Chemical composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics of high sugar forage sorghum as an alternative to forage maize for silage making in Tarim Basin, China

The chemical composition, mineral profile and in vitro fermentation characteristics of maize （MZ）, high sugar forage sorghum （HS） and forage sorghum （FS）, and silages made from each forage type were measured. The MZ and MZ silage （MZS） had higher crude protein, starch and ether extract contents than both sorghum forages and sorghum silages. HS had higher ash and water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations than FS and MZ. MZ, MZS, HS and HS silage （HSS） had lower neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and acid detergent lignin than FS and FS silage （FSS）. FSS had higher dry matter （DM） and pH than MZS and HSS. HSS contained higher concentrations of P and K than FSS and MZS. MZS and HSS had higher in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility, CH4 production, total volatile fatty acids, acetate and propionate than FSS. pH was higher for FSS than for HSS, and ammonia was lower for HSS than for MZS and FSS. HSS had higher gas production than MZS and FSS after 2, 4, 6 and 8 h incubation. MZS had higher gas production than HSS and FSS after 26 and 28 h of incubation. The results indicate that HS may substitute for MZ to make good quality silage. However, animal studies are needed to assess the acceptability and feeding values of HSS vs. MZS for ruminant production.

QTLs for Sugar Content of Stalk in Sweet Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.Moench)

High sugar content of sorghum stalk is an important factor in the sorghum silage production. To identify the genomic regions controlling sugar content and to develop molecular markers linked to sugar content in sweet sorghum, we used an F2：3 segregating population consisting of 207 individuals derived from a cross between a high sugar content inbred line, Early Folger, and a normal inbred line, N32B, for genetic linkage mapping and quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis. We constructed a genetic linkage map spanning 983.5 cM based on a total of 327 markers comprising 31 restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP） markers, 254 amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） markers, and 42 simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers. In the 20 linkage groups detected, 98.2% of markers aligned to the 10 linkage groups of sorghum. Variations in sugar content at different growth stages and among internodes suggested that the sugar content of middle internodes is stable and suitable for measuring at early dough stage. The broad sense heritability （hB0 of sugar content was 0.64 and 0.62 estimated from the data of F3 families and each parent in 2003 and 2004. We identified one and two QTLs accounting for 22.2 to 25.0% of phenotypic variance using simple interval mapping method in 2003 and 2004, respectively. These two QTLs showed a negative additive effect, and over-dominance effect. A QTL on LG-D was detected in both two years. Above results will be help us to understand the genetic mechanism of sugar content in sorghum and the QTL detected in this study might be useful in the improvement of sugar content by marker-assisted selection.

Genome-wide identification,expression and functional analysis of sugar transporters in sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.)

Sugar transporters are essential for osmotic process regulation,various signaling pathways and plant growth and development.Currently,few studies are available on the function of sugar transporters in sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.).In this study,we performed a genome-wide survey of sugar transporters in sorghum.In total,98 sorghum sugar transporters(SSTs)were identified via BLASTP.These SSTs were classified into three families based on the phylogenetic and conserved domain analysis,including six sucrose transporters(SUTs),23 sugars will eventually be exported transporters(SWEETs),and 69 monosaccharide transporters(MSTs).The sorghum MSTs were further divided into seven subfamilies,including 24 STPs,23 PLTs,two VGTs,four INTs,three p Glc T/SBG1 s,five TMTs,and eight ERDs.Chromosomal localization of the SST genes showed that they were randomly distributed on 10 chromosomes,and substantial clustering was evident on the specific chromosomes.Twenty-seven SST genes from the families of SWEET,ERD,STP,and PLT were found to cluster in eight tandem repeat event regions.In total,22 SSTs comprising 11 paralogous pairs and accounting for 22.4%of all the genes were located on the duplicated blocks.The different subfamilies of SST proteins possessed the same conserved domain,but there were some differences in features of the motif and transmembrane helices(TMH).The publicly-accessible RNA-sequencing data and real-time PCR revealed that the SST genes exhibited distinctive tissue specific patterns.Functional studies showed that seven SSTs were mainly located on the cell membrane and membrane organelles,and 14 of the SSTs could transport different types of monosaccharides in yeast.These findings will help us to further elucidate their roles in the sorghum sugar transport and sugar signaling pathways.

Research Progress on Genetic Breeding of Sweet Sorghum Related to Sugar Traits

Sweet sorghum is a crop with good application prospects, and the research on sweet sorghum breeding people should be strengthened. Based on this, the genetic content of QTLs(quantitative trait loci) for sugar traits in sweet sorghum was introduced, and the analysis content of the genetic breeding of sweet sorghum related to sugar traits was expounded, providing support for the cultivation of sweet sorghum with higher quality and the promotion of agricultural development in China.

Nitrogen Fertilizer and Panicle Removal in Sweet Sorghum Production: Effect on Biomass, Juice Yield and Soluble Sugar Content

Alternative and renewable bio-based energy sources are gaining prominence worldwide. Sweet sorghum is currently being evaluated throughout the world because its stem juices are rich in sugars that can be directly fermented to ethanol. In this two-year study, sweet sorghum varieties;Dale, Theis, Topper 76-6, and M81E (Obtained from Mississippi State University Experiment Station, MS) and CHR-SW8 (Obtained from Chromatin Inc., IL) were used. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates of 0, 40, 80 or 120 kg·N·ha-1 were applied to experimental units. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with treatments in a split-split plot arrangement with three replications. Nitrogen rate was the main plot, cultivar as sub-plot, and panicle removal as sub-plot. Results showed that N application increased fresh stem yield, juice volume, but had minimal effect on juice soluble sugar concentration. Compared to controls, application of ≥40 kg·N·ha-1 increased fresh yield and juice by >60% and 10%, respectively. There were also variety differences in harvested fresh biomass, juice volume and oBrix, and soluble sugar content. Dale and Theis consistently showed lower sucrose compared to other varieties over the two years. Panicle removal during early reproductive phase increased oBrix, sucrose and total sugar content in all varieties. Across the two years of study, panicle removal increased oBrix by more than 10%, sucrose and total sugar increased by more than 20%. Selection of varieties that produce high juice volume with high sugar content and strategies to inhibit seed formation may result in improved juice quality.

3-31 Sugar Accumlation in Stem of Sweet Sorghum Mutant Induced by Carbon Ion Irradiation

Sweet sorghum, the world's fifth most important cereal after rice, corn, wheat and barley, is a very attractivesource for biomass production. This raw material complements sugarcane production and is emerging as the idealfeed for animals and for the production of the first-generation of biofuels, such as ethanol and value-added chemicals.At present, most of the studies about sweet sorghum focus on utilization (such as ethanol production), and thestudy of suger accumulation in stem are rarely.

Effects of Sowing Time on the Growth, Development and Productivity of Sweet Sorghum

The experiments were conducted to determine suitable sowing time in order to achieve high plant biomass and sugar content of sweet sorghum for bioethanol manufacture. The results showed that germination rate reached > 80% in all trial times (p > 0.05). The growth and development speed of sweet sorghum reduced when seeds were sowed in August and was significantly different from other sowing times (p < 0.05). Sowing from March to June obtained the highest plant height during all growth and development stages. Lodging and diseases observed in all periods of sowing, and planting began in July and August had lower percentage. In contrast, the productivity of fresh weight (1310.4 g/whole plant), sugar content (14.9% Brix), biomass yield (122.4 tons/ha) and theoretical converted ethanol yield (5 tons/ha) were the highest when sweet sorghum planted from March to June. It was observed that sowing sweet sorghum in four periods of month from March to June had the desirable biomass for bioethanol production.

Evaluation of Sweet Sorghum as a Feedstock by Multiple Harvests for Sustainable Bioenergy Production

Sweet sorghum has become an important feedstock for bioethanol production. Total sugar yield and multiple harvests can directly affect ethanol production cost. Little is known about stem traits and multiple harvests that contribute to sugar yield in sweet sorghum. Stem traits were evaluated from 25 sweet and grain sorghum accessions. Stems were harvested twice at the soft-dough stage and the stems were pressed with a hydraulic press. Sugars in the stem juice were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. Sweet sorghum produced five times more fresh stem weight and dry stem mass (830 gand164 g) than grain sorghum (150 gand27g). Sweet sorghum produced a much higher volume of juice and higher yield of sugars (366 ml and42 g) per stem than grain sorghum (70 ml and4 g). Significant variability in fresh stem weight (72 - 1837 g), juice volume (31 - 753 ml), sugar yield (3 - 81 g), dry stem mass (14 - 383 g), and sugar yield/dry stem mass ratio (0.11 - 0.53) per stem was detected among sweet sorghum accessions. Stem sugar yield was significantly correlated with stem fresh weight and juice volume. Sorghum was harvested twice within one growing season resulting in some sweet sorghum accessions producing double amount of sugars. Sweet sorghum produced three times more dry mass weight (bagasse) than fermentable sugar weight. To reduce feedstock cost, methods have to be developed for efficiently utilizing bagasse. Our results showed high fresh stem weight, high ratio of sugar yield to dry stem mass, and double harvests are prime traits to boost sugar yield. Sweet sorghum may be suitable for multiple harvests in certain regions of theU.S.TheU.S.sweet sorghum collection needs to be screened for acces- sions that can be harvested twice with an extended feedstock-production season and used as a feedstock for sustainable and renewable bioenergy production.

Trends in Starch and Sucrose Content among Sweet Sorghum Genotypes and Implications for Sucrose and Ethanol Production

Sweet sorghum has been suggested as a feedstock into the sugarcane mills for sucrose production in Zimbabwe and Swaziland. Sweet sorghum is widely grown by subsistence farmers and matures in 3 to 6 months in February, March and April, before sugarcane harvesting begins. Sweet sorghum has low sucrose content that is difficult to extract during processing. The hypothesis of the study was that sweet sorghum was a potential feedstock to sugarcane mills for the production of sugar and ethanol. The objective of this study was to investigate the trends in starch and sucrose content of four sweet sorghum genotypes namely M337, M81-E, Theis and Topper, and evaluate the potential of sweet sorghum as a feed stock for sugar and ethanol production. The sorghum juice was collected on August 10, August 24, September 8, September 18 and October 2, 2006 and starch and sucrose content were determined. There were significant （P 〈 0.001） genotypes by sampling date interaction effects. Both starch and sucrose content increased with crop sampling date. Genotypes M337 and Theis were late maturing for sucrose content compared to M81-E and Topper. All genotypes except M337 produced no significant increase in starch after 101DAP. Trends in sucrose and starch content were similar, indicating the reason sucrose was difficult to extract from sweet sorghum. The impact of this study would be boosting the incomes of small scale growers who would be subcontracted by the sugar mills to produce sweet sorghum as a feedstock to the mills before sugarcane matures.

The Use of Sweet Sorghum as a Feedstock for Ethanol Production

The sweet sorghum is investigated as an alternative source in place of sugar cane for ethanol production. Its mass can be processed with the same machinery used in the processing of sugar cane, also offering a quantity of biomass (bagasse) similar in volume to the operation. The results obtained in the experiment showed that sweet sorghum cultivar Sugargraze produces ethanol lower than cane sugar ratio. The sugar content in this variety did not show the expected values in the first cut, which resulted in a short amount of ethanol, 740 liters per hectare. The material reached 3.7 meters and suffered no lodging, being easy to handle and cut with common shredder, same equipment used in the processing of corn. The conclusion of the study pointed to the viability of producing ethanol from sweet sorghum in commercial larger scales.

辽甜系列高粱杂交种的选育与应用

辽宁省农业科学院高粱研究所2005—2023年18年间共选育出21个甜高粱杂交种,其中11个为A_(1)细胞质型,4个A_(2)细胞质型,5个A_(3)细胞质型,1个9E细胞质型,细胞质类型丰富。在A_(1)、A_(2)、A_(3)、9E细胞质高糖不育系的创制方面有所突破,消除了高粱在遗传上的单一性和脆弱性,创制高糖资源和高糖亲本系,选育合理株型,A_(3)型细胞质的应用扩大了能源甜高粱种质资源的利用范围。选育的A_(1)、A_(2)和9E细胞质为粮秆兼用型品种,其茎秆产量、含糖量及籽粒产量协同提高,A_(3)型细胞质杂交种茎秆含糖量提高3~5个百分点,表现为不结籽粒,解决了甜高粱倒伏问题,规避了生产风险。辽甜1号和辽甜3号甜高粱杂交种已大面积推广应用,在生物质能源产业的发展中发挥重要的作用,促进农业结构调整,提高农民收入,具有十分广阔的开发应用前景。

不同品种甜高粱在广东种植的饲用价值研究

研究旨在筛选适宜在广东种植且饲用价值较高的甜高粱品种,对比分析了甜高粱大力士、绿巨人、德胜、B6及高丹草的农艺性状与营养价值。结果显示,参试的5个品种干物质产量范围为4.28~20.35 t/hm^(2),其中B6干物质产量最高。B6的粗蛋白产量为1.14 t/hm^(2),显著高于其他品种(P<0.05)。高丹草的相对饲用价值为90.64,显著高于其余品种(P<0.05)。B6的水溶性碳水化合物含量较高,为16.17%DM,无氮浸出物含量最高。研究表明,综合考虑农艺性状、营养成分、糖分组成等,B6更适合在广东种植。

南疆玉米和不同糖分甜高粱的青贮品质分析

为筛选适宜南疆地区的青贮甜高粱品种,采用罐装青贮的方法,以青贮玉米为对照,研究了糖分含量存在差异的6个品种甜高粱青贮的感观性状及其营养成分。结果显示,1)新高粱2号、考利和丽欧3个甜高粱品种青贮成功率均达到了100%,pH值小于4.12,感官评价为1级优等。甜饲1号和玉米青贮成功率为80%,pH值分别为4.27和4.18,感官定级为2级尚好。大力士青贮成功率为40%,pH值为4.97,感官定级为3级中等。X096青贮成功率为20%,pH 5.31,定级为4级腐败。丽欧、考利、新高粱2号及玉米青贮的乳酸含量较高,丁酸含量较低;而X096、大力士青贮丁酸含量偏高,乳酸含量则较低。2)大力士甜高粱青贮水分含量最高(P<0.05),X096甜高粱青贮饲料水分含量最低(P<0.05)。甜高粱丽欧、考利和玉米青贮饲料的粗蛋白含量均超过了7%,显著高于其他各青贮样本(P<0.05),X096青贮饲料粗蛋白质含量最低(P<0.05)。粗脂肪含量以考利甜高粱青贮饲料最高,为3.30%,显著高于玉米、大力士和X096青贮饲料(P<0.05)。考利和丽欧甜高粱青贮饲料水溶性碳水化合物(water soluble carbohydrate,WSC)含量均超过了4.5%,显著高于其他各青贮饲料WSC含量(P<0.05)。青贮玉米WSC含量高于X096和甜饲1号。3)粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维及酸性洗涤纤维含量,以X096甜高粱青贮最高(P<0.05),丽欧、考利、甜饲1号和玉米青贮基本在同一水平(P>0.05)。4)各品种甜高粱及玉米青贮的灰分、钙、磷含量无显著性差异(P>0.05)。可见,在南疆可选择新高粱2号、考利、丽欧等甜高粱品种替代玉米来制作青贮饲料;选择大力士制作青贮,应采取延迟收割或晾晒等方法,以降低青贮前水分偏高的问题。

甜高粱茎秆含糖量研究

采用77个粒用高粱和21个甜高粱作为研究材料，对甜高粱的含糖量进行了研究。结果表明，甜高粱茎秆的含糖量是粒用高粱的2～5倍，而且茎秆秆芯蜡质，汁液含量高。甜高粱茎秆不同茎节的含糖量有差异，其含糖量随节位由低到高的变化趋势有4种类型，并以低-高-低的变化占多数，因此利用中间节段第4，7，9节的含糖量平均值可表示植株含糖量。收获后，随着茎秆水分的丧失，其含糖量逐渐上升，但是25d后开始急剧下降。

不同肥料配施处理对甜高粱产量及锤度的影响

【目的】研究不同肥料配施处理对新疆灰漠土种植甜高粱的影响,以期找到最佳施肥方式。【方法】通过对不同品种甜高粱在不同施肥方式下的产量和锤度的研究。【结果】不同品种对甜高粱产量的影响达极显著水平,对锤度影响不明显;不同施肥方式对甜高粱产量影响不显著,对甜高粱锤度的影响达极显著水平;品种-施肥不同方式互作对甜高粱产量和锤度的影响均达到极显著水平。【结论】无论从产量还是锤度结果来看,等量化施肥处理都取得更好的效果。

甜高粱分蘖去留与糖产量及氮素利用的比较分析

大田条件下采用人工去除分蘖的方法,研究了两种种植密度下甜高粱高产品种分蘖特性对糖产量及其干物质生产和氮素吸收利用特性的影响。结果表明,常规种植密度(每公顷75000株)下,保留分蘖较单茎秆植株对主茎和分蘖茎含糖量影响较小;在较低种植密度(每公顷37500株)下,保留分蘖植株主茎含糖量明显下降,分蘖茎含糖量与单茎秆植株接近。在不同种植密度条件下,保留分蘖植株较单茎秆植株开花前和开花后茎秆、叶片和穗各器官干物质积累量均显著增加,保留分蘖显著提高了总生物量,达21.9%和81.6%,总糖产量分别增加了17.1%和63.8%。保留分蘖植株开花后氮素向茎秆分配比高,同时,保留分蘖植株叶片氮积累及分配比例明显提高,叶片干重占植株总干重比例显著增加,单位氮素糖生产效率下降,但未达显著水平。常规密度和较低密度下分蘖茎糖产量的补偿效应分别可达20%和62%以上,说明常规种植密度下保留分蘖利于增加甜高粱糖产量,并能够达到简化栽培管理和降低经济人力投入的目的。

新疆甜高粱开发利用研究

甜高粱是一种新型绿色可再生高能作物,生物产量高,开发用途广,利用价值大。利用新疆独特的自然资源,开发再生性能源和相关化工产品,逐步建立新能源产业和新的经济增长点,是促进新疆可再生能源、畜牧业、化工产品等相关产业发展,农民增收的有效途径。发展甜高粱生产,将有效缓解能源危机,具有良好的经济、社会和生态效益。

甜高粱茎秆糖产量形成及其调控研究进展

甜高粱茎秆多汁,糖分含量高,是最具有发展前景的绿色能源作物之一。作为重要的生物质能源作物,种植甜高粱的直接目标是获得高的糖产量。因此,了解甜高粱茎秆糖的产量形成过程及其调控途径对于甜高粱品种改良与高产栽培具有重要意义。综述了甜高粱茎秆糖产量形成过程中糖分组成、分布、积累规律及其调控途径(主要包括播期、矿质营养、栽培方式和密度、源库改变4个方面)的研究进展,分析了茎秆糖分研究中存在的问题,并就未来研究重点进行了展望。

甜高粱在青海高原种植的初步研究

为探讨甜高粱（Sorghum bicolor）在青海作为饲料作物种植的可能性,在青海高原上做了初步试验,结果显示：密度对茎秆高度、茎粗、产量有显著影响,对生育期、单株质量影响不显著,株行距为0.40 m×0.20m时,产量最高;浇水次数对甜高粱的生育期、茎秆高度、茎粗、单株质量、产量没有显著影响,表明甜高粱对水分依赖不高,具有很强的耐旱和抗旱性;地膜对甜高粱有极显著影响,使其生育期提前,茎秆高度增高,单株质量增加、产量提高;糖分含量在开花-收获期为15.93%~16.67%,比不盖地膜增加了29.19%~47.98%;大田示范密度0.50 m×0.20 m,开花-收获期666.7 m2产量达4 890.8 kg,投入产出比为1∶1.78,效益显著。研究表明,在青海高原东部农业区盖地膜种植饲用甜高粱,用作饲料是完全可行的。

土壤盐分胁迫对甜高粱茎秆糖分积累及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

【目的】研究土壤盐分胁迫对甜高粱茎秆中糖分积累及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响,探明盐胁迫条件下甜高粱茎秆的糖分积累特征。【方法】以甜高粱杂交品种"辽甜1号"为研究材料,采用高效液相色谱法和酶学测定方法,对5种不同土壤盐分(分别为对照CK(0.102%)、T1(0.215%)、T2(0.250%)、T3(0.300%)、T4(0.459%),以上为质量分数)胁迫下,甜高粱各生育时期(拔节期、孕穗期、开花期、灌浆期、成熟期)茎秆中的糖分(葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖)含量和糖代谢相关酶(蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶合成方向(SS-s)、蔗糖合成酶分解方向(SS-d)、中性转换酶(NI)、酸性转换酶(AI))活性进行测定。【结果】(1)甜高粱茎秆总糖在灌浆期积累最多,蔗糖是影响总糖含量的主要因素,土壤盐质量分数在0.215%~0.300%时,总糖、蔗糖含量随盐胁迫程度加深呈现增加的趋势。(2)低盐胁迫(0.215%~0.300%)可使甜高粱茎秆中SPS、SS-d、SS-s、AI活性增加,而对NI活性无显著影响。(3)甜高粱茎秆中总糖含量与蔗糖含量和AI活性呈显著正相关,而与其他酶无显著相关性。【结论】甜高粱茎秆糖分累积是各种酶共同作用的结果,其中AI是调控甜高粱茎秆总糖的关键酶。