Morphological,Molecular and Pathogenicity of Alternaria gaisen Associated with Leaf Brown-Spot on‘Gonggan’Mandarin in China

[Objective]This paper was to identify the pathogen of leaf brown-spot on‘gonggan’mandarin(Citrus reticulate var.gonggan)in Zhaoqing,Guangdong Province.[Method]The pathogen was determined based on sequence analysis of ITS,endoPG,tef1,gapdh,Alt a1,rpb2 and opa10-2 genes;the morphological characteristics were recorded on PDA and PCA;and its pathogenicity on excised and intact host leaves of citrus‘gonggan’was tested.[Result]A detailed description of Alternaria gaisen was obtained based on morphological,molecular and pathogenic characterization,which was the causal agent of brown-spot disease on leaves of‘gonggan’mandarin orchard trees in Zhaoqing,Guangdong,China.[Conclusion]This study provides a scientific basis for the effective control of leaf brown-spot on‘gonggan’mandarin.

Mandarin fish von Hippel-Lindau protein regulates the NF-κB signaling pathway via interaction with IκB to promote fish ranavirus replication

The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein(VHL),an E3 ubiquitin ligase,functions as a critical regulator of the oxygen-sensing pathway for targeting hypoxia-inducible factors.Recent evidence suggests that mammalian VHL may also be critical to the NF-κB signaling pathway,although the specific molecular mechanisms remain unclear.Herein,the roles of mandarin fish(Siniperca chuatsi)VHL(scVHL)in the NF-κB signaling pathway and mandarin fish ranavirus(MRV)replication were explored.The transcription of scVHL was induced by immune stimulation and MRV infection,indicating a potential role in innate immunity.Dual-luciferase reporter gene assays and reverse transcription quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)results demonstrated that scVHL evoked and positively regulated the NF-κB signaling pathway.Treatment with NF-κB signaling pathway inhibitors indicated that the role of scVHL may be mediated through scIKKα,scIKKβ,scIκBα,or scp65.Co-immunoprecipitation(Co-IP)analysis identified scIκBαas a novel target protein of scVHL.Moreover,scVHL targeted scIκBαto catalyze the formation of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains to activate the NF-κB signaling pathway.Following MRV infection,NF-κB signaling remained activated,which,in turn,promoted MRV replication.These findings suggest that scVHL not only positively regulates NF-κB but also significantly enhances MRV replication.This study reveals a novel function of scVHL in NF-κB signaling and viral infection in fish.

An Analysis of Mandarin Pronunciation between Guangdong and Northern Chinese People-Exemplified by Blade-alveolar and Retroflex

This study compared and analyzed the Mandarin pronunciation of Guangdong and northern people,focusing on the similarities and differences and pronunciation characteristics of people from these two regions in terms of their blade-alveolar and retroflex.This study used Praat and Excel to process and analyze the data.The results showed that,firstly,there was no significant difference in the length of pronunciation between Guangdong and northern people in terms of retroflex.However,there is a significant difference in the duration of blade-alveolar pronunciation between Guangdong people and Northerners,especially on“ca”and“zuo”,which indicates a significant phonetic difference between different regions.Second,the analysis of pitch further demonstrated the differences in intonation,with Cantonese and Northern speakers having salient differences in the intonation of blade-alveolar.Third,there was no statistically significant difference between genders in pronunciation,suggesting that the pronunciation of blade-alveolar and retroflex in Mandarin is not related to gender.These findings explore the similarities and differences in the blade-alveolar and retroflex of Guangdong people and Northerners,which can help to enhance the communication of Mandarin across regions and give readers a better understanding of the pronunciation of Mandarin in the two regions.

Exploring Phonetic Differences and Cross-Linguistic Influences: A Comparative Study of English and Mandarin Chinese Pronunciation Patterns

Exploring the differences in phonemes and cross-linguistic influences, particularly by comparing the pronunciation patterns of English and Mandarin, is crucial for language learners. Such comparative studies can help learners better understand and overcome the pronunciation difficulties encountered during second language acquisition. English and Mandarin have significant differences in their vowel and consonant systems, tones, intonation, and syllable structures. A deep understanding of these differences allows learners to engage in targeted pronunciation training, reducing accent interference. This research provides guidance for improving language teaching methods, enabling teachers to design more effective pronunciation strategies and exercises based on the students’ native language backgrounds, thus enhancing learning outcomes. Additionally, cross-linguistic studies aid in improving speech recognition and conversion technologies, achieving higher accuracy and naturalness in multilingual speech processing systems. From a cultural exchange perspective, understanding and respecting the phonetic characteristics of different languages help to enhance the effectiveness and mutual understanding in cross-cultural communication. The comparative study of English and Mandarin pronunciation patterns not only provides a theoretical foundation for language education and technological applications but also promotes effective communication in multilingual environments. This thesis uses a comparative research method to elucidate the study of English and Mandarin pronunciation patterns. It begins with an analysis of the characteristics and similarities of the pronunciation patterns in both languages. The thesis then examines the differences between English and Mandarin pronunciation patterns through four aspects: the number and complexity of vowel phonemes, types and distribution of consonant phonemes, tones and stress, and intonation and phonetic phenomena. Finally, based on the comparative analysis of the differences, the thesis offers targeted policy recommendations for learning English and Mandarin.

Infection Characteristics and Interaction of Three Species of Penicillium in the Postharvest Storage of‘Gonggan'Mandarin(Citrus reticulata)

[Objectives]This study was conducted to understand the infection characteristics of Penicillium on‘Gonggan’mandarin(Citrus reticulata)and its effects on postharvest storage quality.[Methods]Nine inoculation treatments were designed and tested for the three identified Penicillium species,namely:three single inoculation experiments,four compound inoculation experiments,and two controls without inoculation.After treatment,the fruit was put into plastic film fresh-keeping bags and stored at a natural room temperature.The determined and analyzed indexes included fruit disease incidence,disease index,disease symptoms,disease spot expansion speed and weight loss rate,soluble solid content and organic acid content in different inoculation treatments.[Results]All‘Gonggan’fruit inoculated with Penicillium were diseased 2 d after inoculation,and completely rotted 14 d later.Of the three Penicillium species isolated and identified,Penicillium digitorum and its combinations were the most harmful to‘Gonggan’fruit.The hazard of Penicillium italicum was equal to or even weaker than that of Penicillium expansum.Eventually,P.digitorum dominated when coexisting on the same fruit.Different species of Penicillium obviously showed competition and antagonism in the process of growth and infection,especially for P.digitorum which was stronger,but other two species of Penicillium also had obvious self-protection ability.Low-temperature storage played a crucial role in the preservation of‘Gonggan’fruit,because it could significantly inhibit Penicillium infestation,and suppress fruit weight loss and the reduction of the contents of soluble solids and organic acids.[Conclusions]The infection characteristics and interaction relationship of Penicillium in the postharvest storage of‘Gonggan’fruit were revealed.

Effects of Storage and Preservation of Postharvest Gonggan Mandarin(Citrus reticulata)Fruit Immersion in Salicylic Acid Combined with Calcium Chloride

[Objectives]To investigate the effects and mechanism of fruit immersion treatment with salicylic acid(SA),calcium chloride(CaCl_(2))solutions at different concentrations or their combinations on post-harvest preservation of Gonggan Mandarin(Citrus reticulata)fruit.[Methods]13 experiments(2 storage temperatures,3 control treatments,3 concentrations of SA solution,4 concentrations of CaCl_(2) solution and 3 combinations of SA+CaCl_(2) solution for fruit immersion treatment)were conducted for 90 d.Gonggan fruit weight loss rate,rotting rate,disease index,disease type,soluble solids and organic acids content,and the differences in the activity of six enzymes(APX,PPO,CHI,CAT,SOD,PAL)related to fruit disease resistance were detected regularly.[Results]With the increase of storage days,the weight loss rate,rotting rate and disease index increased,the content of soluble solids and organic acids decreased,the activity of APX,PPO,CHI and SOD increased,and the activity of CAT and PAL decreased.However,the increase or decrease of fruit loss at low temperature was the smallest,and the increase or decrease of fruit at natural room temperature was the largest.Gonggan fruit cleaning before storage is an effective preservation and fresh-keeping technology,but its preservation and fresh-keeping effect is far less than that of fruit immersion by SA,CaCl_(2) and SA+CaCl_(2) compound solution.The effect of fruit immersion by SA solution was greater than that of fruit immersion by CaCl_(2) solution;the best concentration of SA alone was 6.0 mmol/L,which was not significantly different from 3.0 mmol/L,but the effect of 9.0 mmol/L decreased;the best concentration of CaCl_(2) alone was 6.0 mmol/L,which was significantly better than 3.0 and 9.0 mmol/L;the optimal concentration combination of SA+CaCl_(2) compound solution for fruit immersion treatment was 6.0 mmol/L SA+3.0 mmol/L CaCl_(2).[Conclusions]The fruit immersion by SA,CaCl_(2) and their compound solutions induced the increase of activity of six enzymes related to disease resistance in Gonggan fruit,and PPO and CHI were judged to be two key enzymes based on response intensity.

Effect of ChREBP on carbohydrate feeding regulation in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi

Carnivorous fish have poor tolerance to carbohydrate in feed and low utilization rate of carbohydrate.Therefore,the balance of carbohydrate and lipids in the nutrient metabolism of carnivorous fish,the ef fective conversion and utilization of carbohydrate and lipids,and the feedback regulation of feeding are the key links for the e fficient utilization of carnivorous fish feed.Carbohydrate response element binding protein(ChREBP)is a new transcription factor found in recent years in the glucose signaling pathway,and can also participate in feeding regulation.We performed in-vivo and in-vitro experiments to reveal the role of ChREBP in the glucose metabolism and feeding in mandarin fish.The mRNA expression of ChREBP and appetite regulatory factors were measured after intraperitoneal injection of glucose in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi and cotransfection with glucose and glucose+siRNA in the hypothalamic cells in mandarin fish.The results reveal that at hour 2 and 4 post intraperitoneal injection with 1 mg/g BW glucose,the blood glucose level of the mandarin fish increased significantly,but food intake decreased significantly,and it also displayed a significantly increased ChREBP mRNA expression levels in liver.At hour 4 post injection,hypothalamic ChREBP mRNA level was significantly increased,whereas the mRNA expression levels of appetite genes neuropeptide Y(npy)and agouti-related peptide(AgRP)were decreased significantly.When the glucose concentration was 40 mmol/L,the expression level of ChREBP mRNA in mandarin fish hypothalamic cells was significantly up-regulated,but the expression level of appetite gene npy mRNA was down-regulated.When siRNA and glucose were co-transfected into mandarin fish brain cells,the expression level of chrebp mRNA was significantly decreased,and the appetite gene npy mRNA was significantly increased.The results indicated that glucose regulated food intake through the modulation of appetite gene npy by ChREBP.

The Grammatical Categorization of Mandarin在/zài:Spatiality,Temporality and Semantic Construal

Mandarin在(pinyin:zài)is the most frequently used character in representing spatial and temporal relationship.Current studies mostly focus on its lexical meaning and syntactic structure while cognitive features of its grammatical categories have been neglected.This paper investigates into the categorization of zài by conducting a morphosyntactic test among College English majors in China.The results show that:prototypes are organizing the grammatical categories of zài at all levels in terms of intra-categorial gradience;the semantic construal of zài construction could significantly influence the accuracy of the grammatical categorization of zài;the syntactic structure can provide viable cue for the identification of grammatical categories of zài;spatiality,temporality and the status of existing are three essential semantic features encoded by zài,the concurrence of which leads to various degree of inter-categorial vagueness,indicating a conflict between the rigid grammatical classification and the indeterminate nature of the grammatical functions of zai,suggesting the necessity to reconsider the efficacy of applying indiscriminately the Anglo-Saxon grammar into the study of Chinese spatial-temporal constructions.

Investigation on the Integration of “Gao” in Hong Kong Chinese and Mainland Mandarin

From the diachronic dimension,this paper makes a two-way interactive investigation on the integration of Hong Kong Chinese and Mainland Mandarin.“Gao”is a delexical verb in contemporary Chinese.In different words and expressions related to“gao”character,there are mutual absorptions between Chinese mainland and Hong Kong,which is characterized by starting from nothing to something and from less to more.

不同产地沃柑挥发性成分的差异分析

该研究旨在分析4个主产地(四川、重庆、云南和广西)的沃柑果皮中挥发性成分的差异性,并为沃柑的产地溯源和深加工提供数据支撑。利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定了沃柑果皮挥发性成分,共鉴定出50种挥发性成分,其中萜烯类18种、醇类11种、醛类10种、酯类8种、酮类1种、其他类2种。柠檬烯是主要的挥发性物质,月桂烯、α-蒎烯、芳樟醇、正辛醇、正辛醛、香茅醇、己醛、反式-2-己烯醛、桧烯、香芹酮和α-松油醇等次之。基于挥发性成分半定量结果,建立四川和重庆,云南和广西沃柑的正交偏最小二乘法判别分析模型,进而筛选出潜在生物标志物。结果表明,柠檬烯、芳樟醇和香茅醇可作为区分重庆和四川的潜在生物标志物,醋酸辛酯和α-松油醇可作为区分广西和云南的潜在生物标志物。

混合曲霉菌发酵对鳜鱼内脏速酿鱼露细菌群落结构和品质的影响

为分析混合曲霉菌发酵对鳜鱼内脏速酿鱼露细菌群落结构及品质变化的影响,采用外接种曲发酵法,向鳜鱼内脏中分别接种混合曲霉菌A(米曲霉、红曲霉质量比3∶1)和混合曲霉菌B(米曲霉、黑曲霉质量比3∶1)快速发酵制备鱼露A和鱼露B,通过高通量测序技术解析发酵过程中鱼露细菌群落变化。同时,对发酵过程中pH值、总酸含量、氨基酸态氮含量、可溶性总氮含量、总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)含量等理化指标进行测定,并结合挥发性成分与游离氨基酸等风味变化分析综合评价混合曲霉菌发酵对鱼露品质的影响。结果表明:混合曲霉菌发酵对鱼露的细菌群落影响明显,发酵过程中细菌群落多样性呈下降趋势,葡萄球菌属是鱼露发酵过程中的绝对优势菌属;发酵过程中鱼露A和鱼露B的p H值均显著下降,总酸含量显著升高;发酵后氨基酸态氮质量浓度分别为1.23、1.02 g/100 mL,可溶性总氮质量浓度分别为1.62、1.53 g/100 mL,均达到一级鱼露标准;TVB-N含量分别为152.81、154.12 mg/100 mL,均符合国家限量要求;采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪在鱼露A和鱼露B中分别鉴定出48、54种挥发性成分,二者共有的主要特征性挥发性成分为2,5-二甲基吡嗪,质量浓度分别为192.79、169.04μg/m L;与未发酵鱼露相比,2种发酵鱼露的鲜味和甜味氨基酸总含量显著提高(P<0.05);相关性分析表明,葡萄球菌属是对鱼露品质贡献最大的微生物菌属,促进了鱼露发酵后期关键特征风味物质的形成。综上所述,混合曲霉菌发酵能有效提高鱼露品质,鱼露A的氨基酸态氮和可溶性总氮含量等指标优于鱼露B,以鱼露A综合品质较好。

鳜鱼宰后冷藏24 h内肌肉代谢物及相关风味的变化

为探究鲜活鳜鱼宰后4℃冷藏24 h过程中肌肉代谢物变化情况,借助超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱技术,结合非靶向代谢组学方法对宰后鳜鱼在不同冷藏条件(4℃,0、2、4、6、9、12、24 h)的差异代谢物进行多元统计分析、代谢通路分析及相关风味计算。结果表明:鳜鱼宰后冷藏24 h过程中共有33种代谢物被鉴定为差异代谢物,包括3种有机酸及衍生物(氨基酸、有机酸)、8种有机杂环化合物(嘌呤和嘌呤衍生物、内酯等)、7种核苷、核苷酸及其类似物(嘌呤核苷及核苷酸、嘧啶核苷酸)、9种有机氧化合物(碳水化合物及其结合物、少量醇类)、4种脂质和类脂分子(脂肪醇、脂肪酸酯等)、1种黄酮苷、1种生物碱及其衍生物;根据差异代谢物和代谢通路拓扑分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书分析,得到9种关键差异代谢物,分别为琥珀酸、天冬氨酸、5’-腺苷酸(5’-adenosine monophosphate,AMP)、次黄嘌呤核苷、一磷酸腺苷琥珀酸、黄嘌呤、5’-鸟苷酸(5’-guanosine monophosphate,GMP)、核糖-5-磷酸和次黄嘌呤;关键差异代谢产物参与的代谢通路主要为嘌呤代谢,其次是天冬氨酸、谷氨酸代谢和三羧酸循环;提出相对滋味活度值和相对味精当量计算方法,根据计算结果发现,鲜鳜鱼的滋味主要由天冬氨酸等鲜味氨基酸与AMP和GMP协同产生,冷藏2~6 h,滋味的主要贡献物质是AMP和GMP,而冷藏9~24 h则主要是GMP的呈味作用;单从冷藏24 h的角度来看,宰后鲜鳜鱼的滋味最好,冷藏后由于天冬氨酸含量下降导致鲜味损失,冷藏9~24 h GMP的积累使鳜鱼鲜味再次增加。

中熟杂柑新品种——清美

清美是由国家柑桔种质资源圃(重庆)于1998年利用清见为母本与太田椪柑为父本杂交选育获得的新品种,在果形、果皮厚度、单果质量、成熟期、可滴定酸含量等性状上与春见存在明显差别,是一个易剥皮、高糖、优质、丰产的中熟杂柑良种。其单果平均质量148 g,果实高扁圆形,果基有浅颈,果皮橙色,果皮薄,易剥皮,果肉细嫩化渣,风味浓甜,品质优良,丰产性与春见相当。在川渝地区,果实成熟期为11月下旬至12月上旬,比春见早熟1个月左右,果实留树最迟可到1月中旬。在四川井研、重庆璧山和重庆北碚等地进行区试,均表现出优质、早熟、丰产等特性。可在生产中推广发展,以满足元旦节日市场。

近代汉字研究的展望

20世纪70年代以来,近代汉字研究的意义已被越来越多的人所认识,方方面面都取得了长足的进展。而且随着国家对传统文化的重视,近代汉字学作为一门新兴的学科,必将获得空前的发展。今后的近代汉字研究应该特别致力于辑字形、理字书、考难字、探源流、建体系、数字化、育人才等几个方面。近代汉字学的兴起和发展,已经并将继续改变汉字研究的格局。在不久的将来,近代汉字学将和古文字学、现代汉字学一起,共同构建起汉字学的完整大厦。

来华西士的汉语教科书与清末语言变革——以莫安仁的《官话汇编》为例

英国传教士莫安仁的汉语教科书《官话汇编》是重新理解和思考近代来华西士的汉语实践和晚清切音字运动之间复杂关系的一个重要代表。莫安仁在《官话汇编》中表现出对戴侗《六书故》及其汉字观的高度欣赏,并充分吸纳了其“因声求义”的语言研究方法。《官话汇编》中提出的“现代官话”概念,提升了其适用人群的社会等级,强调了其之于中国社会现实变革的意义,从概念建构、价值提升和教学实践层面为一种统一的民族标准语的形成进行了富有价值的探索。劳乃宣等主导的切音字运动的转向及相关主张,在《官话汇编》中也得到了另外一种形式的回响和发展。

不同产地沃柑品质差异分析

以4个产地(武鸣、全州、贵港、靖西)不同采收期的沃柑为研究对象,分析其色泽、理化特性及营养成分变化。结果表明:沃柑品质因产地和采收期不同而呈现出差异,随着采收期延长,4个产地的沃柑L*值、b*值、可滴定酸、总酚及柠檬苦素含量均呈降低趋势,a*值、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比、维生素C含量及类胡萝卜素含量不断升高,氨基酸含量呈现动态变化趋势。聚类分析显示武鸣、全州、贵港、靖西采收期Ⅰ的沃柑归为一类,全州、贵港采收期Ⅱ、Ⅲ和武鸣、靖西采收期Ⅱ的沃柑归为一类,武鸣、靖西采收期Ⅲ的沃柑归为一类。研究结果表明,采收期Ⅰ、Ⅱ的武鸣、全州、贵港、靖西沃柑品质无差异,采收期Ⅲ的武鸣、靖西沃柑品质优于全州、贵港沃柑,采收期Ⅲ的武鸣、靖西沃柑果实色泽诱人、酸甜可口无苦涩味、营养丰富,较适合鲜食和加工。

汉语儿童语言发展评估的进展与思考

汉语儿童语言发展评估仍处于起步阶段,近年来呈现出3个主要特征:初步建立起以标准化评估和非标准化评估为主要范式的多样化评估框架;评估对象从单一模态走向多模态融合;评估技术从传统迈向人工智能。但与国际研究相比,尚存以下问题:语言学发挥的作用不大,极易导致评估走向某种偏颇;本土化评估体系亟待建设;相关数据库还比较匮乏。基于此,有针对性地提出建立中国特色汉语儿童语言发展评估体系的3点建议:建立“为儿童而研究儿童语言”的儿童语言学科,发展相关课程与教材,并加强跨学科教学团队建设;转变西式思维,加强汉语儿童语言评估系统的自主研发;拥抱数字时代,建立可共享的汉语儿童语言发展数据库平台。

普通话儿童句法发展的里程碑

句法启动、语序和成分结构、递归和功能标记是普通话儿童的最低限度句法知识,其习得标志着汉语普通话儿童“句法骨骼”的基本形成,可以根据它们的习得年龄段勾勒出汉语普通话儿童句法发展的里程碑。考察5名普通话儿童的早期纵贯性产出语料,发现其句法习得历程为:(1)以语调词–独词句的习得为标记,从1;00岁左右就通过韵律特征(语调)的启动而进入句法发展的萌芽期;1;05~1;06岁,进入双词句阶段时就对语序参数敏感,并且各类简单的成分结构开始涌现,在双词句产出后的两三个月里爆发式增长,功能范畴标记也同时涌现。(2)递归知识的习得稍晚于其他词语数量少的简单成分结构,2;00岁左右对宾语关系从句敏感,主语关系从句则在2;04岁左右产出,而涉及更为复杂的内嵌知识的关系从句则到3;00岁甚至之后才有产出。与印欧语儿童句法发展历程相比,既有共性也有差异,具有一定的类型学意义。

试论北京官话儿化词语的特点

“北京官话”即在北京市区和各郊县、河北省承德地区、东三省除辽东半岛之外的大部分地区以及内蒙古自治区赤峰等部分地区通行的汉语方言。与其他官话方言相比,北京官话的儿化词语呈现出“数量众多”“分布类型广泛”“卷舌特点突出”的特点。

氨氮胁迫对翘嘴鳜幼鱼抗氧化酶、消化酶活性及应激相关基因表达的影响

为了解氨氮胁迫下翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)幼鱼肝脏、胃抗氧化系统和消化系统的响应机制,以体质量为(15.27±0.67)g的翘嘴鳜幼鱼为研究对象,探讨了6个氨氮胁迫质量浓度(0、10、20、30、40、50 mg/L)下肝脏和胃中谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、脂质过氧化物(LPO)、胃蛋白酶(pepsin)、胃淀粉酶(AMS)、胃脂肪酶(LPS)的活性和IL-1β、IL-8、TNF-α、HSP90α等应激相关基因的表达情况。试验结果表明,随着氨氮质量浓度的提高,肝脏抗氧化相关酶中的SOD、CAT、GSH活性呈先升高后下降的趋势,LPO活性呈逐渐升高的趋势,IL-1β、HSP90α基因表达量呈先升高后降低的趋势,TNF-α表达量呈逐渐升高的趋势,IL-8表达量呈降低-升高-降低的趋势;胃消化酶中的胃蛋白酶活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而AMS和LPS活性呈逐渐升高的趋势。结果表明,在低浓度氨氮胁迫条件下,鱼体通过诱导抗氧化酶活性升高和应激相关基因表达上调来应对氧化应激损伤,同时诱导升高胃消化酶活性为机体提供能量,而高浓度氨氮胁迫则抑制了抗氧化酶活性和HSP90α基因的表达。