Correlation of Microbiological Stability with Redox Processes in White Wines

In this paper, the authors analyzed the correlation between the microbiological stability of white wines and the content of sulfur dioxide, which influences the main redox processes that take place in the technological stages of the wine. The consecutive, parallel and spontaneous development of several redox processes and their impact on the quality, microbiological and crystalline stability of white wines were examined. The reduction of additive and subtractive technological interventions, of the amounts of adjuvants (sulphurous anhydride) is essential for the production of organic wines.

Modifications in aroma characteristics of'Merlot'dry red wines aged in American,French and Slovakian oak barrels with different toasting degrees

Aging in oak barrels is widely used in enology which could bring flavor changes and aromatic complexity to wines.In the present study,the aroma compounds were analyzed from the‘Merlot’dry red wines,which were fermented in two types of fermenters(stainless steel tank and rotated oak barrel)and aged in six types of oak barrels(three geographic origins×two toasting degrees)for different time(0,3,6 and 9 months,respectively).Results showed that 30 volatiles were associated with barrels and increased during oak aging.The fermenters could influence the intensities of the toast,leathery,smoky,fruity,floral and caramel aromas.The concentration of whisky lactone,eugenol,cis-isoeugenol,and the intensities of the toast and spicy aromas were highest in the wines aged in American oak and were lowest in the wines aged in French oak barrels.The concentrations of guaiacol,syringol,trans-isoeugenol,furfural alcohol,vanilla,cis-whisky lactone enabled the medium toasting barrels to be distinguished from the light toasting ones.The compounds originating from the barrels could be used to distinguish the types of different barrels,but the other general grape-derived and fermentation-derived volatiles could not.The fermenters,oak species and toasting degrees of the barrels all had significant effects on the aroma profiles of the aged‘Merlot’dry red wines,but the influence of the geographic origin was not obvious.

The protective effect of cyclodextrin on the color quality and stability of Cabernet Sauvignon red wine

The impact of cyclodextrins(CDs)on wine quality and stability remains largely unknown.This study systematically assessed the protective effect of the post-fermentation addition of CDs on color stability of red wine from the viewpoints of color characteristics,copigmentation and phenolic profiles.The grey relational analysis(GRA)and principal component analysis(PCA)methods were employed to dissect the key effective determinants related to color quality.The addition of CDs induced a significant hyperchromic effect of 8.19-25.40%,a significant bathochromic effect and an enhancement of the color intensity.Furthermore,the evolution of anthocyanin forms and the content of monomeric anthocyanins revealed that β-CD is a superior favorable cofactor during wine aging,but for long-term aging,2-HP-β-CD and 2-HP-γ-CD are more beneficial in promoting the formation of polymerized anthocyanins and color stability.This work provides an important reference for the use of CDs to enhance the color quality and stability of red wines.

Acute Toxicity of Jinchuan Formula Plum Wine Extract and Its Protective Effect on Mice with Liver Injury

[Objectives]To investigate the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract on mice,determine its safety range,and evaluate its hepatoprotective effect.[Methods]The median lethal dose(LD_(50))was determined by acute toxicity test with the toxic reaction and mortality of mice as indexes.Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into 6 groups:normal control group,model group(ConA-induced liver injury model),Jinchuan formula plum wine high,medium and low dose groups(1.0,0.5,0.25 g/kg)and silybin group(0.1 g/kg).The levels of ALT,AST,LDH in serum and TG,VLDL in liver were measured.After HE staining,the pathological changes of liver tissue in mice were observed,and the liver protective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract was analyzed and evaluated.[Results]LD_(50)was 11.18 g/kg,and the 95%confidence limit of LD_(50)was 10.31-12.05 g/kg.The high-dose group of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract could significantly reduce the serum ALT and AST activities of ConA-induced liver injury mice(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Jinchuan formula plum wine extract is relatively safe,and also has a protective effect on liver injury.

Wine,beer and Chinese Baijiu in relation to cardiovascular health:the impact of moderate drinking

Excessive alcohol consumption(≥15 drinks per week)causes chronic diseases and multiple other health conditions.Nevertheless,alcohol beverages have been used as a vital medicine ingredient in various cultures since ancient times.A wealth of epidemiological and experimental research has shown that light-moderate alcohol consumption,regardless of beverage type,is associated with reducing cardiovascular incidence and mortality rate.Due to the disparities in raw materials,fermentation techniques,production environment,etc.,alcoholic beverages tend to possess different non-ethanol component profiles,thus resulting in varying degrees of health effects.Furthermore,bioactive compounds in alcohol are continuously discovered as well as the mechanisms underlying their cardioprotective contributions at a molecular level.This article elucidates the epidemiology of moderate alcohol consumption and various cardiovascular conditions,along with the limitations and controversies of current studies.In addition,protective effects and putative mechanisms of both ethanol and non-ethanol components of wine,beer,and Chinese Baijiu,the three most representative alcoholic beverages worldwide,are to be evaluated within the context of a rational drinking pattern.

Microbiota for production of wine with enhanced functional components

Microbial communities during winemaking are diverse and change throughout the fermentation process. Microorganisms not only drive alcohol fermentation, flavor and aroma, but also enhance wine functional components such as extraction of polyphenols from the berries, production of γ-aminobutyric acid, hydroxytyrosol and melatonin. Polyphenols such as resveratrol, catechin and quercetin determine the functional quality of the wine. Moderate wine consumption, particularly red wine has been associated with functional benefits to human health, which includes anti-inflammation, promoting healthy aging, prevention of cardiovascular diseases, cancers, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Indeed, the management of microbiota allows the production of wine with distinct features and functional components that benefits human health. This review scrutinizes the possible contributions of wine microbiota to the production of wine with enhanced functional components and highlights the contributions of Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts and bacteria to enhance wine functional components during winemaking. Thus, contributing to the dissemination of the benefits of light to moderate wine intake to human health.

Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Profile of Wine Lees of Red Wines from Local Grapes Varieties

In the Republic of Moldova, the viticulture industry is a sector with a high economic impact, and the utilization of secondary products from winemaking represents a growing concern regarding environmental sustainability. Wine lees, one of the types of wine waste, is less studied in order to valorize it. Currently it is used in the production of ethyl alcohol, as aggregates in the soil and others. The aim of this study was to characterize from a physico-chemical and microbiological point of view the lees sediments obtained after the primary fermentation of three types of individualized red wines made from autochthonous grapes varieties. It was found that residual yeasts represent a valuable raw material containing carbohydrates (from 14.35% ± 0.19% to 25.11% ± 1.51% SU), lipids (from 4.61% ± 0.21% to 9.41% ± 2.04% SU), proteins (from 42.62% ± 1.57% to 77.62% ± 9.14% SU), anthocyanins (from 9.18 ± 0.15 to 22.78 ± 1.60 mg cianid) and beta-glucans (from 12.84% ± 0.01% to 17.42% ± 0.02%). The pH value of wine lees ranges from 3.49 ± 0.0 to 3.083 ± 0.01, the dry matter from 9.62% ± 0.22% to 25.06% ± 0.42% and the ash from 0.03% ± 0.42% to 0.035% ± 0.21%. The microbiological study confirmed the presence of live yeasts of the genus Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which remain active due to the presence of residual sugars and oxygen. The results of the research are promising and encourage the obtaining of new products with special purpose and added value.

Research progress of protein haze in white wines

Protein haze was one of the main causes of the instability of white wines. Proteins that caused haze or precipitation in white wines mainly came from grape fruits, and their compositions and contents were affected by many factors such as fruit diseases, harvesting methods and water stress. Unstable wine proteins were usually pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins of grapes, mainly chitinases and thaumatin-like proteins(TLPs), which had lower isoelectric point(pI)and smaller molecular weight, and were highly resistant to the low pH values of wines and the protease hydrolysis during fermentation. At present, the technology of protein stabilization and clarification in white wines mainly included bentonite fining, heat treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, polysaccharide treatment and ultrafiltration methods. Among them, the most commonly used method was bentonite treatment. In this paper, the research progresses of the origin, mechanism and influencing factors of the unstable proteins in white wines were summarized, and the applications, advantages and disadvantages of various clarification techniques were also concluded, in order to provide some support for the theoretical and technological research of the protein stability in white wines in the future.

Study on Brewing Technology of Pear Wine

[Objectives]The quality of pear wine is directly affected by parameter control in the production process, especially in the fermentation stage. The fermentation parameters of pear wine were controlled by studying the effects of fermentation parameters on the product, in order to optimize the fermentation parameters. [Methods]The fermentation conditions of pear wine were optimized by single factor experiments and an orthogonal experiment. [Results] The optimum fermentation conditions of pear wine were nitrogen source 1.0 g/L, fermentation temperature 20 ℃, and pH of fermentation liquid 4.3. The pear wine brewed was full, mellow and harmonious, and had a unique style. The ethanol content of the pear wine was 12.33 through physical and chemical analysis. [Conclusions] This study provides theoretical basis and technical support for the industrial production and promotion of pear wine.

Good Wine Needs No Bush——Exclusive Interview with Rita Kung,Investor,Board Member and CEO of Shandong Mystic Island Winery

Rita Kung is the board member and CEO of Shandong Mystic Island Winery.From working in an international metropolis to living in a quiet village,from being a senior manager to the CEO of a winery,from having little knowledge of wine culture to being very familiar with the industry,Rita has always taken changes in her career in her stride.She always believes that in order to start or develop a business,once the direction is clear,we must put our whole hearts into the operation and remain patient.

Optimization of Extraction Process of Polyphenols from Chrysanthemum morifolium and the Development of Chrysanthemum Rice Wine

[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide a theoretical basis for the extraction and comprehensive utilization of functional active components of Chrysanthemum morifolium polyphenols.[Methods]With C.morifolium as a raw material,polyphenols were extracted by water extraction.The extraction process of polyphenols were optimized by single factor tests on solid-liquid ratio,extracting time and times.Old rice wine selected as the base wine was added with C.morifolium polyphenol extract,honey,citric acid and other auxiliary materials to prepare a kind of chrysanthemum old rice wine.Through sensory analysis combined with fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation method,the optimal formula of chrysanthemum old rice wine was determined,and the corresponding physicochemical indicators of the obtained chrysanthemum old rice wine were tested.[Results]The optimal soaking process for C.morifolium was as follows:extraction time of 20 min,a solid-liquid ratio of C.morifolium to warm water at 1:40,extraction times of 3 times.The physical and chemical indicators of the chrysanthemum wine obtained from the above optimal formula were as follows:sugar content 5%,ethanol content 11%,and pH value 4.04.The chrysanthemum old rice wine obtained was clear and transparent,and the fragrance of chrysanthemum was coordinated with the mellow aroma of rice wine.The taste was refreshing and suitable for the vast majority of people to drink.[Conclusions]The new type of chrysanthemum old rice wine combines the polyphenolic active substances in C.morifolium with the low ethanol content of old rice wine,which not only improves the utilization rate of C.morifolium,but also strengthens the health function of old rice wine products,improves the quality of old rice wine,and promotes the healthy and rapid development of the old rice wine industry.

Potential Application of a Wine Extract in Skin Care: How to Benefit from the Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Elastase Inhibiting Properties

Since plant polyphenols have many beneficial properties on health, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of a phenolic wine extract, a by-product of wine production, for skin care on HaCaT cells. In these studies, a significant reduction of reactive oxygen species formation in HaCaT cells and severe elastase inhibition was observed. In contrast, the wine extract caused a major increase in lipase activity. The extract showed no influence on cell proliferation, but an immunomodulatory effect on the release of the interleukins IL-6 and IL-8 was found. The phenolic wine extract demonstrated a strong activity against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens, yeasts, and fungi. Overall, our results show that the investigated phenolic wine extract is a promising ingredient for anti-aging skin care, could contribute to the improvement of skin appearance and health, and may positively affect cellulite.

不同酵母菌对酿造‘北冰红’干红葡萄酒品质影响研究

为探究不同酵母菌对酿造‘北冰红’干红葡萄酒品质影响,分别选用7种酵母菌CEC01、BV818、ViC、ADT、RV171、MST和‘左山二’酵母菌株发酵制备北冰红干红葡萄酒,并对7种干酒中总糖、总酸、花色苷和挥发性香气物质含量进行测试分析,以此判定不同酵母菌种对‘北冰红’干酒品质影响。结果表明:‘左山二’酵母菌株酿造干酒总糖最低,其次是ADT、RV171和MST;安琪酵母CEC01酿造干酒总酸最低,其次是‘左山二’酵母菌株、安琪酵母RV171、VIC;安琪酵母VIC酿造干酒花色苷含量最高,其次是RV171、BV818和MST;通过GC-IMS法在7种干酒中均检测到54种挥发性香气成分,香气成分含量差异较大。安琪酵母ADT酿造干酒酯类最高,甲醇、乙酸最低,RV171酿造干酒乙醇最高,酯类含量略低于ADT酿造的干酒。综合数据分析:以‘左山二’酵母菌株酿造的‘北冰红’干酒酒质最佳,其次为安琪酵母RV171> CEC01> ADT> BV818> MST,依此作为‘北冰红’干酒酿造优势菌株选择的依据。

新旧世界葡萄酒质量表达演变及形成

葡萄酒等级是全球葡萄酒行业的关注点。在旧世界葡萄酒等级表达中,产品等级不仅反映产品内在质量,还与具有质量风格的地理特征紧密相关;新世界葡萄酒等级表达中,葡萄酒地理特征仅表示产品来源真实性,葡萄酒质量以产品口感为基础并满足消费者消费偏好需求。葡萄酒官方等级分级具有从产区到列级酒庄的纵向化结构,葡萄酒等级分类具有从品种、年份到酒庄的横向化结构,前者分级以生产者视角下“为何分级”并同时聚焦分级内生形成关键要素,后者分类以消费者视角下“为何分类”并锚定产品质量的某一关键要素,两者之间关注点存在差异。这种差异给国际葡萄酒市场创造竞争空间,形成一种质量表达的实践共创、智慧共存的竞争格局。

酿酒葡萄新品种豫酿紫玉的选育

豫酿紫玉葡萄是以梅鹿辄(Vitis vinifera‘Merlot’♀)和LN-33(Vitis vinifera‘LN-33’♂)为亲本经人工杂交培育而成的中早熟酿酒葡萄新品种。果穗圆锥形,偶有副穗,果粒紧凑,平均单穗质量252.70 g;果粒中等,大小均衡,平均单粒质量1.53 g;果粒近圆形,紫黑色,着色均匀,果粉中等厚,果皮中等厚,有肉囊,汁多,每果种子1~2粒;果汁无色,压榨葡萄汁呈宝石红色。成熟果可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为21.6%,可溶性糖含量为17.46%,总酸含量为0.78%,维生素C含量为9.63 mg·100 g-1,单宁含量为4680 mg·kg-1;果实酸甜适口,果肉具有李子果香味。在郑州地区栽培,浆果于7月上旬开始着色,7月下旬始熟,8月上旬充分成熟,果实发育期为82 d;萌芽率高,生长健壮。酿酒样品酒精度、干浸出物含量、可滴定酸含量、pH值、二氧化硫残留量均在酿造干型红葡萄酒的国标范围内;酿造的干型红葡萄酒风味正,颜色佳。该品种耐寒性强,耐干旱,抗病害,丰产性好。适合在河南葡萄生态适生区和与其相似的其他葡萄生态适宜区栽培。

4个品种柑橘果酒品质差异性分析

柑橘种类丰富,不同种类间理化性状差异明显.为探究不同柑橘品种酿制成果酒后的品质差异,本研究以梁平柚、大雅柑、长叶晚橙、沃柑果实为原料发酵果酒,测定其基本理化指标、有机酸、氨基酸、总酚、总黄酮以及挥发性成分等,对4种果酒进行品质差异分析.结果表明,4个品种的果酒在色泽、风味、营养、功能等方面都呈现差异性特征;4种果酒基本理化品质差异有统计学意义(p<0.05),梁平柚果酒呈现较高的酒精度;乙酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸是4种果酒共有的主要有机酸种类,梁平柚果酒乙酸质量浓度最低,与其他3种酒差异性有统计学意义(p<0.05);4种果酒均检出≥16种氨基酸,其中大雅柑果酒的氨基酸总量和甜味氨基酸最高;4种果酒总酚差异无统计学意义(p>0.05);长叶晚橙果酒总黄酮高于其他品种且差异有统计学意义(p<0.05);果酒中共鉴定出46种挥发性成分,2, 4-二叔丁基苯酚、 2-辛酮、(-)-4-萜品醇、 5-甲基-2-庚醇是4种果酒共有且含量较高.

非酿酒酵母与酿酒酵母混合发酵对薏米酒醪色泽及风味的影响

该研究分别考察了商业酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)(SC)单菌发酵,商业酿酒酵母(SC)分别与非酿酒酵母德尔布有孢圆酵母(Torulaspora delbrueckii)(TD)、东方伊萨酵母(Issatchenkia orientalis)(IO)、粟酒裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomyces pombe)(SP)混合发酵对薏米酒醪基础理化特性、颜色和挥发性风味物质的影响。结果表明,与SC组发酵相比,混合发酵降低了薏米酒醪的酒精度、pH和还原糖含量,可增加酒醪的亮度;混合发酵增加挥发性风味物质的种类,SC组、TD+SC组、IO+SC组和SP+SC组分别检出43种、49种、48种和48种挥发性风味物质,可显著增加酯类化合物含量(P<0.05),其中,SP+SC组显著增加了苯乙醛、壬醛和3-羟基-2-丁酮的含量(P<0.05),SC组的标志性化合物为正戊醇、2,3-丁二醇、苯乙醇等;TD+SC组为正癸醇、2-甲基丁醇、丁二酸二乙酯等;IO+SC组为异戊酸、苯甲酸乙酯、苯乙酸乙酯等;SP+SC组为乙酸异丁酯、丁酸乙酯、苯乙醛等。综上,非酿酒酵母和商业酿酒酵母混合发酵有助于提高薏米酒醪的色泽及风味品质。

基于电学参数的贺兰山东麓赤霞珠葡萄酒子产区判别

本研究以宁夏贺兰山东麓5个子产区(银川、青铜峡、红寺堡、石嘴山和农垦产区)自然发酵的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒为研究对象,测定其基本理化指标和电学特性,分析不同产区葡萄酒间电学特性的差异,筛选出区分不同产区葡萄酒的特征频率和有效电学参数,初步探索基于电学特性识别宁夏贺兰山东麓不同子产区葡萄酒的能力,以期为简捷快速有效识别产区葡萄酒提供新方法。结果表明,宁夏贺兰山东麓5个子产区的葡萄酒理化指标间存在显著性差异,农垦产区的葡萄酒可滴定酸含量最高,而还原糖含量最低;银川产区的葡萄酒挥发酸含量最低,石嘴山产区的葡萄酒酒精度最高。通过相关性分析、方差分析和多重比较,筛选出电压2 V下,区分不同产区葡萄酒的电学特性特征频率为0.1 kHz,有效电学参数为Z、L_(p)、X、C_(p)和Q。主成分分析和判别分析均显示,利用葡萄酒电学参数能够明显区分贺兰山东麓5个子产区,采用Fisher-判别分析建立的预测模型,其回代检测和交叉验证正确率均为100%。因此,利用葡萄酒电学特性识别产区具有可行性。

酿酒葡萄种质资源果实品质性状的分析与评价

对40份酿酒葡萄种质资源的14个果实品质性状进行统计,并应用主成分分析和聚类分析方法进行综合评价,以筛选出适栽和特色品种。结果表明,14个品质性状的变异系数在8.45%~52.73%,其中花色苷含量变异系数最大,可溶性固形物含量变异系数最小,花色苷含量、穗质量、种子数、粒质量4个性状在不同资源之间存在较大差异;结合主要性状分布范围分析,筛选出高花色苷种质‘罗马4号’和高糖高酸高酚种质‘小芒森’。主成分分析将白色酿酒葡萄的8个主要果实性状综合为3个主成分,累计贡献率达90%以上,‘小芒森’‘菲尔斯’‘雷司令’等种质综合表现较好;红色酿酒葡萄9个品质指标综合为4个主成分,累计贡献率达87%以上,‘小味儿多’‘马瑟兰’‘赤霞珠685’‘赤霞珠’等种质综合表现较好。通过聚类分析将40份酿酒葡萄种质资源分为5类,第Ⅰ类为小粒、糖酸酚类物质含量高的种质;第Ⅲ类为大穗、糖酸酚类物质含量居中的种质;第Ⅱ类糖酸酚类物质含量处于中等,但果穗、果粒显著小于第Ⅲ类且总酚、单宁含量较高,酸含量较低;第Ⅳ类为大粒、低糖低酸低酚类种质;第Ⅴ类为中粒、低糖高酸中酚类种质。

不同前处理工艺红桔果汁与红桔果酒挥发性风味物质分析

以万州红桔为研究对象,采用带皮和去皮方式榨汁,对浊汁进行酶解澄清处理,分别利用带皮浊汁、带皮清汁、去皮浊汁及去皮清汁酿造红桔果酒。对果酒进行感官评价,同时利用液相色相仪与顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)-气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)联用技术测定果酒和果汁样品中有机酸及挥发性风味物质,并基于挥发性风味物质进行主成分分析(PCA)和聚类分析(CA)。结果表明,红桔果汁主要有机酸为苹果酸和柠檬酸,红桔果酒增加了乳酸和乙酸;红桔果汁和红桔果酒中共检测出100种挥发性风味物质,主要化合物包括酯类28种、醇类19种、酚类3种、醚类2种、醛类8种、酮类10种、酸类4种、烷烃类3种及烯烃类23种;总体上,清汁发酵红桔果酒的挥发性风味物质种类较浊汁发酵多,带皮发酵果酒中的醇类和烯烃种类较去皮发酵多。PCA结果表明,不同红桔果汁和红桔果酒样品中主要挥发性风味物质为辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯、月桂酸乙酯、棕榈酸乙酯、α-松油醇、苯乙醇、辛醇、香叶醇、麝香草酚、L-紫苏醛、癸醛等;聚类分析结果表明,可将样品聚集为三大类,与PCA分类结果一致。