Overview of Pharmacological Research on Tangerine Pith

Based on broad literature search, the species, compositions, pharmacology, clinical applications, typical dietary and health taboo of tangerine pith were reviewed, to provide scientific materials for universal health care.

Two-micron （thulium） laser resection of the prostate- tangerine technique： a new method for BPH treatment

Two-micron （thulium） laser resection of the prostate-tangerine technique （TmLRP-TT） is a transurethral procedure that uses a thulium laser fiber to dissect whole prostatic lobes off the surgical capsule, similar to peeling a tangerine. We recently reported the primary results. Here we introduce this procedure in detail. A 70-W, 2-um （thulium） laser was used in continuous-wave mode. We joined the incision by making a transverse cut from the level of the verumontanum to the bladder neck, making the resection sufficiently deep to reach the surgical capsule, and resected the prostate into small pieces, just like peeling a tangerine. As we resected the prostate, the pieces were vaporized, sufficiently small to be evacuated through the reseetoscope sheath, and the use of the mechanical tissue morcellator was not required. The excellent hemostasis of the thulium laser ensured the safety of TmLRP-TT. No patient required blood transfusion. Saline irrigation was used intraoperatively, and no case of transurethral resection syndrome was observed. The bladder outlet obstruction had clearly resolved after catheter removal in all cases. We designed the tangerine technique and proved it to be the most suitable procedure for the use of thulium laser in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH）. This procedure, which takes less operative time than standard techniques, is safe and combines efficient cutting and rapid organic vaporization, thereby showing the great superiority of the thulium fiber laser in the treatment of BPH. It has been proven to be as safe and efficient as transurethral resection of the prostate （TURP） during the 1-year follow-up.

The effects of ultrasonic irradiation in combination with ozone on the reduction of residual ethion of tangerine (<i>Citrus reticulata</i>Blanco cv. Sai Nam Pung) fruit after harvest

Ethion residue removal efficiency using individual and combined effects of ultrasonication (US), ozonation (O3), ultrasonication and ozonation (US/O3) was investigated. A 1 mg·L-1 standard ethion was subjected to an ultrasonic irradiation (3W input power) device with different frequencies of 108, 400, 700, 1000 kHz, and to an ozone with a concentration of 200 mg· mL-1 with various exposure times (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes). Reduction of residual ethion was determined by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection (GC-FPD). It was found that 1000 kHz ultrasonic irradiation for 60 minutes was the most effective treatment for reducing ethion concentration. Additionally, ozone could reduce the concentration of standard ethion after 60 minutes of exposure. Ultrasonic irradiation in combination with ozone had a synergistic effect in reducing standard ethion concentration, with the highest rate occurring within the first 15 minutes. Ethion concentration was reduced to 75.43% after ultrasonic irradiation at 1000 kHz and ozone exposure for 60 minutes. The effectiveness of the combined scheme for reducing of ethion residues on tangerine was also determined by GC-FPD. The ethion residue on fresh tangerines after ultrasonic irradiation and ozone washing was reduced by 73.03% after 60 minutes. The present study demonstrates that ultrasonic irradiation and ozone exposure could be used to reduce ethion residues in treated tangerine in order to meet the Standards for Pesticide Residue Limits.

Eco-Friendly Production of Silver Nanoparticles from Peel of Tangerine for Degradation of Dye

Green chemistry methods for production of nanoparticles have many advantages, such as ease of use, which makes the methods desirable and economically viable. The aim of the present work was to green synthesise silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using aqueous tangerine peel extract in different ratios (2:1, 1:1, 1:2). The formed SNPs were characterised using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The UV-Vis spectra showed that the highest absorbance was observed when the ratio of peel tangerine extract to silver nitrate solution was 1:2. The transmission electron micrographs showed the formation of poly dispersed nanoparticles. It was found that the average diameter of the nanoparticles was 30.29 ± 5.1 nm, 16.68 ± 5.7 nm, and 25.85 ± 8.4 nm, using a tangerine peel solution and silver nitrate solution ratio of 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2, respectively. The formed SNPs were evaluated as catalysts for methyl orange dye degradation, and the results confirmed that SNPs can speed up the degradation of the dye.

Study on the Interaction Between Tangerine Peel and Beer by Absorption Spectrum

This paper presents a new method to study the interaction between tangerine peel and beer by absorption spectrum.The author explores the change laws and the differences of the absorbance on some wave band from the absorption spectrums of tangerine peel and the mixture of tangerine peel and beer. The results show that there is an obvious difference around 323 nm though the absorbance values of the two samples are almost similar in the most bands. The absorbance value of the mixture is obviously greater than that of tangerine peel at 276 nm in the spectrums, and there is a shift of the peak position in the absorption spectrum of the mixture, which shows the differences of the absorbance values and the peak positions of the two samples. Through comparing the characteristics of the two samples' absorption spectrums, a new method for researching new pharmacological action of tangerine peel is presented in this paper. The result indicates that the technology of spectrum analysis will play an important role in the research and development of Chinese herbal pharmacology and new pharmacology.

Diversity among Isolates of the Tangerine Pathotype of Alternaria alternata

The tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata is the aetiological agent of Alternaria brown spot on tangerines. In the state of Paraíba, Brazil, its occurrence on “Dancy” tangerine trees is associated with genetic aspects as well as the influence of environmental conditions on reproduction and dissemination within and between populations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diversity of isolates of this pathogen using morphophysiological and molecular markers. For the analysis of mycelial growth and sporulation, 30 isolates from different locations were examined at 24-hour intervals until the seventh day, when the spores were quantified. The 30 isolates were characterised based on molecular markers (ISSR) and genetic similarity (Jaccard index). A factor arrangement was used: 30 isolates, four media (ODA, PDA, LEA and V8), three light regimes (continuous dark, alternating light and continuous light) and three temperatures (15°C, 25°C and 35°C), with 12 repetitions. Groups 1, 2 and 3 presented low genetic variability. Group 4 showed high genetic variability of the isolates obtained from the Massaranduba (state of Paraíba-Brazil) producing region and higher mycelial growth and sporulation of A. alternata. The continuous light regime and the temperature 25°C in PDA and V8 media were the ideal conditions for the mycelial growth and sporulation, respectively, of the isolates of A. alternata.

不同前处理工艺红桔果汁与红桔果酒挥发性风味物质分析

以万州红桔为研究对象,采用带皮和去皮方式榨汁,对浊汁进行酶解澄清处理,分别利用带皮浊汁、带皮清汁、去皮浊汁及去皮清汁酿造红桔果酒。对果酒进行感官评价,同时利用液相色相仪与顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)-气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)联用技术测定果酒和果汁样品中有机酸及挥发性风味物质,并基于挥发性风味物质进行主成分分析(PCA)和聚类分析(CA)。结果表明,红桔果汁主要有机酸为苹果酸和柠檬酸,红桔果酒增加了乳酸和乙酸;红桔果汁和红桔果酒中共检测出100种挥发性风味物质,主要化合物包括酯类28种、醇类19种、酚类3种、醚类2种、醛类8种、酮类10种、酸类4种、烷烃类3种及烯烃类23种;总体上,清汁发酵红桔果酒的挥发性风味物质种类较浊汁发酵多,带皮发酵果酒中的醇类和烯烃种类较去皮发酵多。PCA结果表明,不同红桔果汁和红桔果酒样品中主要挥发性风味物质为辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯、月桂酸乙酯、棕榈酸乙酯、α-松油醇、苯乙醇、辛醇、香叶醇、麝香草酚、L-紫苏醛、癸醛等;聚类分析结果表明,可将样品聚集为三大类,与PCA分类结果一致。

陈皮牛肉预制菜品质的研究

预制菜是采用各种食材配以辅料,依据现代化标准加工制作而成的成品或半成品,经简易处理便可食用。将传统菜肴陈皮牛肉制作成预制菜不仅能适应当前社会发展的需要,而且能丰富现有预制菜的种类,对预制菜的长远发展具有重要意义。为探究陈皮牛肉预制菜的可行性,文章通过感官评价、脂肪氧化程度、质构、挥发性风味成分等研究陈皮牛肉预制菜的不同包装方式、储存方式、货架期及品质。结果表明,陈皮牛肉预制菜在料液混合包装方式下冷冻保存3 d时感官评价最佳,脂肪氧化程度低,保持较高的食用品质,在此条件下测得其风味物质种类繁多,主要包括醛类、酯类、酮类、醇类、烯烃类等化合物,硫代巴比妥酸反应物值接近于1.0 mg/kg,预制菜的质构等品质接近于传统陈皮牛肉菜肴。

六君子汤中理气药陈皮挥发性成分与胃肠动力调节关联性研究

目的从胃动力调节角度分析理气药陈皮挥发性成分在补气方剂六君子汤中的理气作用,比较不同陈化年份的陈皮挥发性成分对脾虚大鼠胃排空和小肠推进的影响,进而挖掘六君子汤中理气药陈皮挥发性成分与调节脾虚大鼠胃肠动力的关联性成分。方法采用GC构建15批不同陈化年份的陈皮药材挥发油类成分的指纹图谱,以胃排空和小肠推进为指标评价陈皮挥发性成分改善胃肠动力作用,采用偏最小二乘回归分析以及灰度分析法分析指纹图谱与调节脾虚大鼠胃肠动力相关性。结果陈皮挥发油成分均可促进胃排空及小肠推进,其在六君子汤中的增益作用强度以5、10年最佳。在15批不同陈化年份的陈皮药材挥发油类成分的GC图谱中,峰3、峰4、峰9为发挥胃肠道调节作用的可能药效成分。结论六君子汤中理气药陈皮挥发性成分通过增益脾虚大鼠胃动力达到理气补气之效,此增益作用为多种有效成分共同起效的结果。该研究初步揭示了六君子汤中理气药陈皮挥发性成分的理气作用与脾虚胃动力调节的关联性,为探索补气方剂六君子汤中陈皮理气作用的物质基础提供一种新思路。

基于机器视觉的陈皮热泵干燥含水率预测模型研究

为定量预测陈皮热泵干燥过程中含水率的变化,基于机器视觉技术提取陈皮干燥过程中的图像特征,建立含水率预测模型。采集不同干燥时期的陈皮图像,采用图像处理的方法对陈皮图像进行预处理操作,提取陈皮图像的6个颜色特征和6个纹理特征共计12个图像特征,分析特征参数和含水率变化关系,将相关图像特征作为模型的输入,陈皮的含水率作为模型的输出,分别建立基于BP神经网络和支持向量机的陈皮干燥含水率预测模型进行对比分析,得到不同干燥时期含水率最佳预测模型。结果表明,支持向量机的预测效果更好,准确率达到99.01%,均方误差达到0.006 5,模型运行稳定,含水率预测结果准确且快速,能够为陈皮干燥过程中的含水率在线预测提供科学依据。

咪鲜胺和百可得对南丰蜜橘保鲜效果的协同效应

为探究咪鲜胺和百可得复配浸果对南丰蜜橘的保鲜效果,本研究采用咪鲜胺(P)、百可得(B)及“咪鲜胺+百可得”(PB)处理南丰蜜橘,以清水浸泡为对照(CK),分别在室温贮藏(R)及4℃冷藏(C)下,每隔7 d测定南丰蜜橘的腐烂率、失重率及内在品质指标。结果表明,与CK相比,贮藏期内P、B及PB处理后的腐烂率及失重率均显著降低,室温贮藏下腐烂率分别平均降低10.8、7.9及12.4个百分点,失重率分别平均降低8.1、6.3及7.2个百分点;而冷藏下腐烂率分别平均降低3.5、1.8及4.5个百分点,失重率分别平均降低4.0、1.1及5.2个百分点。室温下经P与B处理后,维生素C及可溶性固形物含量总体高于CK及PB处理;可溶性总糖含量、糖酸比及固酸比均表现为P处理最高、B处理较低,PB及CK处理介于二者之间;可滴定酸含量与可溶性总糖含量、糖酸比及固酸比的变化规律相反。冷藏条件下经P、B及PB处理后,内在品质指标的总体变化规律不明显。综上,室温贮藏或冷藏下单一使用咪鲜胺或百可得均能显著提升采后保鲜效果,二者结合使用可协同延长货架期,其中室温下单一使用咪鲜胺果品更佳,而冷藏下药剂处理对果品无不利影响。本研究为咪鲜胺和百可得的保鲜机理及南丰蜜橘采后保鲜研究提供了理论支持。

Antibacterial Effect of Nano-scale TiO_2 on Parasitic Bacterium of Nanfeng Citrus in Storage Period

[Objective] The aim was to observe the antibacterial effect of nano-scale Titanium dioxide on parasitic bacterium of Nanfeng Citrus in storage period.[Method] Nano-scale Titanium dioxide was prepared by dibutyl phthalate through sol-gel method under anhydrous conditions,and orthogonal experiment was used to determine optimum conditions for nano-scale Titanium dioxide preparation,and structure characterization of nano-scale Titanium dioxide was carried out by X-Ray diffractometer.Oxford cup method was used to explore inhibition effect of nano-scale Titanium dioxide suspension on the activity of normal parasitic bacterium of Nanfeng Citrus.Simultaneously,the empirical preservation test was carried out.[Result] The average diameter of nano-scale Titanium dioxide powder attained to 14.6 nm,actual average yield could reach 90.83% with RSD（Relative Standard Deviation）of 0.86%.[Conclusion] Nano-scale Titanium dioxide had good antibacterial effect on the parasitic bacterium of Nanfeng Citrus in storage period.

基于AHP-CRITIC权重分析法结合Box-Behnken设计-响应面法优化盐橘核水提取工艺

目的:优化盐橘核水提取工艺。方法:以柠檬苦素、诺米林、黄柏酮的转移率及出膏率为评价指标,利用混合加权法(AHP-CRITIC法)确定权重系数,计算多指标综合评分,并结合Box-Behnken设计-响应面法考察饮片粒度、加水量、提取时间的影响,优选盐橘核水提取工艺。结果:优选提取工艺为饮片粒度过6目筛网,一、二煎加水量分别为12倍、10倍,提取时间分别为1.0 h、0.5 h。结论:优选出的提取工艺稳定可行,可为盐橘核工业化生产提供参考。

蜜桔废枝栽培香菇的配方试验研究

利用蜜桔废枝条木屑代替培养基质中的部分杂木屑,研究了不同培养料配方对香菇栽培的影响。试验结果表明:用添加20%~40%蜜桔木屑的培养料配方栽培香菇,其菌丝生长浓密、洁白、粗壮,菌丝生长速率、生物学效率、外观性状和3种胞外酶(羧甲基纤维素酶、漆酶和木聚糖酶)的活性均高于或优于对照;其子实体含有7种必需氨基酸和10种非必需氨基酸,其氨基酸含量高,种类齐全,味道鲜美;随着蜜桔木屑添加比例的提高,香菇子实体的必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、总氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸、苦味氨基酸、药用氨基酸含量和营养指数总体上呈增加的趋势,氨基酸评分、化学评分、必需氨基酸指数、氨基酸比值系数和生物价总体上呈先升高后降低的趋势,但均高于对照;其汞、镉含量均比对照低,且均未检测出氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯的残留。

陈皮的化学成分和药理作用研究进展

陈皮,为芸香科植物橘Citrus reticulata Blanco及其栽培变种的成熟干燥果皮,始载于《神农本草经》,为治疗痰湿之要药,同时也是药食同源食品的来源。随着陈皮新的化学成分及药理作用的不断被发现,对陈皮的化学成分与药理作用进行综述分析,结果发现陈皮中主要涉及黄酮类、生物碱类、三萜类、挥发油类等近几百余种成分,主要有抗炎、抗癌、抗肥胖、抗阿尔茨海默病(AD)、抗帕金森病(PD)、调节血管、保护骨骼、保护皮肤等药理作用;但仍存在部分问题,如陈皮中的化学成分与炮制理论“陈久者良”关系薄弱、与药理药效作用关系不紧密;且《中华人民共和国药典》关于陈皮陈化年份、陈化方式、陈皮炮制质量标准尚存在空白;药理作用机制与药效物质基础不甚清晰,大多为提取物。针对陈皮研究中存在的问题,提出有利于陈皮高质量发展的建议:应制定陈皮陈化的质量标准,深入揭示“陈久者良”科学内涵;明确陈皮发挥药效的物质基础,进一步挖掘清晰的药理作用机制研究;建立符合陈皮“陈化”特色的成分-炮制理论-储藏方式-产地-药效综合量化机制,以阐明陈皮最终药效作用的演变规律。以期为含有陈皮成分的新药研发与药效作用机制研究及功能性食品的开发提供科学依据。

陈皮体外预处理对柑橘黄酮含量和感官指标的影响

研究旨在探究菌发酵、酶解、菌酶协同3种体外预处理方法对陈皮营养价值的影响。试验利用发酵菌和消化酶对陈皮分别进行发酵、酶解、菌酶协同预处理,以柑橘黄酮含量和感官指标为比较标准选择最优的预处理方法和条件。结果表明:菌发酵和菌酶协同处理陈皮方法显著优于酶解处理方法。其中菌发酵处理组料液比10∶7时黄酮含量显著提高(P<0.05);接种量3%和5%间差异不显著(P>0.05),且都优于接种量7%(P<0.05);发酵时间之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。酶解组的最佳条件为加酶量0.5%、料液比10∶7;菌酶协同处理组菌接种量间差异不显著(P>0.05);料液比10∶7和10∶8之间差异不显著(P>0.05),且都优于料液比10∶6(P<0.05);酶添加量为0.5%时,陈皮中的柑橘黄酮含量显著高于其他添加量(P<0.05)。说明菌发酵、酶解、菌酶协同3种处理方法均能提高陈皮中的柑橘黄酮含量,其中最优工艺为菌酶协同法,加菌量5%、加酶量0.5%、料液比10∶7。

生﹑蜜炙百部分别与陈皮配伍后橙皮苷含量比较

本实验将小儿百部止咳糖浆进行拆方,将生、蜜炙百部分别与陈皮组成药对,采用HPLC法测定其中橙皮苷的含量。结果发现蜜炙百部-陈皮药对中橙皮苷含量(22.77 mg·g^(-1))高于生百部药对(20.61 mg·g^(-1))。说明蜜炙百部与陈皮配伍能促进其主要化学成分橙皮苷的溶出,但较蜜炙百部入小儿百部止咳糖浆中橙皮苷含量增加(约50%)少,说明复方中生、炙百部互换后,不是单一的促进某一成分溶出,而是多种成分相互作用增加各成分的溶出度,这为中药复方的合理性提供实验支持。

南丰傩面具图案在箱包中的应用探究

作为传统民俗文化中的瑰宝,南丰傩面具的艺术底蕴和文化价值十分丰富。文章对南丰傩面具进行概述,阐析其艺术形态在造型、色彩、装饰方面的特征,分析南丰傩面具图案在箱包中的设计思路及原则,从图案适应箱包与服从箱包的角度进行对应的图案设计及应用研究。以皮革制品作为南丰傩面具艺术元素延续和传承的物质载体,将南丰傩面具艺术符号应用于现代箱包设计中,拓宽南丰傩面具艺术符号的开发思路和应用价值。

橘红桔梗植物饮品对小鼠急性肺损伤和支气管哮喘的预防作用研究

目的:观察橘红桔梗植物饮品(TPC)对脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)和卵清蛋白诱导的小鼠支气管哮喘的影响,并分析其作用机制。方法:(1)将48只雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分成空白对照组、ALI组及低、中、高剂量(0.8、1.6和3.2 mL/d)TPC组,灌胃给药,每日1次,持续1周及地塞米松阳性对照组。采用脂多糖气管内滴注建立小鼠ALI模型。采用HE染色法观察肺组织病理变化;流式细胞分析仪检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中性粒细胞比例;ELISA检测BALF中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-6和IL-10含量;同时检测肺组织匀浆中的髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性及肺组织中I-κBα和NF-κB的蛋白含量。(2)将48只雌性C57BL/6小鼠随机分成空白对照组、支气管哮喘组及低、中、高剂量(0.8、1.6和3.2 mL/d)TPC组,灌胃给药,每日1次,持续1周及地塞米松组。采用卵清蛋白腹腔注射致敏和鼻内刺激建立支气管哮喘小鼠模型。采用HE染色和甲苯胺蓝染色法观察肺组织病理变化;ELISA检测小鼠血清中IgE、IL-5和IL-13含量。结果:与空白对照组相比,ALI组小鼠肺组织病理学显示明显炎症细胞浸润;BALF中的中性粒细胞比例、MPO活性及TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量显著升高(P<0.05),IL-10含量降低(P<0.05);Western blot结果显示肺组织中I-κBα蛋白含量降低,磷酸化NF-κB的蛋白含量升高(P<0.05)。与ALI组比较,高剂量TPC组和地塞米松组小鼠肺组织病理炎症明显减轻;BALF中的中性粒细胞比例、髓过氧化物酶活性及TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量明显降低(P<0.05),IL-10含量升高(P<0.05);肺组织中I-κBα蛋白含量升高,磷酸化NF-κB的蛋白含量降低(P<0.05)。与空白对照组比较,支气管哮喘组小鼠肺组织病理有明显的炎症细胞及肥大细胞浸润;小鼠血清中的IgE和IL-13含量升高(P<0.05)。与支气管哮喘组相比,高剂量TPC组和地塞米松组小鼠肺组织病理炎症细胞及肥大细胞减少;小鼠血清中的IgE含量下降(P<0.05)。地塞米松组小鼠IL-13含量下降(P<0.05)。结论:TPC能在一定程度上预防脂多糖诱导的小鼠ALI,减轻支气管哮喘模型小鼠的过敏反应,其机制与抑制炎症反应、减少肥大细胞浸润和IgE生成有关。

透水混凝土渗灌对南丰蜜橘产量品质及水分利用效率的影响

透水混凝土渗灌技术(PCII)是一种可将水分输送到作物深根的新型灌溉技术。为探知PCII的节水效果,并明晰其对果树产量及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。以江西红壤丘陵区的南丰蜜橘为研究对象,通过大田灌溉控制试验,研究透水混凝土渗灌、漫灌(CK)和滴灌(DI)3种灌溉方式对土壤水分动态、南丰蜜橘果实生长、产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响。研究结果表明:相较于CK、DI,PCII灌溉方式下各土层的平均土壤体积含水率更高且波动幅度较小;与DI相比,PCII南丰蜜橘果实体积在幼果期、定果期、果实膨大期与果实成熟期分别增加0.79%~2.06%、0.35%~4.29%、1.18%~4.59%、0.38%~0.85%,生长速率在定果期、果实膨大期与果实成熟期分别增加1.21%~1.39%、1.29%~1.33%、0.93%~1.09%;与CK相比,糖度在果实膨大期与果实成熟期分别提高了11.47%~15.15%、13.70%~13.91%;与CK处理相比,PCII的产量、水分利用效率分别增加了15.69%~17.15%、43.13%~43.60%,与DI处理相比,PCII的产量、水分利用效率分别增加了1.58%~2.49%、4.84%~5.23%。因此,采用透水混凝土渗灌有助于提高红壤丘陵区南丰蜜橘的产量和品质,并实现水资源高效利用。