Preliminary Studies on CPG/Hinf Ⅰ RFLP Groups of Citrus tristeza virus Infected Sweet Oranges in China

Citrus tristeza virus （CTV） causes economically important losses to the citrus industry worldwide. Mild strain cross protection （MSCP） against tristeza has hardly been practised due to mixed infection of different CTV-strains and little background of its molecular biology in China. For better cognition on CTV, 192 sweet orange samples collected from eight provinces （Chongqing, Sichuan, Fujian, Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong and Jiangxi） were tested by direct tissue blot immuno-assay （DTBIA）, and 158 of them were tested positively, which therefore were subjected to coat protein gene （CPG）/Hinf Ⅰ restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP） analysis. Sample bulks were compared between Chongqing and Fujian by some statistical data, including ratios of single infection and mixed infection to local samples, proportions of CTV isolates with single RFLP groups, and rates of each RFLP group. The simplified analysis of samples from the other six provinces were then conducted. This study suggests that CTV isolates with CPG/Hinf Ⅰ RFLP groups Ⅲ and Ⅰ are the main epidemic ones in China, and mixed infection of CTV in fields are popular. Based on observation of severity of stem-pitting symptom in field trees, CTV isolates with CPG/Hinf Ⅰ RFLP groups Ⅲ and Ⅰ caused severe stem-pittings in sweet oranges in China.

Production of Transgenic Anliucheng Sweet Orange(Citrus sinensis Osbeck) with Xa21 Gene for Potential Canker Resistance

Citrus canker, an epidemic quarantine disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, has brought a great damage in citrus production worldwide. Herein, a rice PRR （pattern recognition receptor） gene Xa21 together with GUS reporter gene and hygromycin phosphotransferase gene （HPT） was introduced into Anliucheng sweet orange （Citrus sinensis Osbeck） via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of embryogenic callus. The transgenic calluses were screened on MT basal medium containing hygromycin （HYG） and detected by histochemical GUS staining. The transgenic plantlets were recovered through somatic embryogenesis pathway. The regenerated plantlets were accustomed to and maintained in the greenhouse. The transgene integration of recovered plantlets was identiifed by PCR and Southern blot hybridization. It showed that all the transgenic plantlets tested had undergone single copy integration, the expression of Xa21 in eight different transgenic lines detected by qRT-PCR can be divided into three grades, high for T5 and T6, middle for T4 and low for the rest. The tolerance to citrus canker disease of the three recovered transgenic lines T2, T4 and T6 was assessed by in vitro pin-puncture inoculation. The results showed that all the three transgenic lines conferred improved resistance to citrus canker bacterium infection and the T4 transgenic line displayed the highest resistance. The mechanism and feasibility of rice Xa21 in triggering innate immunity in citrus was brielfy discussed.

Proteomic Comparison Between Leaves from a Red-Flesh Mutant and Its Wild-Type in Sweet Orange

The red-flesh mutant Hong Anliu sweet orange is of high nutritional value due to its lycopene accumulation.Our previous studies on this mutant fruits suggested that photosynthesis and oxidative stress could promote the formation of mutation trait.However,leaf rather than fruit is the major part for some important biological processes such as photosynthesis.In this study,we analyzed the proteomic alteration in leaves of the red-flesh mutant Hong Anliu vs.its wild type （WT）.Ten differentially expressed proteins were identified,of which two were involved in photosynthesis,three in oxidative stress,two in defense,and three in metabolism.The high up-regulation of photosynthetic proteins proved the hypothesis that enhanced photosynthesis could provide and transport more substrates into mutant fruits for carotenoid biosynthesis.Similar to the previous results in fruits,anti-oxidative proteins were highly up-regulated in leaves,suggesting the whole plant of Hong Anliu suffered from enhanced oxidative stress.Proteins involved in defense and metabolism were also identified,and their possible roles in the mutation were discussed.

International Competitiveness of Export of China’s Sweet Orange

Selecting the market share,trade competitiveness index,revealed comparative advantage( RCA),and revealed competitive advantage index( CA),this paper compared the competitiveness of China and large sweet orange exporters,and made an empirical analysis. Results indicate that in terms of the market share,Spain has prominent advantage in competitiveness of sweet orange; in terms of the trade competitiveness index,Egypt and South Africa have higher competitiveness in the export of sweet orange; in terms of RCA and CA,Egypt has absolute international advantage in the export of sweet orange. China’s export competitiveness of sweet orange is much lower than other large sweet orange producers such as Spain,Egypt,and South Africa,and the export capacity is much lower than other large sweet orange producers. In view of current situations,it came up with recommendations for improving export competitiveness of China’s sweet orange,including expanding the market,diversifying the varieties,improving the quality,reducing the costs,strengthening cooperation of fruit farmer cooperatives,and enhancing government support.

Pre-harvest Treatment of Zn ＆ B Affects the Fruit Quality and Storability of Sweet Orange

Physico-chemical composition of sweet orange （Citrus sinensis L.） cv. blood red was determined in relation to different storage conditions and micronutrients application at department of horticulture, Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan during 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. The post-harvest quality of sweet orange was evaluated for 60 days storage with 20 days intervals. Fruit were harvested after the foliar application of zinc and boron in two consecutive seasons. The harvested fruits were stored at an ambient temperature （ATS） of 25 ＋ 2 ℃ and at low temperature storage （LTS） of 15 ± 2 ℃ with 60%-70% relative humidity （RH） for 60 days. Sweet oranges stored at LTS maintained better fruit quality than ATS. The foliar application of zinc and boron significantly enhanced fruit juice content, total soluble solids （TSS）, ascorbic acid （AA） and non-reducing sugar （NRS） of fruit. However, fruit juice content, TSS and AA were observed significantly higher, when the fruit was treated with high zinc （1%） and low boron （0.02%）. The percent of weight loss, disease incidence, TSS and reducing sugar （RS） increased with increasing the storage durations. A reduction was noted in fruit juice, AA and NRS with increasing the storage durations.

Evaluation of Kenyan Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato （Ipomoea batatas Lam,） Purees for Functional Food Production

Consumption of functional foods with health promoting benefits and/or disease prevention has been on the increase globally. The study aimed at evaluating the potential of utilizing Kenyan orange fleshed sweet potato （Ipomoea batatas Lam.） for functional food production with aesthetics benefits. Purees from three different varieties of orange fleshed sweet potato （OFSP） were analyzed for nutritional, physicochemical and microbial quality, The findings of the study show that the three purees were all microbiologically safe and of near neutral pH, but differed significantly （P 〈 0.05） in nutrient content （dry matter content, 12.76-28.23%; crude fiber, 1.37-2.90% fresh weight basis （FWB）; 13-carotene, 0.94-9.27 mg/100g dry weight basis （DWB）; starch, 10.20-18.30% FWB ＆ total sugar 27.08-31.76% DWB）. The purees had attractive appearance （ranging from yellow to dark orange）, with varying significantly different spectrophotometer hunters color scale （P 〈 0.05）, and flow ability. Conclusions from the findings show great potential of utilizing the varying properties of OFSP puree to produce enriched functional food products such as probiotic/prebiotic dairy, beverages, bakery and baby foods.

Improved Energy and Sensory Properties of Instant Porridge Made from a Roasted Mixture of Grated Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potatoes and Flour Made from Shredded Sun Dried Cassava

Mozambican diets are often lacking in vitamin A. Orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (OFSP) are rich in beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, but are not easily introduced into the diet as the consistency of the porridge made from OFSP is unappetising. Flour made from roasted cassava (garri) produces a palatable porridge with a high energy density. We propose a simple procedure for producing an instant porridge by roasting grated OFSP with flour from shredded sun-dried cassava (G-OFSP). This is an easily adopted variant of the traditional garri-making process. The consistency of this porridge made from milled G-OFSP (G-OFSPf) was compared to the consistency of porridges made from maize flour (Mf), cassava flour (Cf), OFSP flour (OFSPf) and garri flour (Gf) at 43°C, and then correlated to the perceived characteristics assessed by a sensory panel. The dry matter concentration of the porridges was adjusted to give similar consistency, measured by the maximum force of back extrusion, using traditional maize porridge as a reference. The porridges were additionally characterized by back extrusion force relaxation time. Short relaxation times were obtained for G-OFSPf, Mf and Gf porridges and longer times for Cf and OFSPf porridges, corresponding roughly to the sensory preference. In the sensory test of consistency, G-OFSPf porridge was ranked first, followed by Mf, Gf, OFSPf and Cf. In overall sensory tests comparing G-OFSPf porridge to Gf porridge, G-OFSPf porridge was significantly preferred with regard to all sensory attributes evaluated (p < 0.01). The energy density of the G-OFSPf porridge was 5.6 kJ/ml;the highest of the three most preferred porridges with regard to texture. The preparation of flour from a mixture of grated OFSP and shredded sun-dried cassava improved the perceived porridge consistency, increased its energy density, and its high acceptability would increase the intake of betacarotene.

Effects of Agro-Ecological Practices on the Productivity of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) and Soil Fertility in the Sudano-Sahelian Zone of Burkina Faso

This study consisted to evaluate the effects of ecological practices on the yield performance of the JEWEL of orange-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam). The study was conducted in a Sudano-Sahelian cropping system (Lantargou, eastern region of Burkina Faso). Agro-ecological practices consisted of the inputs of 3.20 t/ha of compost + 2.45 t/ha of wood ash (CO + WA);4.90 t/ha of wood ash (WA);6.40 t/ha of compost (CO) were compared to control with no inputs (T0). Each treatment was repeated four times. The crop management consisted of plowing, harrowing, raising of ridges with 40 cm height, burying of treatments, transplanting of cuttings, two weeding’s, and using of biopesticide called PIOL for crop protection. Composite soil samples per treatment were also collected at tuber harvest and analyzed to determine the effects of treatments on residual soil fertility. Results showed that the plant heights and diameters under the CO were significantly (P < 0.001) improved by 16% and 12% compared to T0. The WA treatment significantly increased the number of large tubers by 43% (P ≤ 0.01) compared to T0. Total tuber numbers, large tuber numbers and tuber yields of sweet potato under CO + WA were significantly (P < 0.001) and respectively improved by 27%, 50% and 31% compared to T0. All treatments increased soil organic matter, N, P and K contents, and reduced soil acidity compared with those obtained under T0. Soil K content was improved by 39% under CO + WA, and soil N content by 34% under WA compared to T0. Soil C/N ratio under CO + WA was reduced by 20% compared others treatments. But, the CO + WA treatment outperformed by improving residual soil N content by 38%, and the WA treatment by increasing soil K content by 50% compared to T0. In addition, soil pHH2O increased by 1.2 units under WA treatment compared to T0. As conclusion, the application of 6.4 t/ha of compost performed well to improve the vegetative growth of orange-fleshed sweet potato while the inputs of 3.2 t/ha of compost + 2.45 t/ha of wood ash were efficacy to significantly increase the tuber yields and improve the residual fertility of soil.

甜橙精油-北五味子提取物复合膜的制备及其在冷鲜猪肉保鲜中的应用

为提高冷鲜猪肉的保鲜能力并延长其货架期,以甜橙精油(orange essential oil,OEO)、北五味子提取物(Schisandra chinensis extract,SCE)为活性成分,羧甲基纤维素钠(sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,CMC-Na)为成膜基质,采用流延法制备复合膜。利用单因素试验和正交试验优选复合膜的配制方法,以色泽、汁液流失率、pH值、感官评价、总挥发性盐基氮含量和菌落总数探究OEO-SCE复合膜对冷鲜猪肉保鲜能力的影响。结果表明,当CMC-Na添加量为1.0 g/100 mL、SCE添加量为0.9 g/100 mL、OEO添加量为0.2%(V/V)时,制备的复合膜综合性能最佳:断裂伸长率为(63.860±0.120)%,抗拉强度为(8.800±0.049)MPa,水蒸气透过率为(2.360±0.070)g·mm/(m^(2)·h·kPa)。用该膜包裹冷鲜猪肉进行保鲜,与未包膜组相比,色泽及感官评分有明显提升,可以有效降低贮藏期内的总挥发性盐基氮含量、pH值、汁液流失率及菌落总数,贮藏期从6 d延长至8 d。由此可见,OEO-SCE复合膜可以抑制冷鲜猪肉在贮藏期内的腐败变质并延长其贮藏期。

柑橘溃疡病菌胁迫对海南绿橙植株生理指标与抗氧化酶的影响

分析溃疡病菌对海南绿橙植株生长代谢和抗氧化酶系统的影响将有助于研究其在溃疡病菌胁迫下的调控机制,推进抗性品种选育工作。通过盆栽试验,主要研究海南绿橙在溃疡病菌胁迫下的生理代谢变化及关键抗氧化酶的响应。结果表明,溃疡病菌胁迫下,绿橙植株的株高增长量、叶面积均未受到显著影响,但植株鲜重显著下降,且引起绿橙叶片的黄化,其中叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量的下降幅度分别为74.09%、81.75%。在溃疡病菌胁迫的0~72 h,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性和叶片细胞中的丙二醛(MDA)含量均在胁迫24 h时达到高峰,分别是胁迫前的6.15、5.08、5.60倍,以上指标均高于空白对照;冗余分析(RDA)显示,酶活的变化量与各生理指标保持着较好的负相关关系。综上,溃疡病菌胁迫主要引起绿橙叶片光合色素含量的降低,影响叶片的光合代谢,而SOD和PAL是绿橙植株应对溃疡病菌侵染时的关键抗氧化酶,研究结果将为海南柑橘抗性育种的定向选择提供理论研究基础。

甜橙精油穴位按摩对老年人气阴两虚型功能性便秘的影响

目的:观察甜橙精油穴位按摩对气阴两虚型功能性便秘(FC)老年人的影响。方法:采用便利抽样法,选取2021年12月—2022年12月甘肃省中医院老年病科收治的75例气阴两虚型功能性便秘老年人为研究对象,随机将其分为对照组(n=37)和试验组(n=38)。对照组在常规护理的基础上给予单纯穴位按摩,试验组在常规护理的基础上给予甜橙精油穴位按摩,疗程均为2周。干预2周后比较两组周自发完全排便次数、Bristol粪便性状评分及便秘病人症状自评量表(PAC-SYM)评分。结果:干预2周后,试验组自发完全排便次数、Bristol粪便性状评分高于对照组,PAC-SYM评分低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:甜橙精油穴位按摩应用于气阴两虚型功能性便秘老年人的疗效优于单纯穴位按摩,能够增加病人的排便次数,改善粪便性状,减轻便秘相关症状。

甜橙香精微胶囊的制备及缓释性能研究

为了改善香精微胶囊的缓释性能、提高香精利用率,以甜橙香精为芯材、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)三聚体为合成壁材的单体、聚乙二醇(PEG)和石墨烯(GR)作为温控材料,利用界面聚合法制备温控香精微胶囊(egHDI-O),考察芯壁比、剪切乳化机的转速、温控组分对甜橙香精微胶囊形貌、组成、芯材含量和缓释性能的影响。结果表明:在甜橙香精微胶囊芯壁比为1∶2,转速为8000 r/min,乳化剂为吐温80,PEG和GR用量分别为200 g/L和5 g/L工艺条件下制备的egHDI-O具有良好的形貌和均匀的粒径,其芯材含量(质量分数)可达74%;相比于未添加PEG和GR的微胶囊,egHDI-O具有优良的温控性能。研究为开发新型温控缓释赋香材料提供了新思路。

冻干白茶甜橙块配方研究

【目的】目前,白茶主要以冲泡饮用为主,市场上可供选择的白茶食品有限。本研究以速溶白茶粉和甜橙为主要原料,研制一款具有独特风味的新型白茶食品。【方法】通过单因素实验和正交试验,结合感官评分考察了速溶白茶粉、甜橙果酱和甜橙香精对冻干白茶甜橙块感官品质的影响,优化了冻干白茶甜橙块的配方。【结果】冻干白茶甜橙块的最佳工艺配方为速溶白茶粉0.1 g、甜橙果酱5 g、甜橙香精0.5 g、冰糖5 g、白砂糖5 g、糊精5 g、果胶0.5 g和水72 g。【结论】在此配方条件下可制得茶香、橙香和柚香浓郁协调,酸甜可口的冻干白茶甜橙块。

用ro/B基因转化大红甜橙的初步研究

为建立大红甜橙的再生及遗传转化体系,提高转化芽的成株率,以30d龄的大红甜橙(CitrussinensisOsbeck)实生苗上胚轴为材料,导入rolB基因,进行遗传转化研究.结果表明:MS+3.0mg/L6-BA培养基诱导不定芽的效果最好,达95%以上.遗传转化时,采用培养基Ⅱ(MS+3mg/L6-BA+200μmol/LAs)+培养基Ⅳ(MT+3mg/L6-BA+50mg/LKan+500mg/LCef)组合的抗性芽诱导最快,诱导率为51%.用微芽嫁接的方法,将抗性芽嫁接到卡里佐枳橙上,成苗良好,已获得19株转rolB基因植株,盆栽在温室中生长良好.

CO_2超临界流体萃取技术提取甜橙皮精油的研究

采用甜橙皮作为实验材料，研究在超临界状态下，粉碎度、温度、压力、静态萃取与动态萃取对油脂萃取率的影响，为批量生产提供了依据。

不同砧木先锋橙叶片POD活性与树体生长势的关系

通过对１１种砧木的先锋橙春、秋梢营养枝叶片ＰＯＤ（过氧化物酶）活性的分析，结果表明，不同砧木的先锋橙叶片ＰＯＤ活性差异十分显著，叶片ＰＯＤ活性与树高、干周、冠径及树冠体积呈显著正相关。先锋橙叶片ＰＯＤ活性的高低与砧木的矮化性呈正相关，并可应用于预测树体的生长势。

甜橙键合态芳香组分的酶(酸)解解离方法研究

以甜橙为研究对象 ,通过采用AmberliteXAD 2树脂吸附溶剂解吸法 ,对橙汁的游离态与键合态芳香组分进行分离 ,然后酶 (酸 )解键合态组分 ,释放橙汁中的潜在芳香组分。通过对酶 (酸 )解反应方式释放的芳香组分的比较 。

高效的‘大红’甜橙实生苗上胚轴离体培养与植株再生体系的建立

以‘大红’甜橙实生苗上胚轴为外植体,研究其离体培养和植株再生技术的结果表明,MS+1.0mg·L-16-BA的培养基诱导不定芽的效果最好,30d时诱导率达97.5%。外植体抗性筛选出最适kanamycin浓度为50mg·L-1。IBA和NAA都促进不定芽生根。1/2MS+4.0mg·L-1IBA和1/2MS+1.5mg·L-1NAA诱导根的效果最佳,生根率和根数分别达到76.92%、0.81和92.31%、1.88。

甜橙加工综合利用研究进展

甜橙营养丰富,可以加工成多种产品。综述了国内外甜橙果肉加工及其皮渣综合利用研究进展,详细介绍了果肉加工成品橙汁、果酒,皮渣提取产物甜橙膳食纤维、橙皮精油、橙皮果胶、橙皮色素以及皮渣转化产物饲料、酶制剂的研究进展,以期为提高甜橙综合利用率、提高甜橙附加值提供参考依据。

细胞壁酶活性与甜橙果实质地的相关性研究

对在中亚热带生态类型的江安罗伯逊脐橙和伏令夏橙果实生长发育全过程中的果胶甲酯酶(PE)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、纤维素酶(Cx)与果胶、半纤维素(hemicellulose,HC)、木质素(lignin)等果实质地成分的相关动态变化的研究结果表明:PE、PG和Cx在果实生长发育过程中一直存在,不同种类甜橙的PE、PG活性都以成熟期为转折点;随着PG和PE两种酶活性的增加,果胶物质分解,果实硬度下降,Cx活性对细胞壁中难溶态半纤维素含量影响最大;随着果实的生长发育进程,果实内木质素的含量呈现急剧下降的趋势。