A chromosome-level genome assembly for Chinese plum‘Wushancuili'reveals the molecular basis of its fruit color and susceptibility to rain-cracking

Chinese plum(Prunus salicina Lindl.)originates from China and makes a large contribution to the global production of plums.The P.salicina‘Wushancuili'has a green coloration and high fruit quality and is economically important in eliminating poverty and protecting ecology in the Yangtze River Three Gorges Reservoir.However,rain-induced cracking(rain-cracking,literally skin cracking caused by rain)is a limitation to‘Wushancuili'fruit production and causes severe losses.This study reported a high-quality‘Wushancuili'genome assembly consisting of a 302.17-Mb sequence with eight pseudo-chromosomes and a contig N50 of 23.59 Mb through the combination of Illumina sequencing,Pacific Biosciences HiFiⅢsequencing,and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture technology.A total of 25109 protein-coding genes are predicted and 54.17%of the genome is composed of repetitive sequences.‘Wushancuili'underwent a remarkable orthoselection during evolution.Gene identification revealed that loss-of-function in four core MYB10 genes results in the anthocyanin deficiency and absence of red color,revealing the green coloration due to the residual high chlorophyll in fruit skin.Besides,the occurrence of cracking is assumed to be closely associated with cell wall modification and frequently rain-induced pathogen enrichment through transcriptomic analysis.The loss of MYB10 genes might render fruit more susceptible to pathogen-mediated cracking by weakening the epidermal strength and reactive oxygen species(ROS)scavenging.Our findings provided fundamental knowledge regarding fruit coloration and rain-cracking and will facilitate genetic improvement and cultivation management in Chinese plums.

ranscriptome and metabolome analysis of preharvest internal browning in Nane plum fruit caused by high temperature

The preharvest internal browning of Nane plum fruit,with no visible effects on the appearance of the fruit,has become a serious problem in recent years in its production area in Guangdong Province,China.This study investigated the effects of environmental factors,including temperature,on Nane plum internal browning.Plum orchards at different elevations with different incidences of internal browning were selected.Using fruits with different internal browning incidence levels,the internal browning mechanism was analyzed with transcriptome and metabolome analyses.The results revealed decreased internal browning at high altitudes.Shading treatment significantly reduced internal browning,whereas bagging and insect-proof net-covering treatments significantly increased internal browning.Because bagging and net coverings increase the local ambient temperature,the findings suggest that high temperature is an important factor influencing the internal browning of Nane plum.The metabolome experiments showed that with increased internal browning,the levels of phenolic hydroxyls such as catechol increased,with simultaneous increases in hydrogen peroxide content and oxidase activity.It can be speculated that the oxidation of phenolic hydroxyl substances is the main cause of the preharvest browning of Nane plum.Transcriptome analysis revealed the increased expression of calcium signaling-related and downstream effector genes and indicated an important role of calcium in internal browning,possibly due to its increased content in the fruit.Further,with increasingly serious internal browning,genes related to photosynthesis were down-regulated,while genes related to senescence were up-regulated,thus suggesting the up-regulation of the process of cell senescence during internal browning.In conclusion,heat stress should be eliminated to reduce preharvest internal browning in Nane plum.

Acute Toxicity of Jinchuan Formula Plum Wine Extract and Its Protective Effect on Mice with Liver Injury

[Objectives]To investigate the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract on mice,determine its safety range,and evaluate its hepatoprotective effect.[Methods]The median lethal dose(LD_(50))was determined by acute toxicity test with the toxic reaction and mortality of mice as indexes.Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into 6 groups:normal control group,model group(ConA-induced liver injury model),Jinchuan formula plum wine high,medium and low dose groups(1.0,0.5,0.25 g/kg)and silybin group(0.1 g/kg).The levels of ALT,AST,LDH in serum and TG,VLDL in liver were measured.After HE staining,the pathological changes of liver tissue in mice were observed,and the liver protective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract was analyzed and evaluated.[Results]LD_(50)was 11.18 g/kg,and the 95%confidence limit of LD_(50)was 10.31-12.05 g/kg.The high-dose group of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract could significantly reduce the serum ALT and AST activities of ConA-induced liver injury mice(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Jinchuan formula plum wine extract is relatively safe,and also has a protective effect on liver injury.

Analysis of Subcellular Localization and Pathogenicity of Plum Bark Necrosis Stem-Pitting Associated Virus Protein P6

Infection of plum bark necrosis stem pitting associated virus(PBNSPaV)has been reported in many Prunus species in several countries,causing significant economic losses.The very small proteins encoded by plant viruses are often overlooked due to their short sequences and uncertain significance.However,numerous studies have indicated that they might play important roles in the pathogenesis of virus infection.The role of small hydrophobic protein P6,encoded by the open reading frame 2 of PBNSPaV,has not been well explored.In this study,we amplified the P6 fragment from a PBNSPaV isolate by RT-PCR using specific primers and found that it is 174 bp long and encodes a protein of approximately 6.3 kD with a transmembrane domain.Subcellular localization analysis of P6 proteins in tobacco leaves showed that P6 localizes to the cytomembrane and nuclear membrane.To further clarify the pathogenicity of P6 proteins,we constructed a PVX-P6 expression vector by inserting the p6 fragment into a potato virus X(PVX)-based vector and transformed it into Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101.Infiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana(N.benthamiana)with the PVX vector-transformed A.tumefaciens led to slight mosaic symptoms at 14 days of post-inoculation.Meanwhile,infiltration with the PVX-P6 vector-transformed A.tumefaciens resulted in no significant symptoms.These results demonstrated that heterologous expression of P6 in N.benthamiana could not enhance the pathogenicity of PVX.Our study indicates that P6 may not be a potential pathogenic factor associate with the causing of symptoms,and the mode of action of PBNSPaV-P6 protein remains to be further studied.

福红李三个成熟阶段果实营养品质与香气特征分析

为明确福红李果实成熟期营养品质与香气特征,本研究采用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)和气相色谱离子迁移谱联用仪(GC-IMS)分析了福红李三个成熟阶段果肉中糖类、有机酸、氨基酸和挥发性成分的组成和含量。结果表明,蔗糖是福红李中的主要糖类,占可溶性糖总量高达49.28%,其次是葡萄糖和果糖;苹果酸是主要的有机酸,占有机酸总量高达88.76%,其余有机酸含量均较低;福红李可溶性糖、蔗糖含量和糖酸比随着果实成熟不断积累。福红李中9种非必需氨基酸和7种必需氨基酸含量范围分别为11.58~357.47、55.59~176.63μg·g^(-1),其中,在必需氨基酸中,含量最高的是亮氨酸,其次是赖氨酸和苏氨酸,含量最低的是蛋氨酸,大部分氨基酸主要在成熟后期即花后140 d和花后150 d积累得更多。福红李的主要挥发性成分是醛类、酯类和醇类等,己醛和2-己烯-1-醇峰强度较高,挥发性成分在三个成熟阶段存在差异。本研究初步分析了福红李主要品质成分及成熟阶段变化规律,可为李优质育种提供理论依据。

Study on the Effect and Mechanism of Green Plum Citron Double Strain Fermentation Filtrate on Skin Barrier

To study the effect of Green plum citron double strain fermentation filtrate(DSF)on the proliferation rate of HaCaT keratinocytes by CCK8 assay.The effect of DSF on the mRNA transcription levels of filagolin(FLG),loricrin(LOR),and occludin 1(CLD1)in HaCaT cells in sodium dodecyl sulfate(SLS)model was investigated by qPCR.The effect of DSF on the content of TNF-αin the supernatant of HaCaT cells in the model was investigated by Elisa.The results showed that DSF had no toxicity to HaCaT cells,but it could increase the mRNA transcription levels of FLG,LOR and CLD1 in HaCaT cells in the model,and reduce the content of TNF-αin the supernatant of HaCaT cells in the model.DSF had a certain effect on skin care of strengthening skin barrier.

梅花针叩刺、针灸联合米诺地尔搽剂治疗男性脂溢性脱发疗效观察

目的:观察梅花针叩刺、针灸联合米诺地尔搽剂治疗男性脂溢性脱发的临床疗效。方法:选取2019年1月-2022年1月笔者医院收治的105例男性脂溢性脱发患者为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为对照组(n=52)和观察组(n=53),对照组给予针灸治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予梅花针叩刺治疗。比较两组临床疗效、症状积分、发中微量元素水平、不良反应发生率及复发率。结果:共100例患者完成全部治疗。治疗后观察组总有效率为90.00%,显著高于对照组的68.00%(P<0.05);治疗后观察组脱发、瘙痒及脱屑积分均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后观察组头发中Fe、Cu、Zn水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),两组Ca水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后观察组复发率为4.00%,低于对照组的20.00%(P<0.05)。结论:梅花针叩刺、针灸联合米诺地尔搽剂治疗男性脂溢性脱发的临床疗效显著,能够减轻临床症状,改善发中微量元素含量,减少复发率。

早熟优质李新品种吉早丰的选育

吉早丰李是以吉红为母本、88-5-14为父本人工杂交育出的早熟李品种。果实椭圆形,离核,平均单果质量45g,果实较对称,底色黄绿色,部分着紫红色,果肉黄色,肉质松软,汁液含量多,味酸甜,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)平均为16.6%,可滴定酸含量为0.92%、可溶性糖含量为9.19%。公主岭地区4月下旬开花,7月下旬果实成熟,10月下旬落叶。树体生长势中等,树姿半开张,抗寒性强,可在吉林省无霜期≥130d、≥10℃有效积温2800℃以上的地区引种或试栽。

蜂糖李授粉品种初步筛选

授粉品种的恰当选择是李等果树坐果和高产的关键。为筛选蜂糖李适宜授粉品种,对蜂糖李及其潜在授粉品种进行了授粉亲和性决定因子S-RNase基因(S基因)分型、开花期记录、花粉离体萌发率检测,以及潜在授粉品种对蜂糖李授粉坐果率调查等工作。结果表明,蜂糖李与四月李具有相同S基因型,与凤凰李、冰脆李、脆红李不同;蜂糖李与凤凰李、茵红李花期重合,四月李在蜂糖李始花期盛开、冰脆李在蜂糖李末花期盛开;室温阴干花粉的萌发率为13.4%~23.8%,处在相同果园的蜂糖李与四月李、凤凰李、冰脆李、茵红李等花粉萌发率无显著差异,不同果园四月李、蜂糖李的花粉活力无显著差异,脆红李花粉与各园各品种花粉萌发率差异均不显著,经恒温干燥,脆红李花粉萌发率高达81.1%,显著高于其他各品种,其他各品种间花粉萌发率无显著差异,均在60%以上;相较自然授粉、四月李授粉、蜂糖李自交授粉,脆红李、凤凰李、冰脆李对蜂糖李授粉可显著提高其坐果率;凤凰李对蜂糖李授粉后其固酸比、糖酸比、维生素C含量、得仁率均得到显著提高。综上,选取S基因型不同的花粉对蜂糖李进行授粉可有效提高其坐果率;凤凰李为蜂糖李的优异授粉品种。研究结果可为蜂糖李育种、授粉树配置、授粉用花粉选择提供参考依据。

基于广泛代谢组学解析不同品种李果实代谢物的差异

利用非靶向代谢组学对广东5个不同品种/系李果实进行代谢物分析,共检出951种代谢物,其中初级代谢物489种、次级代谢物315种。5个品种李果实初级代谢物中脂类含量最高,其次是糖类、醇类、氨基酸类、有机酸类,核苷酸和维生素含量相对较少;次级代谢物中多酚类化合物含量最高,其次是植物激素、生物碱和萜类,苯丙素和木脂素类含量较少。大蜜李果实中脂类含量最高的是十一烷酸,占脂类总量的92.9%;糖类含量在大蜜李果实中仅次于脂类,其中松二糖含量最高,其含量为蔗糖的9.5倍、葡萄糖的8倍及果糖的14.6倍,可能是其具有蜜味的主要贡献因子;初级代谢物种类最多的是氨基酸及其衍生物,共鉴定到170种;L-苹果酸是主要的有机酸组分,占总有机酸及其衍生物含量的57.1%;维生素类中VB6含量最高,占比达51.5%;多酚类化合物中含量最多的是类黄酮,占比达77.7%。对其余4个品种与大蜜李果实分别进行代谢物差异分析,结果表明:青皮李与大蜜李的差异代谢物84种;小蜜李与大蜜李的差异代谢物73种;红线李与大蜜李的差异代谢物113种;大果迟熟三华李与大蜜李的差异代谢物34种,对差异代谢物富集的代谢途径进行分析发现,4组的差异代谢物主要富集于氨基酸、类黄酮、花青素、生物碱等合成代谢途径。大果迟熟三华李与大蜜李差异代谢物主要有C-戊糖基-木犀草素-C-己糖苷、多巴胺、三叶苷等类黄酮和酚类物质,以及烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸、β-烟酰胺单核苷酸等核苷酸类,这些物质可能是二者出现成熟期差异的关键物质。

基于主成分分析和聚类分析的李子果实品质综合评价

为了解不同品种李子的品质特性,本文选取12个品种李子作为研究对象,分别从外观、理化及糖酸组成等方面对果实品质进行了对比分析,同时采用主成分分析和聚类分析对李子品质性状进行综合评价。结果表明,不同品种李子外观、理化和糖酸组成等指标均表现出丰富的多样性。糖酸组成、色泽、单果重、果实密度和果形指数等是评价李子综合品质的关键性指标。12个品种中‘紫皇’(ZH)‘圣雪珀’(SXP)‘爱丽丝’(ALS)‘香李’(XL)‘香甜李’(XTL)5个品种综合评分为正值,品质较好。其中,ZH和SXP品质特征为出汁率、可溶性固形物、总糖含量及色泽品质高;ALS品质特征为总糖、总甜度、甜酸比和糖酸比最高;XL和XTL品质特征为可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比、甜酸比高,但出汁率低。该研究结果可作为不同用途李子品种筛选的重要参考依据。

施用猪粪水对青脆李果实品质和产量、土壤中微生物群落与抗生素耐药基因的影响

【目的】为了解猪粪浇灌对青脆李果实品质和产量、土壤性质、土壤中微生物群落与抗生素耐药基因的影响。【方法】以5年生青脆李作试材,设置猪粪水按不同比例(100%、75%、50%、25%、0%)替代化肥田间试验,通过单果重、单果横径等外观指标,李子每667 m^(2)产量,维生素C、可溶性固形物等果实品质指标测定,分析不同施肥处理对青脆李果实品质和产量的影响;基于土壤中pH、有机质含量等理化指标测定,分析不同施肥处理对李树土壤理化性质的影响;基于Illumina Hiseq 4000测序平台对李树土壤宏基因组测序,分析猪粪水浇灌对土壤中微生物群落变化、抗生素耐药基因分布的影响。【结果】不同施肥处理青脆李果实品质和产量研究结果表明,“75%猪粪+25%化肥”“50%猪粪+50%化肥”处理青脆李果实外观品质均较优,“50%猪粪+50%化肥”处理青脆李每667 m^(2)产量最高。不同施肥处理对李树土壤理化性质的研究结果显示,各处理间有机质、碱解氮等理化指标均不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。宏基因组测序分析结果显示,“100%猪粪”组中的优势菌群为放线菌,而其余4组的优势菌群均为假单胞菌门;共鉴定39个抗生素本体(ARO),随着猪粪水用量的减少,土壤样品中检出ARO种类、ARO相对丰度和均呈依次递减趋势。【结论】本研究条件下,猪粪水部分替代化肥为青脆李树施肥是可行的,且以“50%猪粪+50%化肥”进行施肥最佳。

中国李种质资源不同味觉品质精准评价

【目的】对中国李种质资源进行精准鉴定评价,揭示中国李种质资源的味觉品质遗传的客观规律。【方法】针对不同类型(包括品种来源地、果肉颜色、感官味觉)的50份中国李种质资源,采用电子舌对九种味觉(包括鲜味、咸味、酸味、苦味、涩味、甜味、苦味回味、涩味回味和丰富性)进行了分组比较研究。【结果】不同生态来源地的李品种在味觉特点上存在一定的差异,但整体上仍难以区分细致。与之不同的是,果肉颜色与味觉之间存在一定的关系,不同颜色的果肉在味觉特点上呈现出不同的分布模式。酸描述在鲜味味觉中表现出较高的中位数,甜描述在甜味味觉中表现出较高的中位数。酸甜和甜酸的描述之间相关系数较大。【结论】中国李的味觉特点可以分为酸涩型、咸酸型和鲜甜型,同时筛选出一系列优异味觉表现突出、劣势味觉表现较差的特异种质材料,这些试材及背后的遗传基因将成为我国李育种活动中的“种业芯片”。

梅花落玫瑰兴:花之喻与中国近现代文学女性的情感嬗变

中国近现代历史的巨变推动着国人的情绪样貌也发生了深刻的转变,“情与爱”突破传统礼教的束缚上升为中国社会生活和文化生活的重要参数,尤其对女性解放产生了空前的影响,借助文学女性笔下的“花之喻”便可豹窥中国近现代女性的情感嬗变。以秋瑾、徐自华、吕碧城、张默君等为代表的第一代知识女性偏爱梅花,她们的咏梅诗既继承了传统文人借花比德的精神传统,也展露出近代知识女性各具风采的情感特征。随着新文化运动的兴起,承载着现代爱情意蕴的玫瑰取代传统梅花成为新文学女性热烈情感和自由追求的载体。但是,源自西方的爱情玫瑰舶来本土之后却发生了有趣的形变,由“夜莺玫瑰”转变成“杜鹃玫瑰”并在玫瑰的颜色上有了红白之分,由此透露出新文学女性情感嬗变中传统与现代的交汇状态。

脆李果酒发酵过程氨基酸差异分析

以重庆市万州区青脆李为研究对象,添加LA-Ba果酒酵母,采用清汁发酵工艺,定时取样检测发酵汁中氨基酸含量变化,结合主成分与聚类分析法。结果表明,脆李发酵汁中共检测16种氨基酸,其中苦味氨基酸5种,甜味氨基酸3种,芳香族氨基酸4种,鲜味氨基酸4种,含量最高的是脯氨酸,含量最低的是蛋氨酸。发酵期间,除脯氨酸以外,其他氨基酸均在第2天或第3天呈现快递降低趋势,之后含量变化趋于平缓。发酵期间,除脯氨酸外,其他氨基酸之间均存在一定高度正相关,主成分分别表明样品中精氨酸、脯氨酸及天冬氨酸的滋味和含量与其他氨基酸差异较大,聚类分析表明未发酵的样品氨基酸与发酵后的样品含量存在差异,其中发酵第2天和第3天,第4天和第5天的样品相似度较高。

晚熟槜李新品种醉贵妃的选育

醉贵妃是从收集的槜李种质资源中选育出的晚熟槜李新品种。该品种在嘉兴地区一般7月上中旬成熟,有些年份在6月下旬成熟。醉贵妃结果性状好,产量稳定,成年树产量控制在9.0 t·hm^(-2)左右即可;成熟时口感极佳,汁水丰富,符合槜李易化浆、可吸食特征;可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)16.0%左右,高达20%;果形大,平均单果质量69.5 g,呈扁圆形、较对称;成熟果实外皮深紫红色并密布灰白色果点,果肉黄色,黏核;少有细菌性穿孔病和流胶病;自交结果性较好,可单一品种种植;树姿稍显直立,需要拉枝并结合其他修剪措施塑造开心树形;进入结果期后以有机肥为主,需严格控制氮肥使用。该品种经多地试种,适宜在浙、赣、黔、川、渝、沪、苏等长江以南区域多省份种植。

表层蜡质结构及去蜡处理对李果实贮藏性的影响

【目的】蜡质是植物表层重要的防御和保护层,探究不同李品种果实表层蜡质结构的差异及蜡质的去留对果实贮藏性的影响。【方法】选择福建主栽的两个李品种芙蓉李及油?为试验材料,通过扫描电镜观察成熟果实表层蜡质结构的差异,设置4℃、25℃两个贮藏温度,试验保留蜡质和去蜡处理对果实贮藏性的影响。【结果】两种李的果皮蜡质结构均以直立片状晶体和颗粒状晶体为主,其中芙蓉李的直立片状晶体更厚,而油?的直立片状晶体边缘更规则、颗粒状晶体排列更紧密。芙蓉李和油?在4℃下贮藏35d,在25℃下分别贮藏12 d、21 d,果皮的去蜡处理对两种李果实贮藏时的腐烂率、失重率、硬度以及果肉的可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量均有显著影响,去蜡处理加速了果实腐烂率、失重率的上升和硬度的下降,且在芙蓉李中的变幅更大、25℃贮藏时表现更突出。去蜡处理降低了芙蓉李贮藏中后期可溶性固形物含量的增加速度,促进了可滴定酸含量的下降速度;去蜡处理的油?在4℃贮藏中后期的可溶性固形物含量也低于保留蜡质处理、而可滴定酸含量高于保留蜡质处理(35 d除外)。【结论】果皮蜡质的存在有助于保持李果实的品质,且不同品种的蜡质结构差异对贮藏性有影响。这些发现可为李果实贮藏保鲜技术的开发提供参考。

桃树矮化砧木樱桃李嫁接3个桃品种的表现

以樱桃李、青州蜜为砧木,分别嫁接3个桃品种:春艳、春元、北京52,经10年的栽培观察发现:与青州蜜砧穗组合相比,樱桃李砧穗组合树体矮化,冠径小,长势弱,总枝量少但中短枝/长枝比率高;品种与砧木的粗度比小,即亲和性相对差;果实较小但产量高;果实的可溶性固形物含量高,品质优;樱桃李砧穗组合具有矮化的特性。

桂花青脆李复合香型果酒的酿造工艺优化

以新鲜青脆李汁和干桂花为原料,探究不同发酵条件(发酵温度、桂花添加量、加花时间)对桂花青脆李复合香型果酒品质的影响,以挥发性风味物质和感官为主要指标,通过单因素实验和正交试验得到最佳酿造工艺。采用顶空固相微萃取(solid-phase microextraction,SPME)结合气相色谱/质谱联用法(gas chromatographymass spectrometry,GC-MS)对不同发酵方式的桂花青脆李酒的挥发性香气成分进行测定,结合香气阈值确定不同挥发性成分的气味活度值(odor activity value,OAV),以OAV评判香气贡献大小;通过排序法对酒样进行感官评价,利用Kramer检验法对排序结果进行统计分析。结果表明,以样品的香气贡献度结合感官评价结果确定最佳工艺参数为:发酵温度18℃,添加量0.5 g/100 mL,发酵第0 d加花,在此条件下得到的桂花青脆李酒气味活度值的总和最高(47470.04μg/L),感官排序的秩次和最小(39)即感官结果最优。本研究结果为提高青脆李酒产品品质提供了新的理论依据。

黑龙江省李病虫害的发生特点与防治措施

李病虫害的发生可危害叶、花、果实、新梢等部位,引起落花、落叶、树体生长不良、果实商品性下降等问题。随着黑龙江省李种植面积的日益扩大,生产中病虫害发生也日趋严重,成为制约李树丰产、丰收与增效的重要因素。为了提高李栽培的品质以及经济效益,针对黑龙江省李生产中为害较严重的病害褐腐病、细菌性穿孔病、红点病、流胶病,虫害食心虫类、蚜虫类、叶螨类的危害症状、发生规律进行研究,并提出农业、物理、生物和化学综合防治措施。