reduced hepatic steatosis in numerous heterogeneous studies,but their benefits on hepatic inflammation and fibrosis have not been established.Promising preliminary data for the highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid require further confirmation.Observational studies suggest that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin9 inhibitors may also have a role in the management of NAFLD,though this needs to be established by future prospective studies.

Effect of n-3 HUFA levels in rotifers and Artemia on growth and survival of larval black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus)

Requirement for dietary n-3 HUFA (n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid) for growth and survival of black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus) larvae was studied using rotifers and Artemia at various levels of n-3 HUFA. Five treatments with rotifers and Artemia differing in n-3 HUFA were prepared by enriching them with various oil emulsions. Results indicated that dietary n-3 HUFA significantly influence fish n-3 HUFA levels and are essential for growth and survival of black sea bream larvae. The results also indicated that the incorporation of n-3HUFA TG (triacylglycerols) into tissues of larval black sea bream was more effective from natural fish oil in comparison with n-3 HUFA fatty acid ethyl esters from ethyl-esterified oil.

ω-3PUFAs Prevent MK-801-induced Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenic Rats via the CREB/BDNF/TrkB Pathway

This study was to determine the protective effect of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids（ω-3PUFAs） on MK-801-induced cognitive impairment in schizophrenia（SZ） rats and the underlying mechanism. A rat model of schizophrenia was induced by MK-801. The cognitive function of rats was assessed using a Morris water maze. The number of hippocampal neurons was measured by Nissl staining. The expression of CREB, p-CREB, BDNF, TrkB, p-TrkB, AKT, p-AKT, ERK, and p-ERK in the hippocampus of rats was detected by Western blotting. The results showed that ω-3PUFAs attenuated MK-801-induced cognitive impairment and hippocampal neurons loss, reversed the injury of the CREB/BDNF/TrkB pathway induced by MK-801, and antagonized MK-801-induced down-regulation of p-AKT and p-ERK in the hippocampus of rats. In conclusion, ω-3PUFAs enhances the CREB/BDNF/TrkB pathway by activating ERK and AKT, thereby increasing the synaptic plasticity and decreasing neuron loss, and antagonizing MK-801-induced cognitive impairment in schizophrenic rats.

Free fatty acids, glucose, and insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Xu et al used the HOMA2 model to estimate theβ-cell function and insulin resistance levels in an individual from simultaneously measured fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin levels.This method is based on the assumption that the glucose-insulin axis is central for the metabolic activities,which led to type 2 diabetes.However,significant downregulation of both the NKX2-1 gene and the TPD52L3 gene force an increase in the release of free fatty acids(FFAs)into the blood circulation,which leads to a marked reduction in membrane flexibility.These data favor a FFA-glucose-insulin axis.The authors are invited to extend their study with the introduction of the saturation index(number of carbon-carbon double bonds per 100 fatty-acyl chains),as observed in erythrocytes.

ω-3不饱和脂肪酸通过影响自噬改善血管紧张素Ⅱ所致心肌细胞损伤

目的 心肌细胞的自噬受到非常精细地调节,本实验探讨ω-3不饱和脂肪酸是否能通过影响自噬改善心肌细胞损伤并深入研究其机制。方法 使用H9C2细胞系以及成年C57BL/6小鼠心肌细胞原代培养,将心肌细胞暴露于血管紧张素Ⅱ和ω-3不饱和脂肪酸环境中,检测心肌细胞结构稳定性和心肌细胞自噬状态,检测指标包括心肌细胞骨架蛋白α-Actinin变化情况变化、细胞自噬流水平变化及细胞自噬相关蛋白变化等。结果 血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导心肌细胞中α-Actinin纤维排列消失,变为散点状结构。ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸使心肌细胞α-Actinin纤维排列结构保持正常。血管紧张素Ⅱ可诱导心肌细胞自噬流明显上调(P<0.01),而ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸可抑制暴露于血管紧张素Ⅱ的H9c2细胞自噬水平(P<0.01)。血管紧张素Ⅱ提升细胞LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ表达,而ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸能够抑制LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ水平的升高。结论 ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸可通过调节自噬水平来减轻心肌细胞的结构损伤。